•BERKELEY 
LIBRARY 

JNIVERSITY  OF 
CALJPORMIA 

LANDSCAPE 
ARCHITECT'',;* 


The  Gift  of  Beatrix  Farrand 

to  the  General  Library 
University  of  California,  Berkeley 


REEF  POINT  GARDENS 
LIBRARY 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  ARNOLD  ARBORETUM,  No.  9 


A 

MONOGRAPH  OF  AZALEAS 

RHODODENDRON  SUBGENUS 
ANTHODENDRON 


BY 

ERNEST  HENRY  WILSON 

AND 

ALFRED   REHDER 


ISSUED   APRIL  15,    1921 


PRINTED  FROM  THE  INCOME  OF  THE  WILLIAM  L.  BRADLEY  FUND 


THE   UNIVERSITY  PRESS 

CAMBRIDGE 
1921 


A  MONOGRAPH  OF  AZALEAS 


. 
. 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  ARNOLD  ARBORETUM,  No.  9 

A 

MONOGRAPH  OF  AZALEAS 

RHODODENDRON  SUBGENUS 
ANTHODENDRON 

BY 

ERNEST  HENRY  WILSON 

AND 
ALFRED  REHDER 


ISSUED   APEIL15,    1921 


PRINTED  FROM  THE  INCOME  OF  THE  WILLIAM  L.  BRADLEY  FUND 

BY 

THE   UNIVERSITY  PRESS 

CAMBRIDGE 

1921 


LANDSCAPE 
ARCHITECTURE 

Add'l 
Farrand  Gift 


LANDSCAPE 
ARCH. 
LIBRARY 

PREFACE 

THE  value  of  Azaleas  as  garden  plants  in  the  eastern  United 
States,  where  few  of  the  Rhododendrons  with  persistent  leaves 
can  be  successfully  cultivated,  has  led  to  the  critical  studies  of 
these  plants  which  appear  on  the  following  pages. 

Mr.  Wilson's  long  journeys  in  eastern  Asia  has  made  it  pos- 
sible for  him  to  study  all  the  species  of  the  Japanese  Empire 
and  China  as  wild  plants,  and  to  become  familiar  with  the 
Azaleas  growing  in  Japanese  gardens.  For  many  years  the 
Arboretum  has  been  engaged  in  a  field  study  of  the  American 
species,  and  has  been  able  to  place  at  Mr.  Render's  disposal 
the  large  amount  of  material  which  is  preserved  in  this  her- 
barium, and  which  has  been  supplemented  by  that  contained  in 
other  American  collections. 

The  Azaleas  of  northern  Japan  and  Korea,  and  of  the 
northern  United  States,  are  already  growing  in  the  Arboretum, 
but  the  gardens  of  the  southern  states  and  of  California  have 
still  much  to  gain  by  the  introduction  of  the  species  of  the 
southern  states  and  those  of  southern  Japan,  China,  and 
Formosa,  and  this  publication  will  not  have  accomplished  its 
purpose  if  it  fails  to  induce  the  more  general  cultivation  of 
these  plants  in  the  United  States  and  Europe. 

The  art  of  the  hybridizer  has  produced  many  interesting  and 
beautiful  Azaleas.  Imperfect  records  have  made  the  study  of 
many  of  these  hybrids  difficult  and  uncertain,  and  this  difficulty 
is  increased  by  the  fact  that  many  of  them  are  no  longer  culti- 
vated unless,  having  escaped  the  change  of  fashion  in  plants, 
they  are  still  growing  in  English  gardens,  planted  about  the 
middle  of  the  last  century,  and  I  venture  to  suggest  to  my 
associates  in  the  English  Rhododendron  Society  that  the  study 
of  Azaleas  in  European  gardens  might  add  much  to  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  origin  and  value  of  many  of  these  plants. 

C.  S.  SARGENT,  Director. 

ARNOLD  ARBORETUM 
MARCH,  1921. 


609 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

PREFACE     .  >   * v 

THE  AZALEAS  OP  THE  OLD  WORLD.    By  Ernest  Henry  Wilson  .  1 

THE  AZALEAS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.    By  Alfred  Rehder  ....  107 

DOUBTFUL  NAMES • 197 

OAQ 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

ADDITIONS 206 

INDEX. 207 


THE  AZALEAS  OF  THE  OLD  WORLD 

BY 

ERNEST  HENRY  WILSON 


THE  AZALEAS  OF  THE  OLD  WORLD 


INTRODUCTION 

BOTANISTS  may  hold  different  views  on  the  classification  of 
the  subdivisions  of  the  large  genus  Rhododendron,  but  garden- 
ers and  lovers  of  plants  in  general  have  no  difficulty  in  recog- 
nizing Azaleas  as  distinct  from  other  groups  of  the  genus.  It 
is  hi  the  popular  rather  than  in  the  strictly  technical  sense  that 
the  title  of  "  Azaleas  of  the  Old  World "  is  applied  here.  These 
plants  with  few  exceptions  are  sun-loving;  and  their  wide  popu- 
larity among  the  peoples  of  the  Orient,  of  America,  of  Europe 
and  Australia  is  due  largely  to  the  brilliancy  of  their  flowers, 
their  floriferousness  and  the  ease  with  which  many  of  them  can 
be  cultivated.  In  the  Orient  they  have  been  favorite  garden 
flowers  from  very  early  times  and  in  the  Occident  for  more  than 
a  century  some  have  been  familiar  and  valued  greenhouse  plants, 
and  in  recent  years  it  has  been  found  that  several  are  more 
hardy  than  they  were  generally  supposed  to  be.  In  the  Arnold 
Arboretum  such  hardy  kinds  as  R.  obtusum  var.  Kaempferi  and 
R.  japonicum  are  among  the  most  satisfactory  and  most  beau- 
tiful of  Asiatic  plants.  Farther  south  and  in  California  the  old 
Azalea  amoena  and  A.  ledifolia  and  the  newer  "Hinodegiri"  are 
much  grown  in  gardens.  Others  are  less  known,  but  I  believe  that 
in  the  near  future  both  in  increased  variety  and  in  quantity 
Azaleas  will  have  a  much  more  important  place  in  gardens.  In 
certain  groups  the  hybridists  in  Europe  have  wrought  wonder- 
ful results,  and  the  field  is  still  full  of  promise.  In  Japan,  in  the 
city  of  Kurume,  selection  and  raising  from  seed  has  been  in 
progress  among  a  single  group  for  a  century,  and  these  plants  are 
now  beginning  to  find  their  way  into  the  Occident.  With  these 
facts  in  view  the  need  for  a  critical  survey  of  the  species  and 
forms  seems  necessary.  Through  confusion  with  other  species 
and  for  lack  of  accurate  names  many  good  plants  have  become 
lost  from  our  gardens,  and  others  for  the  same  reason  have  not 
been  introduced.  During  my  travels  in  China  I  greatly  admired 

l 


2  THE   AZALEAS   OF   THE   OLD   WORLD 

the  red-flowered  Azalea  of  the  country  so  abundant  on  the  hills 
from  the  coast  to  the  extreme  west,  from  near  sea-level  to  1300  m. 
altitude.  So  common  is  it  that  in  May  much  of  the  country- 
side is  a  blaze  of  red.  For  years  I  unhesitatingly  accepted  this 
plant  as  the  Azalea  indica  of  Linnaeus,  considering  the  differ- 
ence in  the  number  of  stamens  an  unimportant  triviality.  In 
1912-13,  when  working  up  the  Rhododendron  material  for  Sar- 
gent's Plantae  Wilsonianae  in  conjunction  with  my  colleague, 
Alfred  Rehder,  I  became  conscious  that  all  was  not  so  simple 
as  I  had  assumed.  The  question  as  to  what  Azalea  indica  really 
was  began  to  arouse  my  interest.  On  the  occasion  of  the  Arnold 
Arboretum  Expedition  to  Japan  in  1914  I  devoted  much  time 
to  the  problem,  and  in  Yaku-shima  in  February  collected  an 
Azalea  which  later  I  discovered  to  be  the  true  Azalea  indica  of 
Linnaeus.  I  questioned  many  botanists  in  Japan,  but  none  at 
that  time  had  any  definite  views  on  the  subject.  Nevertheless, 
by  deduction  and  comparative  study  I  arrived  at  the  conclusion 
that  the  group  of  Azaleas  cultivated  in  Japan  under  the  name 
" Satsuki"  all  belonged  to  Linnaeus'  species  and  that  the  ma- 
terial collected  in  Yaku-shima  was  its  wild  parent.  On  my  re- 
turn to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  early  in  1915  I  critically  com- 
pared the  material  I  had  collected  with  Linnaeus'  description 
and  with  the  old  figures  on  which  his  species  was  based,  and  the 
proof  of  this  theory  was  absolute. 

Japan  is  so  rich  in  Azaleas,  both  wild  on  the  mountains  and 
cultivated  in  gardens,  parks  and  temple  grounds,  that  at  the 
end  of  1914  I  felt  that  beyond  establishing  the  identity  of 
Azalea  indica  I  had  acquired  no  more  than  a  moderate  working 
knowledge  of  the  group.  My  interest,  however,  was  keener  than 
ever.  Being  favored  with  another  opportunity  to  visit  the 
Orient  I  determined  to  devote  as  much  time  as  possible  to  the 
study  of  these  Azaleas.  During  1917  and  1918  I  visited  many 
places  famous  in  Japan  for  Azaleas  and  gathered  specimens  and 
information  from  all  sides.  On  my  visits  to  Korea,  Liukiu  and 
Formosa  I  collected  much  new  material.  The  result  is  that  on 
my  various  visits  to  the  Chinese  and  Japanese  Empires  I  have 
seen  growing  wild,  with  few  exceptions,  every  species  known 
from  those  regions  and  almost  every  known  variety  and  garden 
form.  In  Japan  in  1914  and  again  in  1917-18  I  received  in- 
estimable assistance  from  Mr.  H.  Suzuki,  President  of  the 


INTRODUCTION  3 

Yokohama  Nursery  Company  and  one  of  the  foremost  horticul- 
turists in  Japan.  Together  we  visited  Mt.  Kirishima  and  the 
famous  Azalea  district  of  Kurume  in  Kyushu,  also  those  near 
Osaka  and  Tokyo.  He  introduced  me  to  all  the  leading  special- 
ists, gave  of  his  own  store  of  knowledge  freely,  and  without 
his  help  it  would  have  been  quite  impossible  to  have  delved  so 
deeply  into  the  cultivated  Azaleas  of  Japan.  It  is  with  keen 
pleasure  that  I  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  this  genial  and 
scholarly  gentleman.  I  know  not  how  many  hundreds  of  speci- 
mens of  my  own  collecting  have  been  available  for  this  work, 
and  in  addition,  through  the  courtesy  of  the  Director  of  Kew 
and  the  Keeper  of  the  Gray  Herbarium  of  Harvard  University, 
I  have  had  on  loan  all  their  material,  so  rich  in  old  types  of  these 
Azaleas.  In  Tokyo,  through  the  courtesy  of  Professor  J.  Matsu- 
mura,  I  have  examined  the  material  preserved  in  the  Herbarium 
of  the  Imperial  Botanic  Garden.  Dr.  Merrill  has  kindly  loaned 
me  the  material  preserved  in  the  Herbarium  of  the  Bureau  of 
Science,  Manila.  To  Dr.  T.  Nakai  I  am  indebted  for  much 
useful  information  relative  to  certain  critical  Azaleas  to  which 
S.  Komatsu  has  recently  given  names  with  brief  descriptive 
notes  in  Japanese. 

The  study  of  long-cultivated  garden  plants  is  exceedingly 
complex,  and  to  fathom  some  of  the  problems  is  almost  beyond 
human  skill.  This  statement  is  as  trite  as  it  is  true,  and  I  freely 
confess  that  I  have  found  the  problems  presented  by  many  of 
these  Azaleas  more  intricate  than  those  of  the  Japanese  Cherries. 
Notwithstanding  my  unusual  opportunities  in  the  field  and  in 
the  gardens  of  the  Orient  and  the  abundant  herbarium  material 
at  my  command  I  should  have  been  ill  equipped  for  the  task 
but  for  the  collection  of  living  plants  cultivated  for  nearly  three- 
quarters  of  a  century  on  the  Sargent  estate  in  Brookline,  Mass. 
This  collection  has  been  zealously  maintained  and  is  rich  in  old 
garden  types  introduced  through  Fortune  and  others,  some  of 
which  have  apparently  been  lost  in  Europe.  Professor  Sargent's 
knowledge  of  these  Azaleas  is  profound,  and  it  is  under  his  sym- 
pathetic guidance  and  help  that  this  little  treatise  has  developed 
from  chaos  to  order,  and  to  him  most  largely  is  due  what  merit 
it  contains. 


HISTORY 

THE  cultivation  of  plants  and  the  development  of  gardens  is  ever  a 
sign  of  a  nation's  advance  toward  culture  and  refinement.  How  early 
this  art  began  in  the  Orient  we  do  not  know,  though  history  tells  us 
that  plants  like  the  Yulan  and  Moutan  Paeony  were  highly  esteemed 
garden  flowers  among  the  Chinese  during  the  Tang  Dynasty  (618- 
907  A.  D.)-  It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  we  are  so  ignorant  of  the 
early  history  of  China.  It  is  known  that  during  the  Han  Dynasty 
(B.  C.  206-A.  D.  25)  the  Chinese  had  intercourse  with  India  and  Zan- 
zibar. If  proof  were  needed  of  their  visiting  these  countries  at  an  early 
period  it  is  supplied  by  the  presence  in  south  China  and  Formosa  of 
such  typical  African  plants  as  Cactus-like  Tree  Euphorbias.  Such 
species  as  E.  triangularis  Desf.,  E.  neriifolia  L.  and  E.  tirucalli  L.  are 
common  hedge-plants  and  are  naturalised  in  certain  places  like  Hong- 
kong, Kowloon  and  elsewhere  in  China,  and  near  Takao  in  Formosa, 
as  they  also  are  in  parts  of  India.  In  point  of  fact  E.  tirucalli  was 
named  by  Linnaeus  from  material  which  came  from  India.  Did  we 
know  more  about  the  early  travels  of  the  Chinese  it  is  possible  that 
we  should  find  that  they  were  acquainted  with  America  long  before 
its  discovery  by  Columbus.  In  south  China,  Formosa  and  the  Liukiu 
Islands  A  gave  fourcroydes  Lem.  is  naturalised,  but  this  may  have  been 
introduced  by  the  Portuguese,  and  so  too  may  have  been  Maize  and 
Tobacco.  Much  more  difficult  is  it  to  account  for  Opuntia  Dillenii 
Haw.  naturalised  and  abundant  not  only  on  the  Yunnan  plateaux  but 
in  the  valley  of  the  Tung  River  in  a  remote  part  of  extreme  western 
China.  It  is  significant  also  that  Boym  in  his  Flora  Sinensis  published 
in  1656  figures  such  characteristic  American  plants  as  the  Pineapple 
(Ananas  saliva  Schult.  f.),  the  Sweetsop  or  Custard  Apple  (Anona 
squamosa  L.)  and  the  Guava  (Psidium  guajava  L.),  which  were  evi- 
dently common  plants  in  China  when  he  was  there  (1642-53).  In 
what  era  the  love  for  flowers  began  to  manifest  itself  in  Japan  is  un- 
certain, but  Buddhism  in  its  Chinese  form  was  introduced  from  Korea 
about  552  A.  D.  and  from  then  until  the  8th  century  Korean  and 
Chinese  monks  and  nuns  visited  Japan  for  purposes  of  proselytism. 
From  the  8th  century  onward  it  became  more  usual  for  the  Japanese 

4 


HISTORY  5 

monks  to  go  to  China  in  order  to  study  the  doctrines  of  the  best  ac- 
credited teachers  at  the  fountain-head.  These  monks  introduced  into 
Japan  a  number  of  favorite  trees  and  shrubs  like  the  Ginkgo,  Yulan, 
Moutan  Paeony,  Chinese  Quince,  the  Tea-plant,  Buddha's  Tree 
(Tilia  Miqueliana) ,  Sophora  japonica,  Prunus  tomentosa,  P.  japonica, 
Paulownia  tomentosa,  such  fruit  trees  as  the  Peach,  Apricot,  Persimmon, 
Pear,  Apple,  Plum,  Cherry,  Loquat,  the  Orange  and  its  relatives  and,  in 
all  probability,  the  Chrysanthemum  also.  Though  they  probably  did 
not  originate  the  love  for  gardens  these  monks  must  have  greatly  stimu- 
lated it.  The  mutual  love  of  flowers  among  the  peoples  of  the  Orient 
induced  and  fostered  the  introduction  of  plants  from  one  country  to 
another  in  the  Far  East  even  as  it  did  in  the  Levant  and,  in  later  days, 
as  it  has  in  the  Occident.  And  so  we  find  the  history  of  garden  plants 
intimately  associated  with  the  social  life  of  the  peoples.  We  know 
nothing  of  early  intercourse  between  the  Japanese  and  Chinese  prior 
to  the  introduction  of  Buddhism  to  Japan.  We  do  know  that  Chinese 
monks  introduced  their  favorite  flowers  to  Korea,  that  Chinese  and 
Korean  monks  carried  them  to  Japan,  and  it  is  safe  to  assume  that 
these  same  monks  and  their  Japanese  disciples  carried  to  Korea  and 
to  China  plants  of  Japan  which  appealed  to  their  aesthetic  sense.  In 
fact  the  presence  in  temple-grounds  and  other  sacred  places  in  China 
of  the  Cryptomeria,  which  is  endemic  in  Japan,  and  of  many  varieties 
of  Japanese  Camellias  and  Azaleas  in  Chinese  gardens,  is  positive  proof 
that  Japanese  plants  were  long  ago  introduced  into  China. 

The  illustrious  Venetian,  Marco  Polo,  who  lived  many  years  in 
China  during  the  latter  part  of  the  12th  century  and  to  whom  we  owe 
the  first  authentic  account  of  that  mighty  empire,  notices  from  his 
own  observation  many  of  the  vegetable  productions  of  China  used 
for  economic  purposes.  After  his  memorable  travels  China  was  for  a 
long  time  closed  to  European  access  and  had  been  altogether  forgotten 
in  Europe  when  in  1516  the  Portuguese  first  arrived  in  China.  The 
Portuguese  claim  the  honor  of  having  first  introduced  the  Sweet- 
Orange  from  China  to  Portugal  some  time  between  1545  and  1548. 
About  the  end  of  1542  the  Portuguese  adventurer,  Mendez  Pinto, 
discovered  Japan,  first  touching  at  the  island  now  known  as  Tanaga- 
shima  south  of  Kagoshima  in  Kyushu.  The  Portuguese  made  their 
way  north  as  far  as  Oita  in  northeast  Kyushu  where  Mendez  Pinto 
in  1543  received  a  friendly  reception  from  the  local  Daimyo.  The 
arquebus  Pinto  carried  astounded  the  Japanese,  who  had  never  before 
seen  any  explosive  weapon.  In  1549  St.  Francis  Xavier  reached  Japan 


6  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

and  introduced  Christianity;  he  visited  Oita,  and  going  north  to  Hondo 
established  a  mission  at  Yamaguchi,  a  few  miles  north  of  Shimonoseki. 
This  newly  introduced  religion  soon  claimed  thousands  of  adherents, 
much  to  the  alarm  of  the  Japanese  Daimyos  and  military  men  backed 
by  Buddhist  priests,  and  a  period  of  persecution  commenced.  The 
native  Christians  migrated  to  Nagasaki,  which  soon  became  one  of  the 
chief  marts  of  Portuguese  trade. 

In  1596  the  Dutch  first  visited  Java  and  other  islands  of  the  East 
Indies  and  in  1602  the  Dutch  East  India  Company  was  established. 
The  war  which  then  ensued  between  the  Dutch,  Spaniard  and  Portu- 
guese for  possession  of  the  spice  islands  lasted  until  1610  when  the 
Dutch  remained  master  of  these  seas.  The  seat  of  the  Dutch  govern- 
ment was  first  established  on  the  island  of  Amboyna,  but  in  1619  it 
was  transferred  to  the  newly  founded  city  of  Batavia  in  Java.  In  1600 
a  Dutch  ship  visited  Japan,  and  nine  years  later  the  Dutch  East  India 
Company  sent  several  vessels  to  Firando  (Hirado),  northwest  of  Naga- 
saki, where  they  were  well  received  by  the  Japanese.  In  1611  a  formal 
edict  in  favor  of  their  trade  was  obtained.  A  Dutch  factory  and  also 
an  English  factory  were  established  at  Hirado  the  same  year. 

In  1624  Christianity  was  proscribed  in  Japan  and  the  land  was 
closed  to  foreigners.  The  Portuguese,  English  and  Spaniards,  who  also 
had  a  factory,  were  expelled  and  only  the  Dutch  and  the  Chinese  were 
permitted  to  carry  on  trade,  and  that  under  galling  restrictions.  The 
Dutch  factory  was  removed  in  1639  to  Deshima,  then  an  islet  at  the 
head  of  Nagasaki  harbor  but  now  absorbed  into  the  foreshore.  And 
so  Japan  secluded  herself  for  over  two  centuries  from  contact  with  the 
outer  world  until  the  advent  of  the  American  Expedition  in  1853-54 
under  command  of  Commodore  Perry.  All  this  may  seem  to  have 
little  to  do  with  plants  and  with  Azaleas  in  particular  and  yet  they 
are  inextricably  bound  up  with  the  subject.  It  is  to  the  merchant 
adventurer  that  we  owe  all  our  first  plant  introductions  from  Japan 
and  our  early  knowledge  of  the  flora.  From  1690-92  Engelbert 
Kaempfer,  in  the  service  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company,  lived  in 
Japan,  and  in  his  Amoenitates  Exoticae,  published  in  1712,  he  gives  an 
admirable  account  of  Japanese  plants.  He  gives  good  figures  of  many 
of  these  under  the  vernacular  names  and  among  them  an  Azalea  now 
known  as  R.  obtusum  var.  Kaempferi  Wils.  In  all  Kaempfer  mentions 
twenty-one  Azaleas,  and  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  many  of  the 
vernacular  names  he  gives  are  in  common  use  to-day.  C.  P.  Thunberg 
in  1775  visited  Japan  in  the  capacity  of  physician  to  the  Dutch  Com- 


HISTORY  7 

pany  and  in  1784  published  his  Flora  Japonica,  the  first  post-Linnaean 
work  on  the  flora  of  the  Orient.  Thunberg  mentions  the  Azaleas  under 
their  vernacular  names  and  relegates  them  all  to  Azalea  indica.  Ac- 
cording to  Juel  (PL  Thunb.  391  (1918))  they  represent  R.  obtusum 
Planch.,  R.  japonicum  Suring.  and  R.  mucronatum  G.  Don. 

Lastly  in  this  connection  mention  must  be  made  of  Philipp  von  Sie- 
bold,  who  joined  the  service  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company  and 
lived  at  Deshima  from  1823  to  1829.  To  him  we  owe  the  magnificent 
Flora  Japonica;  also  he  introduced  about  1830  such  ornamental  plants 
as  Lilium  elegans  and  L.  speciosum  from  Japanese  gardens,  and,  twenty 
years  later,  several  others  including  Mains  floribunda,  M.  Sieboldii 
and  certain  flowering  Cherries. 

About  1677  the  English  East  India  Company  established  a  factory 
at  Amoy  and  in  1684,  after  a  conflict  with  the  Portuguese,  one  at 
Canton.  Through  this  company  many  Chinese  plants  were  introduced 
to  India  during  the  18th  century  and  early  in  the  19th  century  to 
England;  they  include  several  Azaleas.  However,  in  China  the  Jesuit 
priests  were  the  first  to  inform  us  about  the  flora  of  the  land.  In  1790 
Joannis  de  Loureiro,  a  Portuguese,  published  his  Flora  Cochinchinensis 
and  mentions  one  species  of  Azalea  (A.  punctata),  but  this  remains  an 
obscure  plant  and  may  not  belong  to  the  genus. 

During  the  last  quarter  of  the  17th  century  Jakob  Breyne,  a 
merchant  of  Danzig  and  a  distinguished  botanist,  visited  Holland  and 
saw  growing  there  several  famous  garden  plants  of  the  Orient  which 
he  duly  records  in  his  Prodromus  Plantarum.  On  page  24,  pt.  I,  pub- 
lished in  1680,  we  read  "  Chamaerhododendron  exoticum  amplissimus 
floribus  liliaceis.  Frutex  spectabilis  elegans.  In  horto  Beveringiano." 
This  is  the  plant  on  which  Linnaeus  (Spec.  1753)  bases  his  Azalea 
indica.  Breyne  does  not  say  from  what  country  this  shrub  had  been 
brought,  but  P.  Hermann,  in  his  Academici  Horti  lugduno-batavi 
catalogue,  p.  152  (1687),  describes  the  same  plant  under  the  name  of 
"Cistus  Indicus  Ledi  alpini  foliis,  floribus  amplis,"  figures  it  on  page 
153,  and  reports  that  it  was  introduced  from  Jaccatra,  which  is  Ba- 
tavia,  in  Java.  No  species  of  Azalea  grows  in  India,  and  it  has  been 
generally  supposed  that  this  Azalea  had  been  brought  to  Batavia  by 
the  Chinese,  but  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  it  was  taken  there  from  Japan 
by  Dutch  traders.  In  the  gardens  of  Nagasaki  and  elsewhere,  then 
as  now,  it  was  a  common  garden  plant  and,  moreover,  it  is  indigenous 
in  the  warm  southern  parts  of  Japan.  That  at  the  early  date  men- 
tioned plants  from  Japan  were  growing  in  gardens  in  Holland  is  certain, 


8  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

and  the  Tea-plant  was  introduced  from  Japan  about  1689.  Breyne 
(Prodromus,  I.  4)  states  that  he  saw  in  the  garden  of  Hieronymus  van 
Beverningk  in  1678  a  fine  specimen  of  the  Camphor-tree  which  had 
been  introduced  from  Japan.  Again,  in  his  Prodromus,  II.  66  (1689) 
Breyne  tells  of  six  varieties  of  Chrysanthemum  from  Japan  which  he 
saw  growing  in  Holland  gardens.  All  these  early  introductions  seem 
to  have  been  lost.  I  have  carefully  looked  through  many  old  books 
of  the  18th  century  and  I  find  no  references  to  any  species  of  Azaleas 
being  in  European  gardens,  and  they  appear  to  have  been  unknown  in 
Europe  at  the  close  of  the  18th  century.  The  one  oriental  species  was 
known  to  Linnaeus  through  the  books.  In  Batavia,  however,  several 
were  grown,  as  we  know  from  the  writings  of  Burmann  and  Blume. 

In  Aiton's  Hortus  Kewensis  (1810)  Azalea  indica  is  stated  to  be  in 
cultivation  in  Kew,  having  been  introduced  from  China  in  1808  by  the 
Court  of  Directors  of  the  East  India  Company  in  the  ship  "Cuffnels" 
Captain  Wellbank.  This  plant  was  Rhododendron  Simsii  Planch.,  and 
here  began  a  confusion  between  Linnaeus'  species  and  the  Chinese 
Azalea  which  still  survives.  Through  the  activities  of  officers  of  the 
East  India  Company  at  the  close  of  the  18th  and  the  beginning  of  the 
19th  centuries  English  gardens  were  enriched  by  many  Chinese  plants. 
No  officer  was  more  active  in  this  work  than  John  Reeves,  who  as 
Chief  Inspector  of  Tea  in  the  Company's  establishment  at  Canton 
resided  in  Macao  and  Canton  from  1812  to  1831.  He  was  either  the 
immediate  or  indirect  source  from  which  our  gardens  derived  Camel- 
lias, Moutan  Paeonies,  Chrysanthemums,  Roses,  Wistaria  sinensis 
and  many  Chinese  Azaleas  including  R.  Farrerae  Tate,  a  pretty  Hong- 
kong species,  and  also  R.  phoeniceum  G.  Don,  destined  to  be  of  so 
much  value  as  a  stock  on  which  to  graft  "  Indian  Azaleas,"  so  called. 

In  1818  or  1819  Samuel  Brooks,  a  nurseryman  at  Ball's  Pond,  New- 
ington  Green,  sent  out  to  China  Joseph  Poole,  a  gardener,  and  through 
him  secured  among  other  plants  Azalea  indica  alba  (R.  mucronatum 
G.  Don)  and  Azalea  indica  purpurea  plena  (R.  mucronatum  f. 
plenum  Wils.).  In  1823  Azalea  sinensis  (R.  molle  G.  Don)  was 
received  from  China  by  Loddiges  of  Hackney  and  by  William  Wells, 
nurseryman,  of  Redleaf.  In  1832  Joseph  Knight,  nurseryman,  of 
Chelsea,  London,  secured  Azalea  indica  variegata  (R.  indicum  f. 
variegatum  DC.)  and  A.  indica  lateritia  (R.  indicum  Sweet)  brought 
home  from  China  by  Mr.  M'Killigan.  In  1821  Rhododendron  Farrerae 
was  reintroduced  and  in  1832  R.  indicum  var.  ignescens  Sweet,  both 
through  Captain  Farrer  of  the  East  Indiaman  "Orwell,"  who  gave 


HISTORY  9 

them  to  Tate,  a  nurseryman,  of  Sloane  Square,  London.  In  the  Botan- 
ical Register,  t.  56  (1842),  is  figured  a  double  red-flowered  Azalea  said 
to  be  of  Chinese  origin  and  in  the  possession  of  William  Wells,  Esq., 
of  Redleaf .  These  various  Azaleas  by  hybridization  and  selection  soon 
became  the  parents  of  a  number  of  good  plants  which  are  figured  in 
the  periodicals  of  the  time.  Especially  valuable  was  the  Azalea  indica 
variegata  which  in  the  hands  of  Knight,  and  of  Ivery,  another  English 
nurseryman,  yielded  several  very  ornamental  varieties. 

In  1843  Robert  Fortune  was  sent  to  China  by  the  Horticultural 
Society  of  London,  and  his  travels  and  explorations  there,  which  ended 
in  1861,  inaugurated  a  new  era  in  the  history  of  plant  introduction 
from  that  country.  He  sent  from  Chinese  gardens  at  Shanghai  and 
elsewhere  to  England  many  Azaleas,  including  such  new  ones  as  Aza- 
lea obtusa  (R.  obtusum  Planch.),  Azalea  ramentacea  (R.  obtuswn 
f.  album  Rehder),  Azalea  crispiflora  (R.  indicum  var.  crispiflorum 
Schneid.),  Azalea  amoena  (R.  obtusum  f.  amoenum  Wils.),  Azalea 
narcissiflora  (R.  mucronatum  f.  narcissiflorum  Wils.),  Azalea  vit- 
tata  (R.  Simsii  var.  vittata  Wils.)  and  Azalea  Bealii  (R.  Simsii 
var.  vittata  f.  Bealii  Wils.).  There  is  no  need  to  emphasize  the  value 
of  these  new  Azaleas.  His  vittata  with  lilac  flowers  and  Bealii  with 
red-striped  flowers  gave  an  impetus  to  the  raising  of  new  forms  and 
may  be  said  to  have  initiated  an  industry  which  has  resulted  in  the  so- 
called  race  of  "  Indian  Azaleas."  The  true  R.  indicum,  whose  progeny 
are  not  amenable  to  forcing,  dropped  out  and  the  forms  of  R.  Simsii, 
R.  mucronatum  and  R.  obtusum — seminal,  branch  sports  and  hybrids — 
took  its  place,  and  to  these  we  owe  the  familiar  greenhouse  Azaleas 
of  to-day.  There  is  no  necessity  for  pursuing  the  subject  further  except 
to  point  out  that  all  the  Azaleas  from  the  Orient  up  to  1860  were 
cultivated  plants  introduced  from  gardens  and  that  the  wild  parent 
and  habitat  of  none  except  R.  Farrerae  and  R.  molle  were  known. 

The  opening  of  Japan,  which  followed  the  signing  of  treaties  first 
with  America  in  1854  and  then  with  other  powers,  soon  led  to  the 
introduction  of  a  great  number  of  valuable  garden  plants  to  America 
and  Europe.  Strange  to  say  the  Azaleas  for  which  Japan  is  famous 
seem  to  have  been  passed  over  for  a  number  of  years,  probably  on  the 
assumption  that  they  were  the  same  as  those  already  introduced  to 
our  gardens  from  China.  From  1859-64  C.  Maximowicz,  the  famous 
Russian  botanist,  travelled  in  Japan,  and  to  him  we  owe  our  first  com- 
prehensive account  of  the  wild  flora  of  that  country.  Maximowicz 
and  his  Japanese  collector,  Tschonoski,  were  among  the  first  to  collect 


10  THE  AZALEAS  OF  THE   OLD  WORLD 

seeds  of  Azaleas  and  by  this  means  introduced  into  Petrograd  R. 
reticulatum  G.  Don  and  R.  linearifolium  var.  macrosepalum  Mak. 
Maximowicz  also  introduced  plants  of  R.  linearifolium  S.  &  7.,  its 
variety  macrosepalum  and  R.  scabrum  G.  Don.  In  1861  a  Hollander, 
J.  B.  Groenwegen,  claims  to  have  received  direct  from  Japan  seeds  of 
R.  japonicum  Suring.,  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  all  hardy  Azaleas. 
Crossed  with  the  Chinese  R.  molle  G.  Don  this  has  given  rise  to  the 
lovely  but  short-lived  Kosterianum  hybrids;  all  these,  again  mixed 
with  the  so-called  Ghent  hybrids  (R.  luteum  X  American  species),  have 
produced  the  race  of  Azaleas  named  X  R.  mixtum  Wils. 

Under  each  species  and  variety  the  story  of  its  introduction  is  re- 
corded, so  in  this  historical  chapter  I  need  not  repeat  it.  Curiously 
enough  the  most  common  and  one  of  the  most  conspicuously  beau- 
tiful Azaleas  of  Japan,  with  flame-red  flowers  and  figured  by  Kaempfer, 
was  ignored  until  1892,  when  Professor  Sargent  sent  seeds  to  the 
Arnold  Arboretum  where  it  has  proved  not  only  perfectly  hardy  but 
one  of  the  most  valuable  exotic  plants.  This  and  R.  japonicum,  raised 
by  Professor  Sargent  from  seeds  sent  from  the  Jardin  des  Plantes  in 
1876,  were  the  first  oriental  Azaleas  to  be  raised  from  seeds  in  America. 

Turning  to  Korea  there  is  little  to  say,  for  prior  to  the  beginning  of 
this  century  the  Occident  had  received  no  living  plants  or  seeds  direct 
from  that  country.  A  common  Azalea  of  Korea,  the  lovely  R.  Schlip- 
penbachii  Maxim.,  found  its  way  to  Japan,  and  from  there  was  sent  to 
England  by  James  H.  Veitch  in  1893.  The  first  seeds  of  an  Azalea 
sent  from  Korea  was  in  1905  when  Mr.  J.  G.  Jack  sent  to  the  Arnold 
Arboretum  seeds  of  R.  yedoense  var.  poukhanense  Nakai,  a  hardy  species 
of  compact  habit  with  rose-purple,  fragrant  flowers. 

From  the  Liukiu  Islands  no  Azaleas,  either  plants  or  seeds,  have  been 
sent  direct  to  the  Occident,  but  the  large-flowered  R.  scabrum  G.  Don, 
better  known  as  R.  sublanceolatum  Miq.,  endemic  there,  was  long  ago 
brought  to  Japan,  and  in  Kyushu  in  particular  it  is  a  common  garden 
plant.  This  Azalea  was  apparently  in  cultivation  in  England  when 
G.  Don  wrote  his  General  System  in  1834,  but  seems  to  have  been  lost 
soon  afterward.  Maximowicz  in  1864  sent  it  to  Petrograd,  but  it  ap- 
pears to  have  been  unknown  in  England  when  reintroduced  by  Mr. 
Notcutt  in  1911.  The  only  Formosan  Azalea  introduced  into  Europe 
prior  to  my  visit  in  1918  was  R.  Oldhamii  Maxim,  which  was  raised  by 
Messers  Veitch  from  seeds  sent  in  1878  by  Charles  Maries.  The 
Philippine  Island  species  has  not  yet  been  introduced. 


DISTRIBUTION 

OF  the  thirty-four  species  of  Azaleas  enumerated  here  thirty-three 
are  widely  scattered  over  the  countries  of  the  Orient  having  their 
northern  limit  in  central  Hokkaido,  their  southern  on  Luzon  in  the 
Philippines;  from  east  to  west  they  are  found  from  the  shores  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean  in  Japan  to  the  extreme  west  of  China  proper.  They 
belong  to  four  well-marked  sections  of  the  genus  Rhododendron,  two 
of  which  (Tsutsutsi  and  Sciadorhodion)  are  peculiar  to  the  Orient; 
two  (Rhodora  and  Pentanthera)  are  represented  also  in  America. 
The  thirty-fourth  species  is  R.  luteum  Sweet  which  belongs  to  the  last- 
named  section.  It  grows  in  the  Caucasus,  the  Pontus  region  of  the 
Black  Sea  and  in  Lithuania,  Poland,  and  southwestern  Russia,  and  is 
the  only  species  of  the  groups  here  discussed  known  to  grow  west  of 
China  proper. 

Geographically  the  east  Asiatic  species  are  found  over  45  degrees 
of  longitude  and  30  degrees  of  latitude  and  altitudinally  from  sea-level 
to  about  3300  m.  They  are  social  plants  and  where  climate  and  soil 
conditions  are  favorable,  as  in  most  parts  of  Japan,  of  Korea  and  of 
China  from  about  the  latitude  of  Shanghai  south,  these  Azaleas  are 
perhaps  the  most  common  shrubs.  The  Chinese  R.  Simsii  and  R.  Ma- 
riesii  grow  also  in  Formosa,  and  a  variety  of  the  first-named  is  endemic 
on  the  Kawanabe  Islands  off  the  northwest  coast  of  the  Liukiu  Archi- 
pelago. The  Japanese  R.  serpyllifolium  is  said  to  grow  on  Okinawa, 
the  main  island  of  the  Liukius.  At  least  three  (R.  Schlipperibachii, 
R.  Tschonoskii  and  R.  Weyrichii)  of  the  four  Korean  species  grow  also 
in  Japan.  One  (R.  phoeniceum)  is  unknown  in  a  wild  state  and  is  of 
doubtful  standing.  The  others  are  endemic  in  the  different  countries 
of  the  Orient. 

It  is  remarkable  that  in  western  China  only  the  section  Tsutsutsi 
with  three  species  is  represented,  and  on  the  Himalayas  no  member  of 
the  four  sections  is  known  to  grow,  yet  in  these  two  regions  the  sub- 
genus  Eurhododendron  has  its  headquarters  and  is  represented  by 
hundreds  of  species.  In  Malaysia,  too,  where  the  subgenus  Vireya  is 
so  richly  represented,  no  species  of  our  subgenus  is  known.  The  great 
concentration  of  species  is  in  Japan.  Formosa,  considering  its  small 

11 


12  THE   AZALEAS   OF   THE    OLD   WORLD 

size,  is  also  rich  in  Azaleas.  In  China  these  Azaleas  are  poorly  repre- 
sented by  eight  species  of  which  only  three  are  really  common  and 
widespread.  This  is  singular  in  view  of  the  remarkable  richness  of 
the  Chinese  flora  in  general.  In  Korea  four  species  grow,  but  at  most 
only  one  (R.  yedoense  var.  poukhanense)  is  endemic  and  specimens  of 
an  Azalea  much  like  this  have  been  collected  in  Bitchu  province, 
western  Japan.  In  Japan  Azaleas  reach  their  northern  limits  in 
central  Hokkaido,  where  R.  Tschonoskii,  R.  Albrechtii,  R.  obtusum 
var.  Kaempferi  and  R.  reticulatum  are  found.  The  marked  absence 
of  limestone  in  Japan  is  favorable  to  the  family  Ericaceae  which  is 
richly  represented  there,  and  on  the  volcanic  mountains  Azaleas  are 
astonishingly  abundant.  The  small-flowered  R.  obtusum,  the  wild 
type  of  which  is  the  form  japonicum,  is  local,  being  confined  to  Kiri- 
shima  and  to  a  few  other  mountains  in  Kyushu,  but  the  large-flowered 
variety  Kaempferi  grows  in  plenty  from  the  extreme  south,  northward 
to  central  Hokkaido.  The  same  is  true  of  the  magenta-flowered  R.  reti- 
culatum. Billions  of  plants  of  these  two  species  are  scattered  on  the 
grass  and  shrub-clad  slopes,  in  thickets,  in  thin  woods  and  on  the 
margins  of  forests.  In  May  from  Kyushu  to  central  Hondo  travelling 
by  train  or  along  the  roads  one  is  never  out  of  sight  of  the  blossoms  of 
these  Azaleas;  in  June  the  same  is  true  for  the  north  until  their  limit 
of  distribution  is  reached.  Many  districts  are  famous  for  their  Azaleas, 
and  of  these  I  may  mention  the  slopes  of  Mt.  Fuji,  the  Hakone  moun- 
tains and  the  Nikko  region.  In  Yamato  province,  and  also  round 
Fuji  and  Nikko  R.  japonicum  with  its  clusters  of  large  flame-colored 
flowers  grows  in  millions.  Indeed  it  is  to  her  Azaleas  that  Japan  owes 
much  for  the  color  which  decks  her  countryside.  And  what  joy  it  is  to 
ramble  through  this  flower-clad  land  in  spring  and  early  summer.  In 
autumn  the  leaves  of  such  species  as  R.  japonicum,  R.  Tschonoskii, 
R.  reticulatum,  R.  quinquefolium,  R.  pentaphyllum  and  R.  linearifolium 
change  to  rich  shades  of  yellow,  orange,  crimson  and  vinous  purple. 
These  autumn  tints,  like  the  wealth  of  brilliantly  colored  flowers  in 
spring  and  early  summer,  arrest  attention  on  every  side,  and  small 
wonder  that  the  Japanese  have  taken  Azaleas  into  their  gardens,  parks 
and  temple  grounds  and  cultivated  them  from  time  immemorial.  The 
only  truly  woodland  species  are  R.  quinquefolium  and  R.  pentaphyllum, 
but  so  adaptable  to  different  conditions  are  R.  reticulatum  and  R.  06- 
tusum  var.  Kaempferi  that  they  too  may  be  considered  woodland 
plants.  In  dark  ravines,  by  the  sides  of  torrents  and  in  the  forests  of 
the  Nikko  region  R.  quinquefolium  is  plentiful,  lighting  up  the  dark  and 


DISTRIBUTION  13 

solemn  depths  with  its  snow-white,  almost  bell-shaped  flowers.  Crown- 
ing a  knoll  among  mixed  trees  round  the  Hashimoto  Tea  House  at 
Chuzenji  and  high  up  on  the  steep,  wooded  slope  behind  the  Lakeside 
Hotel  near  the  same  place  R.  pentaphyllum  is  common,  and  I  shall 
never  forget  the  day  in  June,  1914,  when  I  first  beheld  these  bushes 
covered  with  masses  of  bright  rose-pink  blossoms.  These  two  may 
be  classed  as  small  trees  and  among  the  Azaleas  of  eastern  Asia  are 
only  approached  in  size  by  the  pink-flowered  R.  Schlippenbachii. 

R.  Tschonoskii  has  the  smallest  flowers  of  any  species  of  Azalea  and, 
indeed,  in  this  respect  is  only  approached  by  the  Chinese  R.  Seniavinii. 
But  in  size  of  plant  the  real  dwarf  species  is  R.  serpyllifolium,  which  is 
common  in  the  Idzu  province,  and  is  also  known  from  Mt.  Unzen 
near  Nagasaki,  and  from  Okinawa  in  the  Liukiu  Archipelago.  Yet 
individual  plants  of  R.  obtusum  f .  japonicum  at  alpine  limits  of  vege- 
tation are  equally  dwarf. 

By  the  sides  of  rock-strewn  torrents  high  up  on  mountains  on 
Yaku-shima  Island  R.  indicum,  the  first-known  of  all  Asiatic  Azaleas, 
forms  dense  thickets  more  than  a  metre  high,  but  in  the  gardens  of 
Japan  it  is  a  dwarf  and  hugs  the  ground  closely.  The  lovely  R.  mu- 
cronatum  with  its  pure  white,  fragrant  flowers  has  not  been  found  wild 
though  its  pale  purple-flowered  variety  ripense  is  common  by  the  sides 
of  certain  rivers  in  the  island  of  Shikoku.  The  pink  to  rose-colored 
R.  linearifolium  var.  macrosepalum  with  sticky  leaves  and  flower-buds 
and  an  extraordinarily  variable  and  glandular  calyx  is  abundant  in 
thin  Pine-woods  and  among  scrub  round  Futagawa,  Yoshino  and 
near  Osaka.  Very  remarkable  is  the  distribution  of  the  red-flowered 
R.  Weyrichii,  which  is  known  only  from  parts  of  Shikoku  in  the  east, 
from  the  Goto  Islands  in  the  Japan  Sea,  and  from  the  island  of  Quel- 
paert  off  the  south  of  Korea.  The  small-leafed  R.  tosaense  is  confined 
to  parts  of  the  island  of  Shikoku,  and  R.  Schlippenbachii,  which  is 
really  a  Korean  species,  grows  sparingly  on  Chokai-san  and  one  or  two 
other  mountains  in  northern  Hondo.  The  slender-branched  R.  Al- 
brechtii  grows  in  thickets  and  on  the  margins  of  forests  from  the  Nikko 
region  northward  to  central  Hokkaido,  but  is  nowhere  really  common. 
On  the  foot-hills  of  Adzuma-yama  the  remarkable  R.  nipponicum,  with 
its  campanulate  white  corolla,  shreddy,  cinnamon-brown  bark  and 
fragile  fruit,  is  common  in  open  grass  and  scrub-clad  country,  but  is 
not  known  elsewhere.  On  Mt.  Kirishima  in  Kyushu  R.  obtusum 
f .  japonicum  grows  under  alpine  conditions,  but  the  most  truly  alpine 
species  of  east  Asiatic  Azaleas  is  R.  Tschonoskii,  widespread  in  Japan 


14  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

on  high  mountains  from  Shikoku  and  central  Hondo  north  to  central 
Hokkaido,  and  in  Korea  found  on  the  summit  of  the  Chiri-san.  All  in 
all  the  most  widely  spread,  most  variable,  most  spectacularly  beautiful 
and  most  useful  of  the  red-flowered  Japanese  Azaleas  is  R.  obtusum 
and  its  variety  Kaempferi. 

In  Korea,  from  Chiri-san  in  the  extreme  south  of  the  peninsula  to 
fifty  miles  north  of  Gensan,  grows  R.  Schlippenbachii.  It  is  partial  to 
rocky  places  and  thickets  and  often  in  thin  woods  it  is  the  dominant 
undergrowth.  On  the  famous  Diamond  Mountains  in  northeastern 
Korea  it  is  particularly  plentiful  in  mixed,  rather  open  woods  and  on 
cliffs;  in  early  summer  its  myriads  of  blossoms  literally  form  sheets  of 
pure  pink  for  miles  and  miles.  On  exposed  cliffs  the  habit  is  stiff  and 
sturdy,  but  in  the  shade  of  trees  the  branches  are  slender.  On  Chiri- 
san  it  is  usually  a  tree-like  bush,  four  metres  tall,  and  it  is  on  this 
mountain  range  that  this  Azalea  reaches  its  maximum  size.  On  bare, 
grass-clad  and  shrub-clad  slopes  and  inline-woods  from  the  latitude  of 
Seoul  southward  to  the  island  of  Quelpaert  R.  yedoense  var.  pouk- 
hanense  abounds.  In  full  exposure  it  ofte»  forms  low  mats  several 
yards  wide,  but  among  shrubs  it  is  occasionally  1.5  m.  tall.  This  and 
R.  Weyrichii  are  the  only  species  that  grow  on  Quelpaert,  and  the 
last-named  is  unknown  on  the  mainland  of  Korea. 

In  China  the  red-flowered  R.  Simsii  is  wild  from  the  coast  to  the 
extreme  west,  the  valley  of  the  Yangtsze  River  being  the  northern  limit 
of  its  range.  In  many  places  it  is  extraordinarily  abundant,  and  in 
May  whole  hillsides  are  red  with  its  flowers.  This  species  is  wild  in 
the  extreme  south  of  Formosa,  and  a  well-marked  variety  (eriocarpum) 
is  endemic  on  the  Kawanabe  Islands  off  northern  Liukiu.  This  is  the 
only  Chinese  species  known  to  grow  wild  outside  of  China  proper,  but 
phylogenetically  it  and  R.  obtusum  may  be  considered  of  common 
origin,  and  to  these  China  and  Japan  owe  the  wealth  of  brilliant  red 
color,  so  dominant  a  feature  in  their  spring  landscapes.  The  lovely 
yellow-flowered  R.  moUe,  better  known  under  Sweet's  name  of  R.  si- 
nense,  is  found  on  open  hillsides  from  the  coast  near  Ningpo  to  Ichang 
in  central  China.  It  is  a  social  plant  though  local  in  distribution. 
R.  Mariesii  grows  in  thickets  and  thin  woods  from  Fokien  to  western 
Hupeh  and  also  in  Formosa,  but  its  near  relative  R.  Farrerae  is  confined 
to  Hongkong  and  a  few  places  in  the  neighboring  province  of  Kwan- 
tung.  On  open  mountains  in  western  Yunnan  the  small-flowered 
R.  microphyton  is  abundant;  this  is  the  most  alpine  of  the  Chinese 
species  and,  with  the  little  known  R.  atrovirens,  is  the  most  western  of 


DISTRIBUTION  15 

the  section  Tsutsutsi.  The  other  two  Chinese  species  are  R.  Seniavinii 
and  R.  Mariae,  and  these  are  apparently  rare  and  confined  to  the  east- 
central  and  south-central  provinces. 

In  Liukiu  the  gaudy-flowered  R.  scabrum  is  endemic,  but  was  long 
ago  taken  to  the  gardens  of  southern  Japan  where  it  is  a  common  plant 
to-day.  This  species  has  the  largest  flowers  of  all  Azaleas,  and  in  a 
wild  state  and  in  gardens  where  it  flowers  freely  is  strikingly  conspic- 
uous. Unfortunately  in  the  Occident  its  tendency  is  to  flower  sparingly. 
I  strongly  suspect  that  R.  phoeniceum,  unknown  as  a  wild  plant  though 
introduced  from  Canton  about  1824,  and  the  popular  stock  for  grafting 
the  " Indian  Azaleas"  of  western  gardens,  is  specifically  not  really 
distinct  from  R.  scabrum. 

Although  eight  species  grow  wild  in  Formosa,  Azaleas  cannot  be 
called  a  prominent  feature  of  the  vegetation.  The  red-flowered  R.  Old- 
hamii  is  widespread,  and  in  districts  in  the  north  like  Mt.  Daiton  and 
round  Lake  Candidius  in  the  centre  of  the  island  it  is  fairly  abundant. 
On  grass-clad  mountain  slopes  east  of  Ari-san  the  pretty,  pink-flowered 
R.  rubropilosum  is  plentiful.  The  others,  so  far  as  my  personal  knowl- 
edge goes,  are  local  if  not  actually  rare  plants.  Lastly,  on  Luzon  in  the 
Philippine  Islands  grows  R.  subsessik,  the  most  southern  representative 
of  the  group. 

The  distribution  and  the  number  of  the  species  in  the  four  groups 
are  shown  in  the  following  table :  — 

Teutsutsi  Sciadorhodion   Rhodora    Pentanthera 

Japan 8  4  3                1 

Korea 2  2 

Liukiu 3  -  -               - 

Formosa 7  1  -               - 

China 5  2  1 

Philippines 1  -  -                - 

Pontus  region,  Caucasus,  *) 

Lithuania,    Poland    and  >•  '   -  -  1 

southwestern  Russia         ) 


CLASSIFICATION 

MANY  of  our  favorite  garden  plants  of  oriental  origin  came  to  us 
from  the  gardens  of  China  and  Japan  and  in  some  instances  their  wild 
prototypes  have  not  yet  been  discovered.  Often  when  the  wild  plant 
has  been  discovered  it  has  been  found  to  differ  greatly  from  that 
already  in  cultivation,  and  in  consequence  has  to  be  designated  as  a 
variety  or  form  of  the  described  garden  type.  Phylogeny  and  taxon- 
omy are  often  opposed,  which  is  regrettable  but  unalterable.  Stu- 
dents of  the  floras  of  the  Orient,  particularly  those  of  China  and 
Japan,  cannot  too  strongly  bear  in  mind  the  fact  that  a  great  many 
of  the  earliest  described  species  are  based  on  cultivated  plants.  Let 
me  illustrate  this  by  reference  to  Japan.  The  Japanese,  like  the  Chinese 
and  Koreans,  are  lovers  of  the  odd  and  curious  in  flowers  and  trees  for 
which  they  have  an  innate  love.  Nearly  every  house,  from  the  poorest 
hovel' to  the  castle  of  the  feudal  lord  or  his  descendants,  boasts  a  few 
flowers  or  a  garden  of  some  sort.  The  Japanese  love  their  mountains, 
many  of  which  are  sacred  and  on  most  of  them  shrines  have  been 
raised.  Pilgrimages  to  these  mountains  and  shrines  are  a  passion  with 
the  people  and  as  mementoes  of  their  visits  it  is  a  common  practice, 
and  has  been  for  centuries,  to  bring  back  some  strange  or  curious 
plant  for  their  gardens.  The  result  is  that  Japanese  gardens  are  full 
of  odd  and  curious  plants  —  dwarf  plants,  weeping  plants,  fastigiate 
plants,  plants  with  variegated  and  curiously  incised  foliage,  plants  with 
abnormal  flowers.  This  love  of  flowers  has  been  fostered  by  Buddhist 
priests,  and  this  has  led  to  mutual  exchange  of  plants  among  the 
peoples  of  China,  Korea,  Japan  and  Liukiu.  Now  if  it  be  properly 
realised  that  it  was  from  such  gardens  —  really  museums  of  oddities  — 
that  our  early  plants  were  taken  and  names  applied  to  them  the  diffi- 
culty of  identifying  them  with  their  wild  parents  will  be  better  under- 
stood and  appreciated. 

Until  after  1860  all  the  Azaleas  introduced  from  the  Orient  were 
from  gardens,  chiefly  those  of  Batavia,  Canton  and  Shanghai.  As  the 
plants  flowered  they  were  given  specific  and  varietal  names,  but  no 
attempt  to  discover  their  origin  was  made.  Some  were  placed  under 
the  genus  Azalea  and  others  under  that  of  Rhododendron.  Salisbury 

16 


CLASSIFICATION  17 

(Prodr.  286  (1796))  was  the  first  to  point  out  that  Azalea  and  Rhodo- 
dendron could  not  be  maintained  as  distinct  genera.  In  1834  G.  Don 
(Gen.  Syst.  III.  843)  placed  all  the  known  species  under  Rhododendron. 
Indiscriminate  naming,  however  continued,  and  in  1854  Planchon,  in 
Flore  des  Serres,  IX.  (1854),  and  in  Revue  Horticole  (1854),  reviewed  the 
varieties  from  the  Orient,  placed  all  under  Rhododendron  and  multi- 
plied considerably  the  specific  names.  In  1870  Maximowicz  (Mem. 
Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg,  se*r.  7,  XVI.  No.  9  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)) 
monographed  the  Rhododendrons  of  eastern  Asia,  and  his  work  has 
remained  the  basis  of  all  subsequent  studies.  Maximowicz  dealt 
with  the  subject  in  a  thorough  and  masterly  manner.  I  differ  from 
him  widely  in  the  conception  and  limits  of  certain  sections  and  species, 
and  in  the  systematic  position  of  some  varieties  and  forms,  but  I  am 
none  the  less  sensible  of  the  great  value  of  his  pioneer  work. 

Many  will  regret  the  change  of  names  involved  but  none  more  so 
than  myself.  These  changes  are  as  unfortunate  as  they  are  unavoid- 
able. I  adhere  strictly  to  the  rule  of  priority  as  laid  down  in  the 
Vienna  rules,  and  while  this  may  sometimes  be  deemed  a  nuisance  its 
fairness  cannot  be  questioned.  Moreover,  if  we  are  ever  to  enjoy  fixed 
order  in  plant  nomenclature  it  can  only  be  brought  about  through 
strict  adherence  to  accepted  and  established  rules. 

It  is  a  pity  that  Planchon's  name  Azalea  cannot  be  used  for  the  sub- 
genus.  It  is  based  on  the  genus  Azalea  of  Linnaeus,  the  type  of  which 
is  Azalea  procumbens  L.,  now  known  as  Loiseleuria  procumbens  Desv. 
The  six  species  enumerated  under  Azalea  by  Linnaeus  (Spec.  150 
(1753))  belong  to  two  subgenera  and  one  distinct  genus,  namely, 
Loiseleuria.  With  Planchon's  name  eliminated  the  oldest  valid  name 
for  the  subgenus  is  Anthodendron  Endlicher.1 

Of  the  four  sections  of  the  subgenus  with  which  we  are  concerned 
three  were  established  by  G.  Don  (Gen.  Hist.  III.  (1834))  and  one 
(Sciadorhodion)  is  proposed  here.  The  section  Tsutsutsi  G.  Don  was 
based  on  the  plant  figured  by  Kaempfer  (Amoen.  Exot.  (1712)),  which 
is  R.  obtusum  var.  Kaempferi  and  is  an  excellent  type  of  this  homo- 
geneous group.  G.  Don  included  R.  reticulatum  and  R.  Farrerae,  but 
these  have  deciduous  leaves,  no  appressed,  flattened,  bristle-like 
hairs  and  lack  other  features  characteristic  of  Tsutsutsi  proper.  For 
this  reason  I  refer  them  to  a  new  section,  Sciadorhodion.  G.  Don  also 
includes  R.  molle  which  belongs  to  his  section  Pentanthera.  Planchon 

1  For  full  details  see  page  115. 


18  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WOKLD 

in  Flore  des  Serres,  IX.  (1854),  emends  Don's  name  to  Tsutsia,  includes 
under  it  R.  molle  and  R.  Farrerae,  and  adds  R.  Championae  Hook.  In 
the  last-named  species  the  flowers  develop  from  clustered,  axillary 
buds,  and  it  belongs  to  the  section  Choniastrum  Franchet.  Maximo- 
wicz  emends  the  section;  calls  it  Tsutsia,  but  keeps  under  it  R.  Cham- 
pionae. He  also  emends  Planchon's  subgenus  Azalea  and  employs  it 
as  a  section  to  include  R.  Farrerae,  R.  molle  and  others;  he  also  places 
in  it  R.  macrosepalum,  which  obviously  belongs  to  the  section  Tsutsutsi. 
Of  the  new  section  Sciadorhodion,  R.  Schlippenbachii  may  be  taken 
as  the  type,  and  under  it  we  place  R.  reticulatum  and  R.  Farrerae,  referred 
by  G.  Don  to  his  section  Tsutsutsi,  also  R.  Weyrichii  which  Maximo- 
wicz  includes  in  his  section  Azalea.  Together  these  form  a  very  homo- 
morphic  group.  The  type  of  G.  Don's  section  Pentanthera  is  the 
Eurasian  R.  luteum  Sweet,  but  as  most  of  the  species  are  American 
I  leave  the  discussion  of  it  and  also  of  the  section  Rhodora  G.  Don, 
the  type  of  which  is  American  though  a  majority  of  the  species  are 
Japanese,  to  my  colleague  Alfred  Rehder. 


KEY  TO  THE  ASIATIC  SECTIONS  OF  THE  SUBGENUS 

ANTHODENDRON  ENDL. 

Flowers  and  leaves  from  the  same  bud. 

Shoots  with  flattened,  appressed,  bristle-like  hairs;  leaves  persistent  or  some- 
times deciduous,  usually  dimorphic,  scattered  on  the  branches,  elliptic  to 
lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  .  .  . I.  Tsutsutsi. 

Shoots  glabrous  or  villose,  without  bristle-like  hairs;  leaves  deciduous,  not  di- 
morphic, in  whorls  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets,  scattered  only  on  vigorous 
shoots,  usually  rhombic  to  obovate,  rarely  ovate  .  .  .II.  Sdadorhodion. 
Flowers  from  the  terminal  bud,  leaves  from  lateral  buds  below. 

Corolla  rotate-campanulate;  stamens  8  to  10 III.  Rhodora. 

Corolla  funnel-form;  stamens  5 IV.  Pentanthera. 

KEY  TO  THE  ASIATIC  SPECIES 
SECT.  I.    TSUTSUTSI  G.  DON 

Bud-scales  not  viscid;  shoots  densely  clothed  with  flattened,  appressed  hairs. 
Corolla  funnel-form-campanulate. 
Stamens  5  (5  to  8  in  R.  tosaense). 

Style  villose  at  base R.  breviperulatum,  p.  28. 

Style  glabrous  at  base. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate. 
Leaves  crenate-dentate;  flowers  red  to  rose-red,  more  than  2.5  cm. 

across R-  indicwn,  p.  22. 

Leaves  entire;  flowers  lilac-purple,  less  than  2  cm.  across 

R.  tosaense,  p.  52. 
Leaves  oval  or  obovate  to  lanceolate. 

Leaves  more  than  1  cm.  long,  the  midrib  beneath  covered  with  hairs 
and  usually  with  scattered  hairs  on  the  whole  under  surface 

R.  obtusum,  p.  29. 
Leaves  1  cm.  to  1  cm.  or  less  long,  glabrous  beneath,  except  a  few 

brown  hairs  on  the  midrib R.  serpyllifolium,  p.  53. 

Stamens  7  to  10. 
Style  villose  at  base. 

Leaves  narrow-lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  crenate-dentate;  stamens  10 

.  R.  Kanehirai,  p.  28. 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate  or  lanceolate,  entire;  stamens  7  to  10. 
Flowers  lilac  to  magenta;  leaves  generally  elliptic-oblong,  acute 

R.  subsessile,  p.  51. 
Flowers  pink. 

Leaves   conspicuously    dimorphic,    obovate    to    obovate-oblong, 

abruptly  mucronate,  2  to  4.5  cm.  long    .  R.  lasiostylum,  p.  50. 

Leaves  not  conspicuously  dimorphic,  often  widest  below  the  middle, 

elliptic-ovate  to  ovate-oblong  or  elliptic  to  elliptic-oblong, 

acute R.  rubropilosum,  p.  52. 

19 


20  THE   AZALEAS   OF   THE   OLD   WORLD 

Style  glabrous. 

Flowers  more  than  2.5  cm.  across;  leaves  elliptic  to  elliptic-oblong  or 

oblong-obovate,  from  2  to  5  cm.  long R.  Simsii,  p.  45. 

Flowers  less  than  2.5  cm.  across. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate R.  atrovirens,  p.  50. 

Leaves  oval  to  oblanceolate,  1  cm.  or  less  long  .  R.  Nakaharai,  p.  54. 
Corolla  with  short,  rarely  long,  cylindric  tube  and  spreading  lobes;  stamens  5, 

rarely  4. 

Style  villose  at  base;  flowers  white  to  rose-color    .    .    .  R.  Seniavinii,  p.  57. 
Style  glabrous. 
Leaves  persistent;  flowers  5-partite. 

Corolla   rose-purple,   leaves  not    conspicuously    dimorphic,    oval   to 

lanceolate R.  microphytum,  p.  57. 

Corolla  lilac-colored,  with  a  long  tube;  leaves  conspicuously  dimorphic, 
lanceolate  or  elliptic  to  oblong-obovate  .    .    .    .  R.  Mariae,  p.  58. 
Leaves  deciduous;  flowers  white,  4  to  5  partite;  leaves  narrow-lanceolate 
to  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-obovate,  often  prominently  3-nerved 

R.  Tschonoskii,  p.  55. 
Bud-scales  viscid  on  inner  surface;  corolla  wide  funnel-form;  calyx-lobes  green, 

ample;  style  glabrous. 
Shoots  densely  clothed  with  flattened,  appressed  hairs;  leaves  conspicuously 

dimorphic;  stamens  10. 
Leaves  persistent,  calyx-lobes  glandular-ciliate. 

Corolla  scarlet  to  rose-red;  calyx-lobes  oval  to  lanceolate;  leaves  sub- 

crenulate,  coriaceous R.  scabrum,  p.  59. 

Corolla  rose-purple  to  magenta;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate;  leaves  entire, 

subcoriaceous R.  phoeniceum,  p.  61. 

Leaves  deciduous  or  semipersistent,  obscurely  crenate-serrate,  veins  im- 
pressed above;  corolla  rose  to  rose-purple,  fragrant,  often  double;  calyx- 
lobes  lanceolate,  not  glandular R.  yedoense,  p.  64. 

Shoots  with  few  appressed,  flattened  hairs  and  many  spreading,  pilose  often 

glandular  hairs. 
Stamens  8  to  10;  leaves  persistent  or  semipersistent,  not  conspicuously 

dimorphic. 
Corolla  red,  not  viscid;  stamens  10;  ovary  glandular;  leaves  not  viscid 

beneath R.  Oldhamii,  p.  66. 

Corolla  white  or  pale-purple,  viscid  outside;  stamens  8  to  10;  ovary  gland- 
less;  leaves  viscid  beneath      R.  mucronatum,  p.  68. 

Stamens  5;  leaves  deciduous  or  semipersistent,  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate- 
ovate  or  linear-lanceolate;  corolla  pink  to  pale  rosy  purple,  viscid  without, 
funnel-form  or  divided  into  linear  segments;  ovary  glandular 

R.  linearifolium,  p.  74. 

SECT.   II.    SCIADORHODION  REHD.  &  WILS. 

Leaves  broadest  below  the  middle;  stamens  nearly  equal. 

Leaves  ovate;  corolla  pale  lilac-purple;  stamens  8  to  10;  fruit  conic-ovoid  on 

a  curved  pedicel R.  Farrerce,  p.  79. 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate;  corolla  rose-color;  stamens  10;  fruit  short- 

cylindric,  erect R.  Mariesii,  p.  80. 

Leaves  broadest  about  or  above  the  middle. 
Leaves  rhombic;  fruit  cylindric. 
Stamens  subequal;  corolla  red,  rotate-funnel-form;  style  villose 

R.  Weyrichii,  p.  82. 


KEY  TO   THE   ASIATIC   SECTIONS   OF  THE   SUBGENUS          21 

Stamens  unequal,  sometimes  declinate;  corolla  rotate-campanulate. 
Corolla  rose-purple  to  magenta;  style  glabrous,  villose  or  lepidote  or  both; 
leaves  with  long  scattered  hairs  when  young,  glabrescent  at  maturity; 

fruit  cylindric,  furrowed R.  reticulatum,  p.  83. 

Corolla  white;  style  glabrous;  leaves  densely  ciliate,  short-villose,  at  least 

on  midrib  at  maturity;  fruit  cylindric,  terete  R.  quinquefolium,  p.  87. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate;  corolla  pink;  style  glandular;  fruit  oblong-ovoid, 

verruculose R.  Schlippenbachii,  p.  88. 

SECT.  III.    RHODORA   G.   DON 

Corolla  rotate-campanulate. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong-oblanceolate,  pubescent  below;  flowers  3  to  6,  ma- 
genta; fruit  conic-ovoid,  bristly  glandular R.  Albrechtii,  p.  91. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  narrow-elliptic,  glabrescent;  petiole  bearded;  flowers  1  or  2, 
bright  rose-pink;  fruit  spindle-shape,  glabrous,  verrucose 

R.  pentaphyllum,  p.  92. 

Corolla  campanulate,  white;  leaves  obovate  to  panduriform,  subsessile  with  scat- 
tered, bristly  hairs;  fruit  oblong-ovoid,  verruculose,  with  thin  valves,  wavy 
at  the  margin  when  open R.  nipponicum,  p.  93. 

SECT.   IV.    PENTANTHERA  G.  DON 

Corolla  wide-funnel-form,  non-glandular. 
Stamens  as  long  as  the  yellow  corolla;  leaves  softly  pubescent,  often  canescent; 

winter-buds  velutinous R.  molle,  p.  95. 

Stamens  shorter  than  the  orange-  or  flame-red,  rarely  yellow  corolla;  leaves 
glabrous  except  on  the  veins  beneath;  winter-buds  glabrous 

R.  japonicum,  p.  99. 
Corolla  tubular  with  spreading  lobes,  glandular R.  luteum,  p.  103. 


ENUMERATION  OF  THE  SPECIES 
SECT.  I.  TSUTSUTSI  G.  DON 

Rhododendron  section  Tsutsutsi  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  845  (1834), 
excluding  Nos.  30,  31,  36,  39. 

Azalea  Linnaeus,  Spec.  150  (1753),  as  to  species  No.  1. 

Tsutsutsi  Adanson,  Fam.  PL  II.  164  (1763). 

Loiseleria  Reichenbach,  Fl.  Germ.  Exc.  I.  416  (1830). 

Beverinckia  Salisbury  ined.  ex  DeCandolle,  Prodr.  VII.  pt.  2,  726  (1839). 

Rhododendron  section  Toutousi  Duchartre  in  Orbigny,  Diet.  Univ.  Hist.  Nat. 
XI.  120  (1849). 

Rhododendron  subgenus  Tsutsia  Planchon  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  IX.  75  (1854);  in 
Rev.  Hort.  1854,  45. 

Rhododendron  section  Tsutsugi  Miquel,  Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  II.  1059  (1857). 

Rhododendron  section  Tsusia  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Peters- 
burg, se>.  7,  XVI.  No.  9, 32  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870),  excluding  No.  17. 

Azalea  subgenus  Tsutsutsi  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  II.  pt.  1,  171  (1872),  excluding 
species  No.  6. 

Shrubs  with  dense  twiggy  branches;  shoots  densely  or  sparsely  clothed  with 
appressed,  flattened,  red-brown  or  rufous  hairs,  occasionally  also  with  spreading 
soft  hairs.  Flowers  from  terminal  bud,  with  leafy  shoots  from  axils  of  lower 
scales  of  same  bud.  Leaves  evergreen  or  half  evergreen,  rarely  deciduous,  more 
or  less  villose,  rarely  glandular.  Corolla  funnel-form,  campanulate-funnel-form, 
rarely  cylindric,  with  short  spreading  lobes;  stamens  5  to  10,  equal  or  unequal  in 
length,  never  declinate,  puberulous,  or  pubescent;  ovary  strigose,  sometimes  glan- 
dular. Fruit  conic  or  conic-ovoid,  glabrescent  or  strigose- villose,  5-celled;  seeds 
wingless. 

This  section  is  confined  to  eastern  Asia,  where  it  is  represented  by  22  species. 

Rhododendron  indicum  Sweet,  Brit.  Flaw.  Gard.  ser.  2,  II.  sub.  t. 
128  (1833).  —  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  845  (1834),  excluding  varieties.  — 
De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  pt.  2,  726  (1839),  in  part.  —  Siebold  &  Zucca- 
rini  in  Abh.  Akad.  Munch.  IV.  pt.  III.  131  (Fl.  Jap.  Fam.  Nat.  7)  (1846), 
in  part.  —  Miquel,  FL  Ind.  Bat.  II.  1059  (1857).  —  Maximowicz  in 
Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg,  se*r.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  37  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.) 
(1870),  in  part.  —  Franchet  &  Savatier,  Enum.  PL  Jap.  I.  291  (1875), 
in  part.  —  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  506,  figs.  331  1-m, 
332  a-d  (1911).— Render  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.  Hort.  V.  2944  (1916).— 
Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [18]  (1918). 

Azalea  indica  Linnaeus,  Spec.  150  (1753).  —  Burmann,  Fl.  Ind.  42  (1768).  — 
Willdenow,  Spec.  I.  pt.  2,  831  (1798).  —  Persoon,  Syn.  212  (1805).  —  Aiton, 

22 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE    SPECIES  23 

Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2, 1.  318  (1810),  as  to  description  and  synonyms.  —  Roemer 

&  Schultes,  Syst.  Veg.  IV.  374  (1819),  excluding  0.  —  Blume,  Cat.  Gewass. 

Buitenz.  44  (1823);  Bijdr.  Fl.  Ned.  Ind.  852  (1825).  —  Sprengel,  Syst.  Veg. 

I.  628  (1825). 

Azalea  indica  var.  b.  spatulata  Blume,  Bijdr.  Fl.  Ned.  Ind.  852  (1825). 
Azalea  indica  var.  d.  angustifolia  Blume  Bijdr.  FL  Ned.  Ind.  852  (1825.) 
Azalea  indica  var.  e.  floribunda  Blume,  Bijdr.  Fl.  Ned.  Ind.  852  (1825). 
Azalea  macrantha  Bunge  in  Mem.  Soc.  £tr.  Sci.  St.  Petersbourg,  II.  115 

(Enum.  PI.  Chin.  EOT.  41)  (1833). 

Azalea  indica  lateritia  Lindley  in  Bot.  Reg.  XX.  t.  1700  (1834). 
Rhododendron  macranthum  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  846  (1834).— Sweet,  Brit. 

Flow.  Gard.  ser.  2,  III.  t.  261  (1834). 

Rhododendron  decumbens  D.  Don  apud  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  846  (1834). 
Azalea  Danielsiana  Paxton,  Mag.  Bot.  I.  129,  t.  (1834). 
Rhododendron  indicum  S.  ?  lateritium  DeCandolle,  Prodr.  VII.  pt.  2, 726  (1839). 
Azalea  ?  macrantha  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  pt.  2,  718  (1839). 
Azalea  decumbens  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  pt.  2,  718  (1839). 
Rhododendron  Breynii  Planchon  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  IX.  77  (1854). 
Rhododendron  Danielsianum  Planchon  in  FL  des  Serr.  IX.  79  (1854). 
Rhododendron  lateritium  Planchon  in  FL  des  Serr.  IX.  80  (1854). 
Rhododendron  Sieboldii  0.  serrulatum  Miquel  in  Ann.  Mus.  Ludg.-Bat.  I. 

33  (1863). 

Azalea  Breynii  Andr<§  in  Belg.  Hort.  XV.  183  (1865). 
Azalea  lateritia  Hort.  ex  Andre"  in  Belg.  Hort.  XV.  185  (1865). 
Rhododendron  indicum  j.  macranthum  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St. 

Petersbourg,  se*r.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  39  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870).— Franchet  & 

Savatier,  Enum.  PL  Jap.  II,  292  (1875).  —  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag. 

XXIV.  77  (1910).  —  Matsumura,  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  461  (1912). 
Rhododendron  indicum  y.  macranthum  a.  macranthum  genuinum  Maximowicz 

in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersbourg,  se"r.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  39  (Rhodod.  As. 

Or.)  (1870).  —  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXIV.  77  (1910). 
Rhododendron  indicum  y.  macranthum  b.  lateritium  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad. 

Sci.  St.  Petersbourg,  se>.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  39  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870).— 

Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXIV.  77  (1910). 
Rhododendron  lateritium  var.  brachytrichum  Nakai  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXIX 

[261]  (1915). 

Rhododendron  hangnoense  Nakai  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXIX.  [261]  (1915). 
Rhododendron  indicum  f .  lateritium  Rehder  in  Mitt.  Deutsch.  Dendr.  Ges.  XXIV. 

225  (1916);  in  Bailey,  Stand.  CycL  Hort.  V.  2944  (1916). 
Rhododendron    indicum   var.   brachytrichum   Komatsu   in    Tokyo   Bot.   Mag. 

XXXI.  [18]  (1918). 

Japan:  Kyushu,  prov.  Osumi,  Yaku-shima,  side  of  torrents,  alt. 
300-800  m.  February  19,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6003);  same  place, 
without  collector's  name  (Herb.  Bur.  Sci.  Manila) ;  prov.  Hizen,  Naga- 
saki, 1873,  Capt.  Blomfield  (Herb.  Kew) ;  same  locality,  ex  Herb.  Lugd.- 
Bat.  1863,  as  R.  Sieboldii  var.  minor,  in  part  (Herb.  Kew  and  Herb. 
Gray);  same  locality,  cultivated,  1863,  C.  Maximowicz  (Herb.  Kew, 
co-type  of  R.  indicum  y.  macranthum  b.  lateritum  Maximowicz) .  Hondo, 
prov.  Shinano,  1864,  Tschonoski  (Herb.  Kew);  prov.  Sagaim,  Hakone, 
cultivated,  June  21,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6888);  near  Uraga,  1862, 


24  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE  OLD   WORLD 

C.  Maximowicz  (Herb.  Kew  and  Herb.  Gray,  co-type  of  R.  indicum 
y.  macranthum  subvar.  a.  genuinum  Maximowicz) ;  prov.  Suruga,  foot  of 
Mt.  Fuji,  cultivated,  June  13,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6932);  prov. 
Musashi,  Yokohama,  cultivated,  1862,  C.  Maximowicz  (Herb.  Kew  and 
Herb.  Gray);  Tokvo.  cultivated.  July  2,  1882,  K.  Miyabe',  same  locality 
(Herb.  Bot.  Gard.  Tokyo,  type  of  R.  lateritium  var.  brachytrichum 
Nakai);  prov.  Shimotsuke,  Nikko.,  alt.  600-1000  m.  cultivated  and 
sub-spontaneous,  June  20  flowers,  October  20  fruit,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson 
(Nos.  6816,  6818,  7709). 

Cultivated:  Java  ex  Herb.  Ludg.-Bat.  1863,  as  R.  indicum  Sweet 
(Herb.  Kew);  Hongkong  Bot.  Gard.  May  12,  14,  31,  1919,  W.  J. 
Tutcher. 

The  only  place  where  I  have  seen  this  species  truly  wild  is  Yaku-shima,  an  island 
some  ninety  miles  south  of  Kagoshima  and  interesting  as  being  the  southern  limit 
of  the  range  of  a  great  many  Japanese  plants.  On  that  island  R.  indicum  Sweet  is  a 
common  fluviatile  shrub  growing  from  a  half  to  two  meters  high  and  forming  dense 
masses  in  open  country  on  the  banks  of  rock-strewn  streams.  Elsewhere  in  Japan 
I  found  it  cultivated  only,  although  in  old  burial  and  temple  grounds  it  is  often 
more  or  less  naturalized.  Makino  says  it  grows  spontaneously  in  the  provinces  of 
Kii  and  Yamato  in  Hondo  and  not  so  very  far  from  the  old  capital  of  Kyoto.  In 
an  old  burial  ground  at  Nikko  the  plants  were  prostrate  or  nearly  so  and  with 
their  scattered,  large  red  flowers  strongly  suggested  the  Rock  Cistus,  and  one  saw 
how  very  applicable  was  the  name  the  ancients  gave  this  plant.  The  plants  though 
often  decumbent  are  naturally  upright  and  very  densely  branched;  the  branches 
are  slender  but  rigid  and  are  clothed  with  flattened,  appressed,  strigose,  chestnut- 
brown  hairs  which  in  the  second  and  third  years  lose  their  color  and  disappear. 
The  leaves  are  sub-coriaceous  and  crowded,  short-petioled,  narrow-lanceolate, 
lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  mucronulate,  dark  green,  rather  shining  above,  pallid 
or  sub-glaucous  beneath,  ciliolate,  usually  remotely  crenate-dentate,  with  scat- 
tered, closely  appressed,  red-brown  setose  hairs  on  both  surfaces;  in  the  autumn 
the  leaves  change  to  crimson  and  vinous  purple.  The  flowers  are  terminal,  solitary 
or  in  pairs;  the  corolla  is  broad-funnel  shape,  opening  at  the  same  time  or  im- 
mediately before  annual  growth  commences,  bright  red  to  scarlet,  sometimes  rose- 
red;  there  are  5  stamens  shorter  than  the  style  but  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
corolla  in  length. 

In  Japanese  gardens  this  Azalea  is  a  prime  favorite  and  I  was  told  that  some- 
thing like  two  hundred  named  forms  are  recognized.  It  is  planted  on  or  among 
rocks,  singly  or  in  groups,  and  is  used  as  a  garden  edging.  It  bears  trimming  well,  and 
its  naturally  low,  dense  habit  makes  it  particularly  useful  in  the  gardens  of  Japan. 
Its  native  name  is  "Satsuki-tsutsuji,"  that  is  Fifth-month  Azalea,  from  the  fact 
that  it  blossoms  in  June,  which  is  the  fifth  month  of  the  year  reckoning  by  the  old 
Chinese  calendar. 

The  first  mention  of  this  plant  in  a  European  book  is  in  Breyne's  Prodromus,  I. 
23  (1680),  which  I  have  not  seen,  but  in  the  edition  of  1739  it  is  mentioned  in  pt. 
1. 16  as  "  Chamaerhododendron  exoticum,  amplissimis  floribus  liliaceis."  Breyne 
was  a  merchant  of  Danzig  and  a  distinguished  botanist  who  visited  Holland  dur- 
ing the  last  quarter  of  the  17th  century  and  in  his  Prodomus  described  the  re- 
markable plants  he  saw  there.  His  "Chamaerhododendron  "  was  growing  in  the 
garden  of  a  Mr.  Beveringk,  but  no  mention  is  made  of  its  country  of  origin. 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  25 

Hermann  in  his  Academici  Horti  lugduno-batavi  catalogus  152.  fig.  (1687),  de- 
scribes and  figures  it  under  the  name  of  "Cistus  Indicus,  Ledi  Alpini  foliis  & 
floribus  amplis."  He  cites  Breyne  and  says  the  plant  came  from  Jaccatra  (that 
is  Batavia,  Java).  Hermann's  figure  though  crude  is  easily  recognized  as  repre- 
senting the  plant  we  are  discussing  and  can  in  fact  be  identified  with  no  other 
species.  Doubtless  it  was  taken  by  Dutch  trading  ships  from  Nagasaki  to  Batavia 
and  from  there  to  Holland.  Ray  in  his  Historic,  Plantarum  II.  1895  (1688)  men- 
tions it,  citing  Hermann  and  Breyne.  On  this  plant  of  Breyne,  Hermann  and  Ray, 
Linnaeus  (Spec.  150  (1753))  bases  his  Azalea  indica  so  there  can  be  no  mistake  as 
to  its  identity  even  though  Linnaeus  gives  the  habitat  as  the  East  Indies,  and 
cites  "  Tsutsusi  Kaempfer  Amoen.  845,  t.  846,"  which  is  Rhododendron  obtusum 
var.  Kaempferi  Wils.  The  plant  of  Breyne  and  Linnaeus  is  Kaempfer's  "  Token, 
vulgo  Satsuki,  Cytisus  Liliifer  autumnalis  Tsutsusi  congener,"  of  which  he  men- 
tions (Amoen.  Exot.  fasc.  V.  849  (1712))  five  kinds,  including  single  and  double- 
flowered  red  and  white  forms. 

Linnaeus'  species  was  introduced  into  England  in  1833  by  Mr.  M'Killigan  to 
Knight's  Nurse^in  Chelsea  under  the  name  of  Azalea  indica  lateritia  and  flowered 
there  for  the  first  time  in  May  1834.  About  the  same  time  forms  differing  slightly 
in  color  were  brought  from  China  to  England  by  officers  commanding  the  East  India 
Company's  trading  ships  and  named  Azalea  Danielsiana,  R.  macranthum  and  R. 
decumbens.  According  to  Hovey  (Mag.  Hort.  V.  25  (1839))  Azalea  lateritia  and 
A.  Danielsiana  were  introduced  from  England  into  Boston,  Mass.,  in  1838.  Up  to 
about  1845  color  forms,  many  of  seedling  origin,  of  R.  indicum  were  more  numerous 
in  our  gardens  than  those  of  R.  Simsii  and  these  with  forms  of  R.  phoeniceum 
and  R.  mucronatum  (Azalea  ledifolia)  collectively  constitute  the  Azalea  indica  of 
the  period.  It  is  recorded  that  on  March  13,  1837,  ten  varieties  of  Azaka  in- 
dica were  exhibited  at  Ghent  by  Mr.  Charles  Deloose  and  awarded  a  gold  medal. 
After  1850  the  true  Rhododendron  indicum  and  its  forms  rapidly  dropped  from 
cultivation  and  the  name  was  appropriated  for  the  varieties  of  the  Chinese  R. 
Simsii  Planch.  Aiton  in  1810  and  Sims  in  1812  were  first  to  unite  the  Japanese 
and  Chinese  plants;  Sweet  in  1832  made  the  Chinese  plant  a  variety  of  R.  indicum. 
The  rest  of  the  story  is  told  by  the  synonomy,  but  that  the  confusion  is  complete  is 
proved  by  the  fact  that  to-day  Linnaeus'  plant  is  absolutely  unknown  to  gardens 
under  the  name  he  gave  it.  In  fact  it  has  become  more  or  less  lost  to  cultivation, 
although  its  double-flowered  form,  bakaminaeflorum,  is  well  known  and  appre- 
ciated. R.  indicum  is  really  a  very  pretty  species  and  well  adapted  for  rockeries 
in  mild,  moist  countries,  and  is  about  as  hardy  as  R.  obtusum  f.  amoenum  Wils. 
I  sent  seeds  and  plants  of  it  from  Japan  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  in  1914.  The 
Azalea  "3.  T.  Lovett "  of  American  gardens,  claimed  to  be  of  hybrid  origin 
is  nothing  but  the  true  R.  indicum.  Up  to  about  1850  several  varieties  of  this 
Azalea  were  cultivated  under  the  name  of  "Indian  Azaleas"  and  in  all  proba- 
bility hybrids  between  it  and  R.  Simsii  Planch,  were  obtained.  Such  old  varieties 
as  "The  Bride  "with  white  flowers,  and  Van  Houtte's  Azaka  indica  punctulata, 
A.  punctulata  variegata,  A.  punctulata  omnicolor  (Fl.  des  Serr.  XVI.  17,  tt.  1618- 
1623  [1865])  are,  I  think,  hybrids  between  the  two  species.  In  the  evolution  of 
the  large-flowered  "  Indian  Azalea"  of  commerce  of  to-day  I  doubt  if  R.  indicum 
has  had  any  part.  The  fact  that  it  cannot  be  forced  by  strong  heat  to  blossom  out 
of  season  is  against  it,  since  this  is  a  marked  feature  of  the  "  Indian  Azaleas"  of 
greenhouses  to-day.  When  grafted  on  the  vigorous  R.  phoeniceum  the  size  of  the 
flowers  is  increased. 

A  form  with  white  flowers  is :  — 

Rhododendron  indicum  f.  hakatashiro  Millais,  Rhodod.  193  (1917). 


26  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

Rhododendron  indicum  f.  Hakatajiro  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII. 

[45]  (1918). 
This  is  often  seen  in  old  Japanese  gardens  and  has  been  introduced  into  England. 

A  form  with  salmon-red  flowers  whitish  at  the  base  is:  — 
Rhododendron  indicum  f.  tanimanoyuki  Millais,  Rhodod.  193  (1917).  — 
Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXII.  [45]  (1918). 
The  best  known  to-day  of  all  the  forms  of  R.  indicum  is:  — 
Rhododendron  indicum  var.  balsaminaeflorum  Nicholson  in  Kew 
Hand-list,  pt.  2,  53  (1896);  ed.  2,  499  (1902).  —  Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs 
Brit.  Isl  II.  362  (1914).  — Millais,  Rhodod.  193  (1917). 

Azalea  Rollissoni  T.  Moore  in  Florist  and  Pomol.  1878,  35  fig.  —  Garden 

XVIII.  254,  t.  249(1880). 

Azalea  rosaeflora  R.  Dean  in  Fl.  Mag.  XIX.  t.  418  (1880). 
Azalea  balsaminaeflora  Carriere  in  Rev.  Hort.  1882,  432  t.  —  Nicholson,  Diet. 

Gard.  I.  149,  fig.  196  (1887). 
Azalea  indica  var.  rosifiora  Render  in  Bailey,  Cycl.  Am.  Hort.  I.  122,  fig.  176 

(1900). 
Rhododendron  indicum  var.  rosiflorum  Render  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.  Hort. 

V.  2944  (1916);  in  Mitt.  Deutsch.  Dendr.  Ges.  XXIV.  226  (1916). 
Rhododendron  indicum  Rollisoni  Millais,  Rhodod.  193  (1917). 

This  interesting  little  plant  is  common  in  the  gardens  of  Japan,  and  it  is  there,  as 
in  the  West,  of  very  slow  growth.  It  is  uncertain  whether  it  was  first  introduced 
into  England  or  France.  In  the  Garden,  XVIII.  p.  254  (1880),  it  is  said  to  have 
been  "  introduced  about  three  years  ago  by  Messrs.  Rollisson."  Carriere  says  it 
was  introduced  into  France  from  Japan  by  M.  Vie*sener  in  1877.  On  Long  Island, 
New  York,  it  is  harcly  in  sheltered,  shady  places.  Bean  says  "  it  has  lived  out- 
of-doors  for  many  years  at  Kew  but  prefers  a  milder  climate,"  Millais  states  that  it 
is  "a  great  favorite  for  rock  gardens,  where  it  does  not  always  flourish."  The 
Japanese  name  for  the  Azalea  is  "  Romany o-satsuki." 

Similar  but  rather  less  double  is:  — 

Rhododendron  indicum  f.  kinnozai  Millais,  Rhodod.  1913  (1917). 
An  old  form  is:  — 

Rhododendron  indicum  f.  variegatum  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  pt.  2, 
726  (1839). 

Azalea,  indica  var.  a.  variegata  Blume,  Bijdr.  FL  Ned.  Ind.  852  (1825).  — 
Lindley  in  Bot.  Reg.  XX.  t.  1716  (1834).  —  Hovey,  Mag.  Hort.  V.  25 
(1839). 

Rhododendron  indicum  f.  Matsushima  Millais,  Rhodod.  193  (1917). 

This  has  white  and  red  striped  and  spotted  flowers  and  blooms  irregularly  the 
year  round.  In  the  nursery  district  round  Osaka  it  is  known  as  "  Shiki-takane- 
satsuki."  In  Blume's  time  it  was  cultivated  in  Java,  and  according  to  Lindley  it  was 
introduced  into  England  by  Mr.  M'Killigan  in  1833,  to  Knight's  nursery  in  Chelsea, 
London.  From  this  Azalea  Knight  raised  several  seedling  forms  which  received 
names.  Such  plants  as  Azalea  indica  exquisita  Lemaire  (in  Fl.  des  Serr.  III.  t. 
239  (1847),  syn.  R.  indicum  equisitum  Lemaire)  and  Azalea  indica  Iveryana  albo- 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE  SPECIES  27 

cincta  Van  Houtte  (in  Fl  des  Serr.  XI.  211, 1. 1180  (1856)),  are  probably  seedlings 
from  Azalea  indica  variegata.  So  too  are  Azaleas  "  Gledstanesii,"  "  Iveryana," 
"Charles  Encke  "  and  "  Reine  Louise."  In  fact  this  var.  variegatum  was  the 
parent  of  most  of  the  best  "Indian  Azaleas"  cultivated  up  to  about  1850.  Ac- 
cording to  Hovey  the  var.  variegatum  was  introduced  into  Boston,  Mass.,  in  1838, 
and  for  many  years  was  a  familiar  and  much  admired  plant  at  exhibitions.  It  is 
still  cultivated  in  the  Holm  Lea  collection,  so  also  are  the  above  mentioned  named 
forms.  These  Azaleas  were  famous  in  their  day  and  have  been  grown  in  this  coun- 
try for  more  than  seventy  years.  "Gledstanesii"  was  raised  by  Metesers  Rollis- 
son  of  Tooting  and  exhibited  for  the  first  time  in  London  on  May  15,  1841.  It 
was  imported  into  this  country  by  Hovey  &  Co.,  Boston,  Mass.,  who  exhibited  it 
before  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  on  May  2,  1846.  In  England  the 
var.  variegatum  appears  to  have  been  lost  to  cultivation  until  quite  recently,  when 
it  was  reintroduced  under  the  name  used  by  Millais. 

A  curious  and  abnormal  form  is:  — 

Rhododendron  indicum  f .  polypetalum  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Rhododendron  indicum  7.  macranthum  c.  polypetalum  Maximowicz  in  Mem. 
Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg,  se>.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  40  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870). 

Cultivated:  Hongkong  Bot.  Gard.  May  20,  1919,  W.  J.  Tutcher. 

I  have  seen  the  Herb.  Kew  co-type  of  this  curious  plant  with  its  petaloid,  deeply 
laciniate  calyx  and  no  corolla.  In  Japan  its  vernacular  name  is  "  Kin-no-zai."  I 
have  not  seen  this  plant  nor  the  following,  which  has  a  proper  calyx  and  a  deeply 
laciniate  corolla. 

Rhododendron  indicum  f .  laciniatum  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Rhododendron  indicum  y.  macranthum  subvar.  b.  lateritium  f.  laciniatum 
Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXVII.  110  (1910). 

Makino  gives  "  Shide-satsuki "  as  the  Japanese  name  of  this  curious  form. 
Komatsu  enumerates  several  other  forms,  but  the  only  other  it  is  necessary  to 
mention  here  is  the  very  distinct:  — 

Rhododendron  indicum  var.  crispiflorum  Schneider,  III.  Handb. 
Laubholzk.  II.  506  (1911).  —  Render  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl  Hart.  V. 
2944  (1916). 

Azalea  crispiflora  Hooker  in  Bot.  Mag.  LXXIX.  t.  4726  (1853).  —  Lemaire, 
Jard.  Fl.  IV.  t.  430  (1854).  —  Hovey,  Mag.  Hort.  XXIII.  70  (1857);  XXIV. 
141  (1858). 

Azalea  indica  crispiflora  Van  Houtte  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  IX.  t.  ad  p.  79  (1854). 

Rhododendron  crispiflorum  Planchon  in  FL  des  Serr.  IX.  83  (1854);  in  Rev. 
Hort.  1854,  67. 

This  interesting  variety  has  thicker  leaves  than  the  type  and  the  wavy  margins 
of  its  corolla  give  it  a  distinct  appearance.  The  Azalea  indica  var.  grandiflora 
Blume,  of  which  there  is  a  specimen  in  Herb.  Kew  collected  by  Thomas  Lobb,  is 
similar,  but  the  margin  of  the  corolla  is  not  wavy.  R.  indicum  var.  crispiflorum, 
was  introduced  into  England  from  China  by  Robert  Fortune  to  the  nursery  of 
Messers  Standish  &  Noble  in  1850  or  1851.  It  was  imported  from  England  .to 
Boston,  Mass.,  in  1855  by  C.  M.  Hovey;  soon  afterwards  a  plant  was  acquired  by 
Ignatius  Sargent,  Esq.,  father  of  Professor  C.  S.  Sargent,  and  descendants  of  the 


38  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

original  plant  are  in  the  Holm  Lea  collection  to  this  day.  In  England  it  appears 
to  have  been  lost  to  cultivation  until  plants  were  sent  to  Kew  and  elsewhere  from 
Holm  Lea  by  Professor  Sargent. 

Rhododendron  Kanehirai  Wilson,  n.  sp. 

Frutex  ramosissimus,  1-2.5  m.  altus;  rami  graciles,  ramulosi,  juveniles  pilis 
compressis  castaneis  adpressis  vestiti.  Folia  petiolata,  dimorpha;  vernalia  sparsa, 
lineari-lanceolata  vel  oblongo-lanceolata,  2-5  cm.  longa,  0.5-1.5  cm.  lata,  acuta, 
glanduloso-mucronulata,  basi  attenuata,  obscure  crenato-serrata,  supra  atrovi- 
ridia,  subtus  pallida,  utrinque  pilis  lucide  brunneis  strigosis  adpressis  vestita, 
venis  supra  impressis;  folia  aestivalia  in  apice  ramulorum  aggregata,  lineari- 
oblanceolata  vel  anguste  obovata,  1.5-3  cm.  longa,  0.2-0.6  cm.  lata,  apice  acuta 
vel  rotundata,  ceterum  ut  vernalia;  petioli  1-5  mm.  longi,  dense  pilis  compressis 
castaneis  adpressis  vestiti.  Flores  terminales,  bini  vel  raro  solitarii,  carminei  vel 
ecarlatini;  pedicelli  robusti,  erecti,  5-8  mm.  longi,  dense  pilis  castaneis  strigosis 
vestiti;  calyx  plerumque  bene  evolutus;  lobi  virides,  erecti,  rotundati  vel  ovales, 
1-5  mm.  longi,  1-2  mm.  lati,  pilis  adpressis  lucide  castaneis  ciliati;  corolla  anguste 
infundibuliformis,  2.5-4  cm.  longa  et  2-2.5  cm.  lata,  glabra;  stamina  10,  ineaqualia, 
corolla  breviora,  filamentis  gracilibus  infra  medium  papillose  pubescentibus,  an- 
theris  1-1.5  mm.  longis;  ovarium  dense  pilis  cinereis  vel  castaneis  strigosis  ob- 
tectum;  stylus  gracilis,  3-4  cm.  longus,  ad  basin  pilis  paucis  compressis  strigosis 
instructus,  stigmate  parvo  capitato.  Fructus  non  visus. 

Formosa:  prov.  Taihoku,  Urai,  in  a  garden  at  the  police  station, 
April  1,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  10,276). 

This  new  species  is  closely  related  to  R.  indicum  Sweet,  which  is  distinguished 
chiefly  by  its  smaller  leaves,  rather  larger,  usually  solitary  flowers,  its  5  stamens 
with  anthers  from  2  to  3  mm.  long  and  by  its  stouter  and  glabrous  style.  The 
chief  morphological  difference  is  the  number  of  stamens,  and  it  may  eventually 
prove  that  this  new  species  is  a  decandrous  variety  of  the  old  Linnean  plant.  I 
saw  it  in  the  garden  mentioned  above  and  was  told  that  the  plants  had  been  brought 
from  the  higher  slopes  of  the  surrounding  mountains.  It  is  distinct  from  anything 
else  I  have  seen  and  apparently  has  nothing  to  do  with  any  of  the  species  described 
by  Hayata.  The  flowers  vary  in  color  from  carmine-red  to  scarlet. 

Rhododendron  breviperulatum  Hayata,  Icon.  PI.  Formos.  III.  129 
(1913).  —  Kanehira,  Formos.  Trees,  318,  fig.  16  (1917).  —  Komatsu  in 
Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [14]  (1918). 

Formosa :  prov.  Nanto,  Horisha,  planted  in  Hotel  garden,  December 
6,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  11,206). 

This  red-flowered  Azalea  is  well  characterized  by  its  5  stamens  and  its  pilose 
style;  also  by  its  leaves,  which  are  oblong  to  oblanceolate  or  more  rarely  oblong- 
ovate,  with  no  conspicuous  difference  between  those  of  the  spring  and  summer. 
The  calyx-lobes  are  membranous,  reddish,  from  3  to  4  mm.  long,  ciliate  and  pilose 
without,  glabrous  within.  The  corolla  is  from  2.5  to  3  cm.  long  and  broad;  the 
Stamens  are  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla  and  have  rather  large  purple  anthers. 
The  young  shoots  and  leaves  are  clothed  with  red-brown  to  gray  appressed  hairs. 
The  plants  my  specimens  came  from  were  from  1  to  1.5  cm.  tall  and  had  rather 
slender  branches.  I  was  told  that  they  had  been  brought  from  the  neighboring 
mountains. 


ENUMERATION   OF   THE   SPECIES  29 

I  cannot  be  absolutely  sure  of  the  correct  identification  of  this  plant.  It  agrees 
very  well  with  Hayata's  description,  though  the  calyx  and  corolla  are  larger  than 
he  describes  them,  and  the  apiculate  base  of  the  anthers  is  by  no  means  very 
apparent. 

Rhododendron  obtusum  Planchon  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  IX.  80  (1854);  in 
Rev.  Hort.  1854,  64.  —  Schneider,  III  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  506,  fig. 
332e  (1911).  —  Render  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.  Hort.  V.  2944  (1916).  — 
Jour.  Jap.  Bot.  I.  [173]  fig.  (1917).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag. 
XXXII.  [39]  1918.  — Miyazawa  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [318] 
(1918). 

Azalea  indica  Thunberg,  FL  Jap.  84  (1784),  in  part,  not  Linnaeus.  —  Juel, 

PI.  Thunb.  391  (1918). 
Azalea  obtusa  Lindley  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  Lond.  I.  152  (1846);  in  Bot.  Reg. 

XXXII.  t.  37  (1846). 

Rhododendron  Thunbergii  Planchon  in  FL  des  Serr.  IX.  78  (1854). 
Rhododendron  Sieboldii  minor  Miquel  in  Ann.  Mus.  Ludg.-Bat.  I.  33  (1863); 

II.  164  (1865-66);  Prol.  FL  Jap.  96  (1866-67). 
Azalea  Thunbergii  Andre"  in  Belg.  Hort.  XV.  184  (1865). 
Rhododendron  indicum  5.  obtusum  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Peters- 

bourg,  ser.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  40  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870).  — Franchet  &  Sava- 

tier,  Enum.  PL  Jap.  I.  292  (1875).  —  Matsumura,  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II.  pt.  2, 

461  (1912).  —  Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs  Brit.  Isles,  II.  362  (1914).  —  Millais, 

Rhodod.  193  (1917). 

Azalea  indica  var.  obtusa  Render  in  Bailey,  Cycl.  Am.  Hort.  I.  122  (1900). 
Rhododendron  indicum  Kirishima  Millais,  Rhodod.  193  (1917). 
Rhododendron  obtusum  f .  a.  Honkirishima  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII. 

[39]  (1918). 

Japan:  Kyushu,  prov.  Osumi,  Kirishima-jinza  in  a  garden,  said  to 
have  come  from  Nishi-Kirishima,  May  5, 1918,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  10,328) ; 
prov.  Hizen,  Nagasaki,  G.  H.  Langsdorff  (Herb.  Kew);  same  locality, 
cultivated,  1863,  C.  Maximowicz  (Herb.  Kew,  Herb.  Gray);  probably 
same  locality,  von  Siebold  (Herb.  Kew,  Herb.  Gray) ;  Hondo,  prov.  KU, 
May  3,  1886,  H.  Mayr-,  prov.  Musashi,  Tokyo,  cultivated,  May  11, 
1883  (Herb.  Kew);  same  locality,  May  12, 1904,  K.  Sakurai;  cultivated, 
Imperial  Botanic  Garden,  Tokyo,  March  29,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No. 
6338) ;  Yokohama,  cultivated,  Yokohama  Nursery  Company's  grounds, 
April  30,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson]  Tokyo,  Hilgendorf,  ex  Mus.  Bot.  Berol. 
(Herb.  Bur.  Sci.  Manila);  prov.  Rikuzen,  Sendai,  cultivated,  May  26, 
1888,  U.  Faurie  (No.  2296,  Herb.  Kew);  prov.  Ugo,  Akita,  cultivated, 
May  20,  1888,  U.  Faurie  (No.  2132,  Herb.  Kew);  Japan,  without 
locality,  L.  Savatier  (Herb.  Kew) ;  without  locality  or  collector's  name, 
ex  Herb.  Lugd.-Bat.  (Herb.  Kew,  Herb.  Gray  as  R.  Sieboldii  var.  minor 
Miquel). 


30  THE  AZALEAS  OF  THE  OLD  WOULD 

It  is  always  unfortunate  when  a  selected  or  garden  form  has  to  do  duty  as  the 
type  of  a  species.  Such  is  the  case  here  and  the  result  is  that  the  phylogenetic 
order  is  inverted.  Under  the  name  of  "  Kirishima-tsutsuji "  this  plant  has  for  cen- 
turies been  grown  in  Japanese  gardens.  By  this  name  it  is  mentioned  by  Kaempfer 
(Amoen.  Exot.  fasc.  V.  849  [1712]),  and  his  description  is  perfectly  accurate.  It  is 
a  densely  branched,  twiggy  plant,  seldom  more  than  a  metre  high  and  usually  less, 
and  has  small,  scarlet,  slightly  scented  flowers.  Like  all  its  relatives  it  is  exceed- 
ingly floriferous,  and  in  April  and  early  May,  as  Kaempfer  says,  the  whole  plant 
appears  blood  red.  In  the  autumn  the  leaves  are  lustrous  and  assume  fine  crimson 
tints.  The  typical  form  has  rather  pointed  corolla-lobes,  as  shown  in  Lindley's 
figure,  and  this  is  the  one  so  abundantly  grown  around  Tokyo  and  Yokohama.  At 
Kurume  in  Kyushu  this  typical  form  is  called  "  Hiryu."  In  the  nursery  district 
round  Osaka  a  form  with  rounded  corolla-lobes  is  grown  and  sold  as  the  Kirishima 
Azalea,  and  it  is  this  form  that  is  grown  in  many  western  gardens  as  the  real  R.  ob- 
tusum  Planch.  At  Kurume  what  appears  to  be  this  form  is  called  "  Hino-tsukasa." 
A  hose-in-hose  form  of  the  type  is  grown  around  Tokyo  as  "Yayegiri"  and  at 
Kurume  as  "  Yayehiryu."  In  addition  a  number  of  other  slight  forms  are  grown, 
some  of  which  are  mentioned  by  Komatsu. 

Like  a  number  of  other  Japanese  Azaleas  this  plant  was  first  sent  to  western 
gardens  from  China.  Robert  Fortune  found  it  in  the  Pou-shan  Azalea  gardens 
near  Shanghai,  and  sent  it  to  the  Horticultural  Society  of  London  in  1844.  For- 
tune saw  in  the  same  Chinese  garden  the  hose-in-hose  (semi-double)  form. 
Fortune's  introduction  was  named  and  figured  by  Lindley.  The  figure  shows  the 
obovate,  rounded,  obtuse,  mucronate  summer  leaves  of  the  previous  year  and  two 
newly  developed  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  spring  leaves.  Too  little  attention  has 
been  paid  to  the  fact  that  the  red-flowered  species  of  this  section  of  Rhododendron 
all  have  dimorphic  leaves.  Those  which  are  formed  immediately  after  the  flowers 
open  are  from  lanceolate  to  ovate  or  elliptic  in  shape,  acute,  light  green  in  color 
and  membraneous  in  texture.  The  "spring  leaves"  are  followed  by  "summer 
leaves,"  which  are  smaller,  more  or  less  obovate  in  shape,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the 
apex,  dark  green  and  fairly  coriaceous.  These  spring  leaves  are  normally  de- 
ciduous and  the  summer  leaves  persistent,  but  climate  exercises  a  strong  in- 
fluence,—  the  colder  it  is  the  more  deciduous  the  leaves,  and  vice  versa.  In  the 
early  summer  when  the  larger  spring  leaves  predominate,  the  plant  presents  a  very 
different  appearance  to  what  it  does  in  late  autumn  or  early  spring  when  the  small 
obovate  summer  leaves  only  are  present.  The  overlooking  or  inappreciation  of 
this  simple  fact  has  resulted  in  much  confusion  in  the  classification  of  the  species 
and  forms. 

Now  as  to  the  origin  of  R.  obtusum.  Its  name  "  Kirishima  Azalea  "  would  appear 
to  suggest  its  original  habitat.  Working  on  this  clue  I  visited  Mt.  Kirishima  and 
am  convinced  that  the  so-called  "  Kirishima  Azalea  "  is  simply  a  color  form  of  the 
Azalea  so  extraordinarily  abundant  on  this  mountain  and  hereunder  referred  to  as 
f .  japonicum.  Long  ago  some  pilgrim  to  this  sacred  mountain  took  back  a  plant 
or  plants  as  a  souvenir,  planted  it  in  his  garden  and  from  it  (or  them)  has  sprung 
all  the  plants  of  this  particular  Azalea  in  gardens  to-day.  The  Japanese  have 
always  been  fond  of  making  pilgrimages  to  their  sacred  shrines  and  mountains, 
and  their  houses  and  gardens  are  often  museums  filled  with  souvenirs  of  such 
visits.  The  Azalea  known  as  amoena  is  unquestionably  of  like  origin,  and  so 
too  is  "  Hinodegiri,"  a  more  recent  comer  but  an  established  favorite  in  our  gardens. 
Further,  the  race  of  Azaleas  known  as  "  Kurume  Azaleas,"  with  which  we  are 
only  just  now  becoming  acquainted,  is  a  garden  product  derived  by  long  cultiva- 
tion from  the  same  common  stock  —  the  vari-colored  Azalea  of  Mt.  Kirishima, 
f .  japonicum  Wils. 


ENUMERATION  OF  THE  SPECIES  31 

A  form  with  white  flowers  is:  — 

Rhododendron  obtusum  f .  album  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk. 
II.  506  (1911).  —  Render  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cyd.  Hort.  V.  2944  (1916). 

Azalea  ramentacea  Lindley  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  Lond.  IV.  291,  fig.  (1849). 
Rhododendron  ramentaceum  Planchon  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  IX.  81  (1854);  in  Rev. 

Hort.  1854,  65. 

Azalea  obtusa  alba  Mottet,  Diet.  Hort.  Jard.  I.  302  (1892-93). 
Rhododendron  (Azalea}  Indicum  obtusum  album,  Garden  and  Forest,  IX.  394, 

fig.  52  (1896).  — Bean,    Trees  and  Shrubs   Brit.  Isl.  II.  362   (1914).— 

Millais,  Rhodod.  193  (1917). 
Azalea  indica  var.  obtusa  f .  alba  Render  in  Bailey,  Cyd.  Am.  Hort.  I.  122 

(1900). 
Azalea  amoena  alba  Moller's  Deutsch.  Gartn.  Zeit.  XVIII.  476,  fig.  (1903). 

Cultivated :  Hort.  Holm  Lea,  Brookline,  Mass.;  Hort.  Berckmans, 
Augusta,  Georgia,  March  18,  1909,  April  6,  1914,  C.  S.  Sargent. 

This  is  another  of  Fortune's  introductions  from  China  to  the  garden  of  the 
Horticultural  Society  of  London.  It  was  received  in  May,  1846,  from  Hongkong, 
and  certainly  from  a  garden  (although  this  is  not  expressly  stated)  and  doubt- 
less of  Japanese  origin.  It  has  the  dense,  twiggy  habit  characteristic  of  its  class, 
pure  white  flowers  with  a  normal  calyx  and  rather  large  leaves.  In  every  essen- 
tial respect  it  agrees  with  f.  japonicum  Wils.,  of  which  it  is  nothing  but  a  selected, 
cultivated  form,  as  are  A.  obtusa,  A.  amoena,  "Hinodegiri"  and  the  "Kurume 
Azaleas."  Among  the  latter  are  several  white-flowered  forms  with  relatively  large 
leaves.  Under  f .  japonicum  the  origin  of  this  "obtusum"  group  of  Azaleas  is  dis- 
cussed, but  I  may  add  here  that  variants  of  f .  japonicum  having  white  flowers  have 
been  found  wild  on  Nishi-Kirishima.  Such  a  plant  is  growing  in  a  garden  at  the 
foot  of  the  mountain  and  from  it  I  gathered  specimens.  I  have  been  unable  to 
find  out  just  when  this  plant  was  introduced  into  America  but  in  all  probability  it 
was  very  soon  after  its  appearance  in  England.  For  more  than  sixty  years  it  has 
been  cultivated  in  the  Holm  Lea  collection  and  from  there  was  sent  by  Professor 
Sargent  to  England,  where  it  appears  that  it  had  become  lost,  and  to  the  Berck- 
mans  and  to  other  gardens. 

A  form  with  a  small  corolla  and  long  exserted  stamens  is:  — 
Rhododendron  obtusum  f.  macrostemon  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Rhododendron  macrostemon  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersbourg, 
ser.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  41,  t.  3,  figs.  15-20  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870).— Franchet 
&  Savatier,  Enum.  PL  Jap.  I.  292  (1875).  —  Okubo  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag. 
IX.  40  (1895).  — Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  507,  fig.  332  h-k 
(1911).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  205  (1917). 

Rhododendron  indicum  var.  macrostemon  Okubo  &  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot. 
Mag.  XVI.  178  (1902).  —  Matsumura,  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  461  (1912). 

Rhododendron  Kaempferi  var.  macrostemon  Makino  in  Jour.  Jap.  Bot.  I.  18 
(1917).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [43]  (1918). 

Japan :  Hondo,  prov.  Musashi,  Tokyo,  cultivated,  1862,  C.  Maxi- 
mowicz (Herb.  Kew,  co-type). 

This  garden  plant  is  characterised  by  its  small  flowers,  minute  calyx,  and  long 
exserted  stamens,  which  are  three  times  as  long  as  the  corolla.  It  is,  however, 


32  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

more  a  condition  of  than  a  distinct  form.  In  all  the  forms  of  R.  obtusum,  including 
the  large  flowered  var.  Kaempferi,  the  stamens  are  variable  in  length,  and  are  in- 
constant in  this  from  year  to  year.  In  the  wild  f .  japonicum  and  the  cultivated 
"  Kurume  Azaleas  "  the  stamens  are  conspicuously  variable  in  length.  The  same  is 
true  of  the/,  multicolor.  Besides  the  co-type  cited  above  there  is  another  Japanese 
specimen  in  the  Kew  Herbarium  from  Maximowicz,  collected  by  Tschonoski  in 
Shinano  province,  central  Hondo,  in  1864,  and  labelled,  apparently  in  Maximo- 
wicz's  handwriting,  "  Rhod.  indicum  a.  Kaempferi  forma  subalpina."  This  differs 
only  in  having  larger  flowers  than  those  of  his  R.  macrostemon. 

A  well-known  form  with  magenta-colored  flowers  is :  — 
Rhododendron  obtusum  f.  amoenum  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Azalea  amoena  Lindley  in  Paxton,  Flow.  Gard.  III.  81,  t.  89  (1852).  — Hooker 

in  Bot.  Mag.  LXXIX.  t.  4728  (1853).  —  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  241,  t.  —  Van 

Houtte  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  IX.  75,  t.  885  (1854).  —  Hovey,  Mag.  Hort.  XXII. 

9  (1856);  XXIII.  70  (1857);  XXIV.  141  (1858). 
Rhododendron  amoenum  Planchon  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  IX.  80  (1854);  in  Rev.  Hort. 

1854,  64.  —  Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl.  II.  341  (1914). 
Rhododendron  Buergeri  Miquel  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.-Bat.  I.  34  (1863);  in  II. 

164  (1865-66);  Prol.  Fl  Jap.  96  (1866-67). 
Rhododendron  indicum  c.  amoenum  d.  genuinum  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad. 

Sd.  St.  Petersburg,  s6r.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  41  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870).— 

Franchet  and  Savatier,  Enum.  PL  Jap.  I.  292  (1875).  —  Matsumura,  Ind. 

PI.  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  461  (1912).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  193  (1917). 
Rhododendron  indicum  e.  amoenum  b.  normale  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci. 

St.  Petersburg,  se'r.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  41  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870). 
Rhododendron  indicum  c.  amoenum  c.  Buergeri  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad. 

Sci.  St.  Petersburg,  se>.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  41  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870). 
Azalea  amoena  Caldwelli  Caldwell  apud  Van  Geert,  Icon.  Azal.  Ind.  45, 1. 17 

(1882). 

Azalea  indica  var.  amoena  Render  in  Bailey,  Cycl.  Am.  Hort.  I.  122  (1900). 
Rhododendron  Kaempferi  var.  amoenum  Render  in  Sargent,  Trees  and  Shrubs, 

II.  30  (1907).  — Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  505,  fig.  332,  f-g 

(1911). 
Rhododendron  obtusum  var.  amoenum  Render  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.  Hort. 

V.  2944  (1916).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  41  (1918). 
Azalea  amoena  Hatsu-giri  Millais,  Rhodod.  113  (1917). 

Japan:  Kyushu,  prov.  Hizen,  cultivated,  Nagasaki,  1863,  C. 
Maximowicz  (Herb.  Kew,  Herb.  Gray).  Hokkaido,  prov.  Oshima, 
Hakodate,  cultivated,  1861,  C.  Maximowicz  (Herb.  Kew  as  f.  normale 
Maxim.).  Without  locality,  probably  Nagasaki,  ex  Herb.  Lugd.- 
Bat.  (Herb.  Kew  as  R.  Buergeri  Miquel). 

Cultivated:  Hort.  Standish  (Herb.  Kew,  type  of  Bot.  Mag.  t. 
4728).  Arnold  Arboretum,  May  29,  1884,  May  24,  1902  (Nos.  862-1, 
862-2). 

This  Azalea,  with  its  small,  rich  magenta-colored  flowers,  its  small  leaves  and 
dense,  twiggy  habit,  is  too  well  known  to  need  further  description.  It  was  first 
sent  to  England  in  1850  or  1851  from  Shanghai  by  Robert  Fortune  and  was  soon 
recognized  as  the  most  hardy  of  its  class.  It  is  generally  assumed  to  be  of  Chinese 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  33 

origin,  but  there  is  no  evidence  to  support  this  view.  On  the  contrary,  I  do  not  think 
there  can  be  any  doubt  whatever  that  it  is  a  Japanese  plant  and  merely  a  color 
form  of  the  Azalea  so  abundant  on  Nishi-Kirishima,  Kyushu,  hereunder  de- 
scribed as  f  .  japonicum.  Moreover  it  is  simply  one  of  a  race  of  charming  Azaleas 
which  for  more  than  one  hundred  years  have  been  grown  and  developed  in  the 
city  of  Kurume  in  the  southern  island  of  Kyushu,  Japan,  and  is  now  becoming 
known  as  "  Kurume  Azaleas."  The  typical  form  of  amoenum  has  hose-in-hose  flowers 
and  is  known  at  Kurume  under  the  name  of  "  Kochonomai";  it  is  considered  the 
hardiest  of  all.  The  single-flowered  form,  the  f  .  normale  of  Maximowicz,  is  known 
and  more  especially  around  Tokyo,  as  "  Hatsu-giri."  The  peculiarity  of  the  calyx 
becoming  petaloid  and  forming  a  hose-in-hose  flower  is  common  to  the  whole  race 
of  "  Kurume  Azaleas  "  and  is  found  in  every  one  of  the  white  and  colored  forms, 
and  by  selection  and  vegetative  propagation  it  becomes  fixed. 

The  typical  amoenum  with  hose-in-hose  flowers  was  introduced  into  America 
by  C.  M.  Hovey,  Boston,  Mass.,  in  1855  and  soon  established  itself  as  a  favorite 
exhibition  plant.  There  are  numerous  named  forms  of  this  Azalea,  and  in  1879 
Pynaert  (Rev.  Hort.  Belg.  V.  277),  figures  Azalea  amoena  "Mrs.  Carmichael  "  and 
mentions  five  others  that  were  in  commerce.  In  recent  years,  at  least,  amoenum 
has  been  used  in  hybridizing  with  forms  of  R.  Simsii  and  the  result  is  a  beautiful 
race  of  small-flowered,  hose-in-hose  Azaleas  of  which  the  well-known  "  Hexe  " 
("Firefly"  of  American  gardens)  is  a  familiar  example.  Near  Boston  amoenum 
is  not  entirely  hardy  but  on  Long  Island  and  southward  it  is  perfectly  so. 

The  wild  form  of  the  species  is:  — 

Rhododendron  obtusum  f.  japonicum  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Rhododendron  indicum  «.  amoenum  a.  japonicum  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad. 

Sci.  St.  Petersburg,  se>.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  41  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870). 
Rhododendron  Kaempferi  var.  japonicum  Render  in  Sargent,  Trees  and  Shrubs, 

II.  30  (1907).  —  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  505  (1911). 
Rhododendron  indicum  var.  japonicum  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXII.  56 

(1908). 
Rhododendron  kiusianum  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXVII.  174  (1914); 

in  Jour.  Jap.  Bot.  I  [173J  fig.  (1917).  —  Komatsu  in  Icon.  PL  Koisikav.  II. 

95,  t.  132  (1915);  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII  [18]  (1918). 
Rhododendron  amoenum  var.  japonicum  Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl. 

II.  341  (1914).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  113  (1917).  -^ 

Rhododendron  obtusum  Miyazawa  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXII.  [318]  (1918), 

not  Planchon. 


.  ,  ^  ^^  ^ 

Japan:  Kyushu,  prov.  Hizen,  Wunzen  (Mt.  Onsen)  near  Naga-^-^-    Vv    ^. 


saki,  1863,  C.  Maximowicz  (Herb.  Kew,  Herb.  Gray);  prov.  Osumi, 

Kirishima-jinza,  in  a  garden,  October  1,  1918,  E.   H.  Wilson  (No. 

10,957);   Nishi-Kirishima,  alt.  600-1600  m.,   May  5,   1918,   E.   H.  + 

Wilson  (Nos.  10,329,  10,333);  same  locality,  alt.  1300  m.,  March  10,  ****^^  f^T 

1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6255);  same  locality,  November  1,  1918,^****"  +  J*W 

E.  H.  Wilson  (Nos.  11,248,  11,250,  11,255  seeds  only);  same  locality, 

June  1,  1916,  S.  Kawagoe;  same  locality,  May  18,  1917,  Z.  Tashiro;  same 

mountain,  Makizono,  May  4,  1918,  B.  Miyazawa;  Kirishima-jinza, 

cultivated,  plant  said  to  have  come  from  Mt.  Kirishima,  May  5,  1918, 


34  THE  AZALEAS  OF  THE   OLD  WORLD 

E.  H.  Wilson  (Nos.  10,327,  flowers  white).  Hondo,  prov.  Settsu, 
cultivated  round  Osaka,  May,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson  (form  "  Hinode- 
giri") ;  prov.  Musashi,  cultivated,  Hatagaya,  Hort.  Oishi,  May,  1914, 
E.  H.  Wilson  (80  named  forms  of  "  Kurume  Azaleas  ")• 

Cultivated:  Hort.  J.  S.  Ames,  1920  (10  forms  of  "Kurume 
Azaleas");  Hort.  Kew,  May  17,  1909;  Hort.  Holm  Lea,  March,  1920 
(50  forms  "Kurume  Azaleas"). 

This  is  the  phylogenetic  type  of  the  race  of  small  flowered  Azaleas  so  plentiful 
in  Japan  and  of  which  amoena,  obtusa,  and  "Hinodegiri"  are  perhaps  the  best 
known  in  western  gardens.  It  is  especially  abundant  on  the  wind-swept  slopes 
of  Nishi-Kirishima,  an  active  volcano  in  south  Kyushu.  It  is  found  above  the 
tree-level,  growing  among  lava  and  in  volcanic  ashes  with  coarse  grasses  and  mis- 
cellaneous low  shrubs.  At  its  lowest  altitudinal  range  the  leaves  are  persistent, 
but  higher  up  they  are  deciduous.  The  plants  are  seldom  a  metre  tall,  more  usually 
less  than  half  of  this,  and  quite  commonly  they  are  prostrate  or  hug  boulders 
closely.  The  habit  is  normally  dense  and  twiggy,  but  when  sheltered  a  few  strong 
shoots  develop  and  the  plant  becomes  relatively  tall  and  sparsely  branched.  The 
leaves  vary  greatly  in  size  according  to  altitude  and  exposure  and  are  smallest  on 
the  plants  which  annually  shed  their  foliage.  On  an  average  plant  the  spring 
leaves  are  oval  to  elliptic-ovate,  from  1  to  2  cm.  long  and  from  0.5  to  1  cm.  wide, 
but  they  may  be  smaller  or  larger.  The  upper  surface  is  bright  green  and  the 
under  usually  pallid.  The  summer  leaves  are  darker,  more  coriaceous  and  from 
oblanceolate  to  obovate  in  shape,  with  the  mucronate  apex  rounded  or  acute. 
Normally  the  leaves  are  tufted  at  the  ends  of  the  twigs,  but  on  free-growing  shoots 
they  are  scattered;  both  shoots  and  leaves  are  clad  with  appressed,  pale  gray  to 
yellowish,  straight  hairs.  The  flowers  vary  a  little  in  size,  in  degree  of  fragrance, 
and  greatly  in  color;  the  most  common  shades  are  rosy  mauve  to  magenta,  but 
salmon  and  salmon-red  are  plentiful;  pink,  scarlet  and  crimson  are  rather  rare. 
Plants  bearing  white  flowers  are  occasionally  found.  It  is  very  floriferous;  each 
twig  terminates  in  a  flower-bud,  often  in  a  cluster  of  from  three  to  five,  and  from 
each  one  to  three  flowers  develop  in  the  spring.  •  The  bud-scales  are  dry,  nowhere 
glandular,  and  are  ciliated  with  pale  gray  hairs.  The  calyx  is  usually  well  developed 
with  green,  oval  to  nearly  orbicular,  ciliate  lobes;  sometimes  it  is  quite  small.  The 
corolla  lobes  may  be  rounded  or  pointed  and  the  stamens  may  be  shorter  or  longer 
than  the  corolla;  the  anthers  vary  in  color  from  pale  yellow-brown  to  deep  magenta, 
this  being  correlated  with  the  color  of  the  flowers.  The  capsule  is  variable  in  size 
and  the  calyx-lobes  are  persistent. 

From  the  above  facts  is  it  apparent  that  this  plant  is  responsive  to  varying 
ecological  conditions  and  that  its  extreme  forms  present  a  very  different  appear- 
ance. This  is  indeed  true,  nevertheless  this  form  is  well  marked  and,  except  that 
there  is  no  definite  demarkation  between  it  and  the  variety  Kaempferi,  presents  no 
difficulty  unless  an  attempt  be  made  to  subdivide  it.  This  I  find  impossible  to  do, 
and  fortunately  it  is  not  necessary,  since  all  the  color  forms  have  received  names  in 
gardens  and  may  be  classed  under  the  general  title  of  "  Kurume  Azaleas,"  from 
a  town  in  Kyushu  where  much  attention  has  been  paid  to  their  cultivation  and 
development. 

The  type  of  this  form  came  from  Mt.  Onsen,  a  volcano  not  far  from  Nagasaki, 
but  I  do  not  know  whether  it  is  plentiful  there.  It  also  grows  on  other  Kyushu 
mountains.  On  Kirishima  it  is  abundant  and  when  in  flower  forms  sheets  of  color  on 
the  bare  or  grass-clad,  bleak  slopes  and  is  strikingly  attractive.  Mt.  Kirishima,  of 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  35 

which  there  are  two  principal  peaks,  Nishi  and  Higashi,  is  a  sacred  mountain  cele- 
brated in  Japanese  mythology.  It  was  on  Nishi-Kirishima  that  the  god  Ninigi, 
grandson  of  the  sun-goddess  Amaterasu,  alighted  when  he  came  down  from  heaven 
to  pave  the  way  for  the  conquest  of  Japan.  A  bronze  sword,  fixed  in  the  ground, 
hilt  upward,  crowns  the  peak  and  is  considered  to  be  a  relic  of  this  divinity.  To  a 
place  so  sacred  pilgrimages  have  been  made  by  the  Japanese  from  time  immemo- 
rial. With  their  profound  love  for  flowers  some  of  the  pilgrims  would  certainly 
take  back  as  a  souvenir  living  plants  of  this  charming  Azalea.  Naturally  it  was 
named  for  the  mountain,  and  in  the  course  of  time  was  distributed  widely  in  the 
gardens  of  Japan.  It  is  easily  understood  that  a  plant  bearing  flowers  of  an  un- 
usual color  would  be  that  selected  as  a  souvenir  by  the  average  pilgrim.  It  is  such 
forms  that  reached  gardens  first,  and  so  we  find  the  red  obtusa  the  magenta  amoena, 
the  white  alba  to  be  the  earliest  known.  In  the  autumn  of  1918  I  collected  a  quan- 
tity of  seeds  on  Nishi-Kirishima  for  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  These  have  been  widely 
distributed,  and  it  will  be  interesting  to  watch  the  range  of  variation  in  the  habit 
foliage  and  flowers  of  resultant  plants.  I  fear,  however,  that  they  will  not  prove 
so  hardy  as  the  var.  Kaempferi,  but  that  they  will  find  a  welcome  in  gardens  I  am 
quite  sure. 

On  visiting  Nishi-Kirishima,  where  between  650  and  1500  m.  altitude  this  form 
japonicum  grows  in  great  abundance,  and  after  seeing  the  wide  range  of  color  among 
the  flowers,  I  am  absolutely  convinced  that  this  Azalea  is  the  wild  parent  of  the 
race  known  as  "  Kurume  Azaleas."  The  plant  ( R.  obtusum  Planch.)  which,  following 
International  Rules,  has  to  do  duty  as  type  of  this  species,  also  belongs  to  this  race, 
and  of  it  too  there  is  a  hose-in-hose  form  known  as  "  Yayehiryu  "  in  Kurume. 
Another  of  these  Azaleas  which  in  recent  years  has  become  widely  known  is  the 
brilliant  red-flowered  "  Hinodegiri."  Curiously  this  form  so  abundant  in  Tokyo  and 
Osaka  gardens  is  to-day  not  grown  at  Kurume.  But  good  as  the  forms  named 
above  are,  they  are  surpassed  by  many  hardly  known  in  western  gardens,  and 
in  fact  scarcely  known  in  Japan  outside  of  Kurume  and  a  narrow  circle  of 
enthusiasts.  Millais  in  his  Rhododendrons  makes  the  first  reference  to  the  race 
in  a  European  publication.  I  first  became  acquainted  with  "Kurume  Azaleas"  in 
1914,  when  at  the  invitation  of  Mr.  H.  Suzuki  of  the  Yokohama  Nursery  Company 
and  a  foremost  Japanese  horticulturist,  I  accompanied  him  on  a  visit  to  the  nursery 
district  at  Hatagaya,  a  few  miles  north  of  Tokyo.  There,  in  the  garden  of  Mr. 
Oishi,  I  saw  thousands  of  tiny  plants  bearing  white  and  colored  flowers  of  nearly 
every  hue.  I  secured  a  set  of  fragments  and  dried  them  for  our  herbarium,  and 
later,  in  1916,  at  my  suggestion  Mr.  John  S.  Ames,  North  Easton,  Mass.,  pur- 
chased a  selection  of  living  plants  from  Mr.  Oishi's  collection.  These  arrived  in 
the  spring  of  1917  and  were  the  first "  Kurume  Azaleas  "  introduced  into  eastern  North 
America.  In  May,  1917,  I  saw  in  the  Yokohama  Nursery  a  few  large  plants  of 
"  Kurume  Azaleas,"  trained  into  umbrella-shape,  in  full  flower  and  this  decided  me  to 
visit  the  place  of  their  origin.  This  became  possible  in  the  spring  of  1918  and  I  was 
fortunate  to  have  as  a  companion  my  friend  Mr.  H.  Suzuki.  Kurume  is  some  800 
miles  south  by  west  from  Tokyo  and  is  quite  an  important  city,  but  the  fame  of  its 
Azaleas  is  likely  to  make  it  better  known  in  the  near  future.  The  Azaleas  are 
grown  in  a  number  of  gardens  and  nurseries,  but  the  oldest  and  best  collection  is 
that  of  Mr.  Kijiro  Akashi.  This  fine  old  gardener  has  for  more  than  forty  years 
devoted  himself  to  the  development  of  this  race  of  Azaleas  and  has  raised  from 
seeds  and  perpetuated  by  cuttings  nearly  all  the  forms  in  cultivation.  Mr.  Akashi 
gave  me  the  history  of  the  race,  and  it  seems  that  it  originated  about  one  hundred 
years  ago  with  a  gentleman  named  Motozo  Sakamoto,  who  lived  at  Kurume.  The 
parents  came  from  sacred  Mt.  Kirishima,  but  whether  brought  from  there  by 
Sakamoto  himself  or  given  to  him  by  some  pilgrim  is  uncertain.  At  any  rate, 


36  THE  AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD  WORLD 

Sakamoto  cultivated  several  kinds  and  raised  and  selected  seedlings,  including  one 
he  named  "Azuma-kagami,"  from  which  it  is  claimed  all  the  pink-flowered  forms 
have  descended.  After  the  death  of  Mr.  Sakamoto  his  collection  passed  into  the 
possession  of  Akashi  with  the  result  above  stated.  The  original  plant  of  "  Azuma- 
kagami  "  is  still  healthy,  and  I  tried  but  without  success  to  induce  Mr.  Akashi  to 
part  with  it.  Japanese  experts  recognize  by  name  more  than  250  kinds  of  Kurume 
Azaleas,  but  the  differences  are  often  infinitesimal.  I  made  a  selection  of  fifty  kinds 
in  duplicate  which  the  following  year  (1919)  safely  reached  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 
The  two  leading  experts,  Messers  Akashi  and  Kuwano,  at  my  suggestion  selected 
the  following  six  as  the  pick  of  them  all:  —  "  Takasago  "  (pale  pink,  hose-in-hose), 
"  AzumaKagami"  (deep  pink,  hose-in-hose),  "Kirin"  (deep  rose  shading  to  silvery 
rose,  hose-in-hose),  "Kumo  No  Uye"  (pure  salmon),  "Kurai  No  Himo"  (car- 
mine, hose-in-hose),  "Kureno  Yuki"  (white,  hose-in-hose).  My  companion  and 
I  concurred,  but  had  the  number  been  twenty  the  task  would  have  been  much 
easier. 

To  my  mind  the  "  Kurume  Azaleas  "  are  the  loveliest  of  all  Azaleas.  The  colors  are 
so  pure  and  exquisite  and  of  every  hue  and  shade  from  white,  pink  and  salmon  to 
scarlet,  crimson  and  the  richest  magenta.  Many  of  them  are  delicately  fragrant. 
The  hose-in-hose  forms  have  none  of  the  ugly  features  of  double  flowers,  but  on  the 
contrary  they  are  singularly  attractive  and  the  flowers  last  longer.  The  stamens, 
always  five,  are  straight,  exserted  or  included  and  the  anthers  vary  in  color  from 
pale  yellow-brown  to  blackish  crimson;  the  color  of  the  corolla  and  that  of  the 
anthers  being  correlated.  The  plants  are  often  trained  as  low  standards  with  a 
compact  umbrella-shaped  crown;  less  commonly  they  are  dense  and  globose,  or 
open  and  irregular  in  form.  They  are  extremely  floriferous,  and  in  season  the  blos- 
soms often  completely  hide  the  leaves.  The  leaves  are  of  course  dimorphic,  but 
apart  from  this  they  vary  considerably  in  size,  in  their  shades  of  green,  in  their 
autumn-coloring  and  in  their  degree  of  persistence.  In  a  great  measure  these 
variations  are  correlated  with  the  color  of  the  flowers,  and  experts  in  Japan  can  with 
ease  distinguish  each  variety  by  its  foliage  and  general  appearance.  It  is  strange 
that  a  race  so  rich  in  forms  and  of  such  decorative  value  should  have  remained  un- 
known to  us  until  now.  Yet  the  explanation  is  simple.  Interior  Kyushu  is  little 
known  to  the  western  world,  and  even  to  those  Japanese  whose  home  is  on  the 
other  islands.  The  feudal  system  of  government  which  until  comparatively  recently 
obtained  in  Japan  created  and  preserved  this  aloofness.  Further,  Kurume  is 
remote  from  the  horticultural  centres  of  Osaka  and  Yokohama,  from  whence  we 
have  drawn  the  bulk  of  our  garden  plants  and  where  a  business  is  made  of  growing 
for  export.  Nagasaki  is  much  nearer,  but  in  the  days  of  Thunberg  and  Siebold, 
Veitch,  Maximowicz  and  Fortune  intercommunication  was  difficult,  and  for  for- 
eigners impossible.  And  so  it  has  resulted  that  the  product  of  Sakamoto's  hobby 
richly  developed  by  Akashi  has  remained  hidden  from  the  outside  world  until 
now.  During  the  last  decade  the  fame  of  the  Kurume  Azaleas  has  reached  Osaka, 
Tokyo  and  other  places,  and  growers  have  obtained  stocks  and  are  propagating 
them  apace.  Unfortunately  every  grower  and  enthusiast  names  the  plants  accord- 
ing to  his  fancy  and  the  result  in  a  few  years  will  be  chaos.  And  this  is  helped 
by  the  fact  that  every  slight  sport  or  variant  is  kept  and  named  and  no  attempt 
at  selection  made.  I  do  not  see  how  it  is  possible  to  improve  upon  the  strain 
grown  in  Kurume  unless  yellow  could  be  injected.  What  is  needed  is  rigorous  selec- 
tion and  the  reduction  of  the  named  forms  to  fifty  or  less.  In  the  past  seedling 
selection  and  preservation  of  sports  by  vegetative  propagation  have  been  the  sole 
means  employed  in  the  evolution  of  the  race  of  "Kurume  Azaleas,"  but  now  attempts 
at  hybridising  them  with  the  large  flowered  "  Indian  "  and  "  ledifolia  "  types 
are  in  progress.  This  may  result  in  a  new  race,  but  whether  it  will  be  as  lovely  and 


ENUMERATION  OF  THE   SPECIES 


37 


fascinating  as  the  present  one  is  doubtful.  In  the  matter  of  their  origin  Mr.  Akashi 
was  careful  to  inform  me  that  for  purposes  of  policy  he  had  not  before  set  forth  the 
facts  so  clearly  and  that  more  or  less  distorted  versions  had  appeared  in  print  in 
Japan.  To  test  the  story  for  ourselves  Mr.  Suzuki  and  I  on  leaving  Kurume  visited 
and  ascended  Nishi-Kirishima  and  were  convinced. 

In  the  garden  of  Mr.  Akashi  I  selected  and  obtained  a  double  set  of  the  under- 
mentioned fifty  varieties  of  these  Azaleas  which  I  consider  the  best,  and  these 
safely  reached  the  Arnold  Arboretum  on  April  24,  1919.  The  names  are  those 
of  the  originator,  Akashi,  and  therefore  authentic.  The  plants  will  be  propa- 
gated and  distributed  under  these  names  and,  owing  to  the  reprehensible  habit  of 
changing  names  by  Japanese  nurserymen,  will  probably  remain  the  only  set  with 
standard  names  in  existence. 


No.    1.  SEIKAI flowers  white,  hose-in-hose 

2.  KURENO  YUKI flowers  white,  hose-in-hose 

3.  SHIN  SEIKAI flowers  creamy  white,  hose-in-hose 

4.  YOROZUYO flowers  white 

5.  NANI  WAGATA flowers  white,  suffused  with  salmon-pink 

6.  TANCHO flowers  flesh-color,  hose-in-hose 

7.  HACHIKA  TSUGI flowers  white,  suffused  with  lavender 

8.  IROHAYAMA    . flowers  white,  margined  with  pale  lavender 

9.  Hoo flowers  white,  tinged  with  pink 

10.  STJIYOHI flowers  flesh-color 

11.  TAKASAGO flowers  pale  pink,  the  color  of  apple-blossoms 

12.  KASUMI  GASEKI flowers  pale  pink 

13.  BIJINSUI flowers  pale  pink 

14.  ASAGASUMI flowers  rose-pink,  hose-in-hose 

15.  KIMIGAYO flowers  pink 

16.  AZUMA  KAGAMI flowers  deep  pink,  hose-in-hose 

17.  OSARAKU flowers  white,  suffused  and  margined  with 

lavender 

18.  OTOME flowers  blush  pink 

19.  AYA  KAMMURI flowers  rose-color 

20.  SHINTOKI  No  HAGASANE     .  flowers  rose,  shading  to  pink,  hose-in-hose 

21.  SAOTOME flowers  rose-color 

22.  KIRIN flowers  deep  rose,  shading  to  silvery  rose 

23.  TAMAFUYO flowers  white,  striped  peach-color 

24.  KIRITSUBO flowers  rosy  mauve 

25.  OMOINE flowers  pale  lavender 

26.  OINO  MEZAME flowers  deep  rose-color 

27.  KATSURA  No  HANA     .    .    .  flowers  rose-color 

28.  SHIN  UTENA flowers  pale  salmon 

29.  KUMO  No  UYE flowers  pure  salmon 

30.  BENIFUDE flowers  salmon 

31.  SUGA  No  ITO flowers  pure  pink 

32.  KASANE  KAGARIBI   ....  flowers  dull  salmon-red 

33.  TSTJTA  MOMIJI flowers  bright  red 

34.  SUETSUMU flowers  crimson 

35.  FUDESUTE  YAM  A flowers  light  red 

36.  IMA  SHOJO flowers  bright  red,  hose-in-hose 

37.  RASHO  MON flowers  scarlet 

38.  WAKA  KAYEDE flowers  red 

39.  YAYEHIRYU flowers  bright  scarlet,  hose-in-hose 


38  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

40.  KURAI  No  HIMO flowers  carmine,  hose-in-hose 

41.  AGEMAKI flowers  carmine 

^42.  HINODEGIRI flowers  bright  crimson 

43.  AIOI flowers  color  of  almond-blossoms,  hose-in- 

hose 

44.  SAKURA  TSUKASA.    .    .    .    ,  flowers  rosy  mauve 

45.  TAMA  No  UTENA flowers  pale  salmon 

46.  GOSHO  ZAKURA flowers  white,  striped  peach-color 

47.  UKAMUSE flowers  vermilion,  hose-in-hose 

48.  HINODE  No  TAKA    ....  flowers  crimson 

49.  OSARAKU  SEEDLING     .    .    .  flowers  white,  suffused  and  margined  with 

lavender 

50.  HANA  ASOBI flowers  red 

Rhododendron  obtusum  var.  Kaempferi  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Azalea  indica  Thunberg,  Fl.  Jap.  84  (1784),  in  part,  not  Linnaeus. 

Rhododendron  Kaempferi  Planchon  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  IX.  77  (1854);  in  Rev. 
Hort.  1854.  — Rehder  in  Sargent,  Trees  and  Shrubs,  II.  29,  t.  113  (1907), 
flowers  here  represented  with  more  than  5  stamens;  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl. 
Hort.  V.  2944,  fig.  3393  (1916). —  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II. 
505,  fig.  331  g-k  (1911).  — Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl.  II.  363 
(1914).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  197,  fig.  (1917).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag. 
XXXII.  [16]  (1918). 

Rhododendron  Sieboldii  Miquel  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.-Bat.  I.  33  (1863),  exclud- 
ing varieties;  in  II.  164  (1865-66);  Prol.  Fl.  Jap.  96  (1866-67). 

Azalea  Kaempferi  Andre"  in  Belg.  Hort.  XV.  184  (1865). 

Rhododendron  indicum  a.  Kaempferi  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St. 
Petersburg,  s6r.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  38  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870).  —  Franchet 
&  Savatier,  Enum.  PI.  Jap.  I.  291  (1875).  — Matsumura,  PL  Nikko,  71 
(1894);  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  460  (1912).  —  Shirasawa,  Icon.  Ess.  For. 
Jap.  II.  t.  61,  figs.  1-10  (1908). 

Azalea  Indica  var.  Kaempferi  Rehder  in  Bailey,  Cycl.  Am.  Hort.  1. 122  (1900) ; 
in  Holler's  Deutsch.  Gartn.-Zeit.  XVII.  417,  figs.  (1902). 

Rhododendron  scabrum  var.  Kaempferi  Nakai  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXIII. 
208  (1919). 

Rhododendron  scabrum  var.  Kaempferi  f.  2.  latifolium  Nakai  in  Tokyo  Bot. 
Mag.  XXXIII.  209  (1919). 

Rhododendron  scabrum  var.  Kaempferi  f.  3.  tubiflorum  Nakai  in  Tokyo  Bot. 
Mag.  XXXIII.  209  (1919).  Komatsu  in  Icon.  Koisikav.  IV.  7,  t.  216  (1918). 

Rhododendron  scabrum  var.  Kaempferi  f .  4.  angustifolium  Nakai  in  Tokyo  Bot. 
Mag.  XXXIII.  209  (1919).  Komatsu  in  Icon.  Koisikav.  IV.  31,  t.  228  (1918). 

Japan:  Kyushu,  prov.  Osumi,  Yaku-shima  February  25,  1914, 
E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6082);  Mt.  Kirishima,  western  slopes,  alt.  1000- 
1500  m.,  March  8, 1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6228) ;  lower  slopes  of  Nishi- 
Kirishima,  alt.  600  m.,  May  5,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  10,334); 
foothills  round  base  of  Nishi-Kirishima,  sea-level  to  alt.  500  m.,  May 
4,  1917,  E.  H.  Wilson  (Nos.  10,326,  10,330,  10,334);  same  general 
locality,  April  29,  1917,  Z.  Tashiro;  prov.  Satsuma,  Kagoshima, 
March  15,  1917,  E.  H.  Wilson;  same  locality,  May  6,  1918,  E.  H. 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  39 

Wilson  (No.  10,343);  Togo,  March  14,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6278); 
prov.  Hizen,  Nagasaki,  1862,  R.  Oldham  (Nos.  505,  507,  508,  607, 
Herb.  Kew,  Herb.  Gray);  same  locality,  A.  C.  Maingay  (Nos.  872, 
882,  Herb.  Kew);  prov.  Buzen,  Kokura,  April  20,  1903,  U.  Faurie. 
Shikoku,  prov.  Tosa,  Osaki,  June  5,  1889,  K.  Watanabe  (Herb.  Gray). 
Hondo,  prov.  Yamaguchi,  near  Onoda,  June  17,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson 
(Nos.  10,379,  10,380,  10,381);  between  Habu  and  Asa,  May  7,  1918, 
E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  10,368A);  round  Ajisa,  May  17,  1917,  E.  H.  Wil- 
son (No.  8424);  prov.  Yamato,  Yoshino,  April  22,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson 
(No.  6575);  prov.  Shinano,  above  Narai,  alt.  1100  m.,  September  3, 
1905,  /.  G.  Jack;  without  precise  locality,  1864,  Tschonoski  (Herb. 
Kew);  Togakushi-yama,  July  9,  1884  (Herb.  Kew);  prov.  Idzu, 
Oshima,  March  30,  1917,  July,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  8200);  prov. 
Sagami,  Hakone,  May  12,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  10,365);  Miya- 
noshita,  August  24,  1892,  C.  S.  Sargent;  Kamakura,  May  2,  1914, 
E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6610);  prov.  Musashi,  Yokosuka,  May,  1875, 
H.  N.  Moseley  (Herb.  Kew);  Yokohama,  1862,  C.  Maximowcz 
(Herb.  Kew);  Mt.  Takao,  H.  Takeda  (No.  89,  Herb.  Kew);  Mt. 
Mitake,  May  19,  1907,  K.  Sakurai;  prov.  Shimotsuke,  between  Nikko 
and  Lake  Chuzenji,  September  3,  1892,  C.  S.  Sargent;  in  a  garden  at 
Umagaeshi,  near  Nikko,  alt.  1000  m.,  June  4,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson 
(No.  6807);  shores  of  Lake  Chuzenji,  November  3,  1892,  C.  S.  Sar- 
gent; Nikko  region,  alt.  100-1500  m.,  May  16,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson 
(No.  6679);  prov.  Ugo,  Akita,  May  17,  1888,  U.  Faurie  (No.  2128 
Herb.  Kew);  Lake  Towada,  June  25,  1894,  U.  Faurie  (No.  13,272); 
prov.  Mutsu,  Shichi-nobe,  June  15,  1886,  U.  Faurie  (No.  661);  prov. 
unknown,  Mt.  Nagi,  Mimasaka,  May  8,  1903,  S.  Arimoto  (Herb. 
Gray);  without  locality,  1866-74,  L.  Savatier  (Herb.  Kew,  Herb. 
Bur.  Sci.  Manila).  Hokkaido,  prov.  Oshima,  Hakodate,  C.  Wright 
(Herb.  Kew,  Herb.  Gray);  same  locality,  July,  1859,  C.  Wilford  (No. 
1017,  Herb.  Kew);  same  locality,  1861,  M.  Albrecht  (Herb.  Kew, 
Herb.  Gray);  same  locality,  July  29,  1888,  T.  Tokubuchi;  prov.  Iburi, 
Nobori-betsu,  June  15,  1893,  U.  Faurie  (No.  10,020,  Herb.  Kew); 
Chitose,  June  12,  1889,  T.  Tokubuchi;  prov.  Hidaka,  T.  Tokubuchi; 
Samani-sando,  June  19,  1884,  K.  Miyabe  (Herb.  Gray);  prov.  Ishi- 
kari,  Sapporo,  July  29,  1888,  May  8,  1895,  T.  Tokubuchi;  same  locality, 
October,  1891,  K.  Miyabe;  same  locality,  May  24,  1903,  S.  Arimoto 
(Herb.  Gray) ;  ex  Agricultural  College,  Sapporo,  June  7,  1885. 

Cultivated:  Arnold    Arboretum    (Nos.    3690,    3690-1,    3690-3, 
3690-5,  3697). 


40  THE  AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD  WORLD 

This  is  the  Mountain  or  Hill  Azalea  (Yama-tsutsuji)  of  Japan,  where  it  is  abund- 
ant from  Yaku-shima  in  the  extreme  south  to  central  Hokkaido  in  the  north.  Its 
altitudinal  range  is  from  sea-level  to  about  1600  m.,  though  north  of  the  Nikko 
region  it  is  much  less.  In  May  and  June  by  the  wayside  and  on  the  hills  and 
mountain-slopes  it  is  most  conspicuous  with  its  wealth  of  brilliant  red  flowers.  It 
grows  among  grasses  and  in  thickets,  also  on  the  edge  of  forests  and  among  the 
undergrowth  in  thin  woods,  but  it  is  a  sun-loving  plant  and  is  seen  to  best  advantage 
in  open  thickets  on  mountain-slopes.  The  height  is  from  1  to  3  m.,  but  averages 
from  1  to  1.5  m.,  and  according  to  situation  it  may  be  densely  or  laxly  branched  and 
form  either  a  broad  or  a  narrow,  twiggy  bush.  In  the  warmer  parts  of  Japan  all 
the  summer  leaves  and  often  some  of  the  large  spring  leaves  are  persistent,  but  in 
the  colder  parts  they  are  both  deciduous.  The  spring  leaves  vary  in  shape  from 
lanceolate  or  lanceolate-ovate  to  elliptic,  and  in  size  from  1.5  to  6  cm.  in  length 
and  from  0.8  to  3  cm.  in  width,  and  they  may  be  either  acute  or  obtuse;  the  summer 
leaves  are  elliptic  to  obovate  in  shape,  as  is  usual  in  the  group  to  which  this  plant 
belongs.  The  pubescence  on  the  shoot,  leaf,  calyx,  ovary  and  fruit  varies  in  color 
from  pale  gray  to  rufous.  Typically  the  color  of  the  flowers  is  red,  usually  bright 
red,  but  it  varies  considerably  and,  excluding  the  forms  to  be  mentioned  later, 
may  be  any  shade  from  flesh-color  to  bright  red.  In  size  the  flowers  vary  some- 
what but  average  from  2.5  to  4  cm.  across.  The  corolla-lobes  are  rounded  or 
pointed.  The  calyx  is  normally  well-developed  and  the  lobes  are  green,  ciliate  and 
usually  rounded,  and  from  suborbicular  to  elliptic  or  ovate  in  shape,  and  from  2  to 
8  mm.  long;  usually  they  are  from  2  to  4  mm.  long  and  occasionally  they  are  scarcely 
noticeable.  The  stamens  may  be  included  or  exserted  and  this  considerably  affects 
the  appearance  of  the  flowers;  the  anthers  vary  in  color  from  pale  yellow-brown  to 
blackish  purple.  The  fruit  is  woody,  erect,  ovoid  and  from  0.6  to  1.5  cm.  high,  and 
when  open  the  valves  are  recurved  for  about  one-third  their  length. 

In  its  typical  form  this  variety,  with  its  relatively  large  clustered  flowers  each 
with  five  stamens,  cannot  be  confused  with  anything  else,  but  there  are  interme- 
diate forms  which  inextricably  link  it  with  R.  obtusum.  The  extremes  look  widely 
different,  yet  on  analysis  size  alone  remains,  and  in  this  there  is  every  gradation 
both  among  the  leaves  and  flowers.  The  degree  of  persistence  of  the  leaves,  which 
is  dependent  upon  winter  temperature  and  exposure,  strongly  affects  the  appearance 
of  the  plants.  The  leaves,  flowers,  genital  organs  and  fruit  vary  in  size,  and  the 
flowers,  anthers  and  pubescence  vary  in  color.  Round  the  base  of  Nishi-Kirishima 
the  typical  red-flowered  var.  Kaempferi  is  plentiful;  on  the  middle  and  upper  slopes 
of  the  mountain  the  typical  f .  japonicum  abounds.  In  my  ascent  of  this  moun- 
tain and  after  exhausting  every  means  I  could  think  of  I  failed  completely  to  dis- 
cover where  one  variety  ended  and  the  other  began.  The  transition  was  both 
gradual  and  complete.  At  my  request  my  colleague,  Alfred  Rehder,  has  critically 
examined  the  mass  of  material  in  our  possession  and  is  in  complete  agreement  as 
to  the  specific  identity  here  set  forth.  I  confess  that  I  should  much  prefer  to  keep 
Kaempfer's  Azalea  as  a  species  distinct  from  R.  obtusum,  but  the  facts  as  I  inter- 
pret them  will  not  permit  of  this.  Whether  var.  Kaempferi  or  the  f .  japonicum 
is  best  entitled  to  be  considered  the  phylogenetic  type  of  the  species  is  difficult  to 
determine,  but  the  first  named  is  much  more  widely  distributed,  and  north  of 
Hamamatsu,  in  prov.  Totomi,  central  Hondo,  is  the  only  representative  of  the 
species. 

Kaempfer's  Azalea  was  first  introduced  to  the  Occident  by  Professor  Sargent, 
who  sent  seeds  of  it  from  the  Nikko  region  and  elsewhere  in  Japan  to  the  Arnold 
Arboretum  in  the  autumn  of  1892,  where  plants  flowered  in  May,  1897.  It  has 
proved  both  hardy  and  amenable  to  cultivation  here,  and  in  late  May  and  early 
June  of  each  year  flowers  abundantly,  producing  most  vivid  and  spectacular  floral 


ENUMERATION   OF   THE   SPECIES  41 

displays.  The  flowers  last  longer  and  are  seen  to  best  advantage  when  growing  in 
the  partial  shade  of  conifers  and  other  evergreen  plants.  In  full  sun  the  flowers  bleach 
and  fade  more  quickly.  In  the  Arnold  Arboretum  the  leaves  are  quite  deciduous. 
This  Azalea  is  the  only  kind  with  red  flowers  hardy  in  this  Arboretum  and  is  one 
of  the  most  valuable  exotic  flowering  plants  ever  brought  into  cultivation  in  eastern 
North  America. 

A  form  with  white  flowers  is :  — 

Rhododendron  obtusum  var.  Eaempf eri  f .  albiflorum  Wilson,  n.  name. 

Rhododendron  Kaempferi  f.  album  Nakai  in   Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXIX.  [261] 
(1915). 

Unknown  to  me  and  described  in  Japanese  only.  Presumably  normal  except 
for  its  white  flowers  but  possibly  the  same  as  the  f .  monstrosum  Wilson. 

A  form  with  vari-colored  flowers  is :  — 

Rhododendron  obtusum  var.  Kaempferi  f.  multicolor  Wilson,  n.  f. 

Japan :  Hondo,  prov.  Yamaguchi,  round  Ajisu,  May  17,  1917, 
E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  8420  type,  8421,  8422,  8423,  8419,  8418,  9417, 
8416);  same  locality,  September  28,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  10,959 
seeds  only);  between  Habu  and  Asa,  May  7,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson 
(No.  10,368);  prov.  Mikawa,  round  Futagawa,  May  9,  1918,  E.  H. 
Wilson  (No.  10,347). 

This  form  differs  from  Kaempfer's  Azalea  in  its  vari-colored  flowers  which 
range  from  pale  pink,  salmon  or  mauve  to  purple  and  magenta.  Some  of  the  shades 
are  exquisite  and  scarcely  two  companion  bushes  have  flowers  of  identical  color. 
In  size  the  flowers  vary  slightly,  and  those  of  No.  10,368  are  from  1.5  to  2.5  cm. 
across  and  no  larger  than  those  of  some  plants  of  the  f .  japonicum.  In  fact  this 
new  form  is  the  link  connecting  the  var.  Kaempferi  with  the  wild  f .  japonicum. 
In  certain  localities  this  multi-colored  form  is  abundant,  as  in  those  cited,  and 
also  round  Tajimi,  near  the  city  of  Nagoya,  in  province  Owari.  Curiously,  where 
this  form  is  plentiful  the  typical  red-flowered  Kaempferi  is  entirely  absent  or  nearly 
so.  The  soil  around  Ajisu  is  rotten  granite,  round  Tajimi  and  Futagawa  gravel 
and  brick  clay;  on  the  same  formation  and  in  the  same  general  neighborhood 
Kaempfer's  Azalea  grows  in  great  plenty.  On  Nishi-Kirishima,  where  the  many- 
colored  f .  japonicum  and  the  typical  var.  Kaempferi  both  grow,  the  soil  is  vol- 
canic ashes  and  detritus.  It  is  plain,  therefore,  that  soil  has  nothing  to  do  with  the 
variation  in  the  color  of  the  flowers,  neither  has  altitude  nor  exposure.  The  cause 
would  appear  to  be  innate  and  not  due  to  external  conditions. 

I  collected  much  seed  of  this  new  form  from  the  neighborhood  of  Ajisu,  and  this 
has  been  distributed  in  England  and  in  this  country  by  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  and 
many  plants  have  been  raised.  If  it  should  prove  hardy  this  form  may  prove  the 
forerunner  of  a  new  race  of  welcome  colors  among  hardy  Azaleas. 

A  form  with  double  flowers  is:  — 

Rhododendron  obtusum  var.  Kaempferi  f .  plenum  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Rhododendron   Kaempferi  var.  plenum  Nakai  in   Tokyo   Bot.  Mag.  XXIX. 
[261]  (1915). 


42  THE   AZALEAS   OF   THE   OLD   WORLD 

Japan:  Kyushu,  prov.  Chikugo,  Koradai,  near  Kurume,  April, 
1918,  K.  Akashi;  without  locality,  May,  1918,  B.  Miyazawa. 

In  this  plant  the  calyx  is  normal  but  the  stamens  and  pistil  are  petaloid.  Aka- 
shi's  specimen  has  rather  small  flowers  salmon-red  in  color  and  is  from  a  sponta- 
neous plant.  Miyazawa's  is  in  size  and  color  typical  Kaempferi  with  double  flowers. 
He  told  me  this  was  also  from  a  wild  plant. 

A  form  with  petaloid  calyx  forming  hose-in-hose  flowers  and  which 
also  has  been  found  wild  is:  — 

Rhododendron  obtusum  var.  Kaempferi  f.  Komatsui  Wilson, 
n.  comb. 

Rhododendron  Kaempferi  var.  Komatsui  Nakai  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXIX. 
[261]  (1915). 

A  form  with  monstrous  flowers  may  be  designated:  — 
Rhododendron  obtusum  var.  Kaempferi  f.  monstrosum  Wilson, 

n.  f. 

Korea:  prov.  Keiki,  cultivated,  said  to  have  come  from  Japan, 

Agricultural  Experimental  Station,  Suigen,  May  24,   1917,   E.    H. 

Wilson  (No.  8482). 

In  this  curious  plant  the  corolla  is  white  and  has  a  petaloid  calyx,  the  pistil  is 
abnormal  and  in  most  flowers  is  changed  to  a  staminode,  the  stigma  being  changed 
to  a  swollen,  abortive  anther  which  is  often  conspicuously  aristate.  The  flowers 
though  hose-in-hose  are  as  large  as  those  of  ordinary  Kaempferi.  Possibly  this  is 
the  same  as  Nakai's  f .  album. 

A  form  with  abortive  or  nearly  abortive  corolla  is:  — 
Rhododendron  obtusum  var.  Kaempferi  f.  cryptopetalum  Wilson, 
n.  comb. 

Rhododendron  ledifolium  S.  cryptopetalum  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci. 

St.  Petersburg,  ser.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  36  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870).  — Matsu- 

mura,  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  462  (1912). 
Rhododendron  Kaempferi  f .  f .  Kinshibe  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII. 

[43]  (1918). 

Japan:  Hondo,  prov.  Kawachi,  Yamomoto,  cultivated,  May  8, 
1918,  E.  H.  Wilson;  prov.  Musashi,  Hatagaya,  cultivated,  April  29, 
1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6593). 

This  is  a  monstrous  form  long  cultivated  in  Japanese  gardens  under  the  name 
of  "  Kinshibe- tsutsuji."  The  corolla  may  be  entirely  suppressed  or  represented  by 
from  1  to  5  deeply  laciniate,  strap-shaped  lobes.  The  stamens  vary  from  5  to  10 
(usually  7  to  10) ;  the  filaments  are  variable  in  length,  often  curled,  bright  crimson 
in  color,  and  may  be  either  normal  in  shape  or  slightly  flattened  and  petaloid;  the 
anthers  are  yellow.  It  has  no  garden  value,  being  simply  a  curiosity.  As  to  its 
specific  identity  there  can  be  no  question,  and  I  am  at  a  loss  to  understand  why 
Maximowicz  referred  it  to  R.  ledifolium  (R.  mucronatum  G.  Don). 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  43 

A  form  with  purple  flowers  and  from  5  to  10  stamens  is:  — 
Rhododendron  obtusum  var.  Kaempferi  f.  mikawanum  Wilson, 
n.  comb. 

Rhododendron  indicum  var.  mikawanum  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXIII. 

251  (1909). 
Rhododendron    Kaempferi  var.  mikawanum  Makino  in  Jour.  Jap.  Bot.  I.  18 

(1917).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [371  (1918). 
Rhododendron  purpureum  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [161  (1918). 
Rhododendron  poukhanense  Komatsu  I.  c.  [12]  (1918),  as  to  the  Japanese  plant, 

not  LeVeille". 

Rhododendron  poukhanense  f.  obtusifolium  Komatsu  I.  c.  [37]  (1918). 
Rhododendron  poukhanense  f.  acutifolium  Komatsu  I.  c.  [38]  (1918). 
Rhododendron  scabrum  Nakai  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXIII.  207  (1919),  not 

G.  Don. 
Rhododendron  scabrum  var.  Kaempferi,  f.  1.  purpureum  Nakai  I.  c.  208. 

Japan :  Hondo,  prov.  Suruga,  near  Ashitake-yama,  lower  slopes  of 
Mt.  Fuji,  June  20,  1918,  H .  Suzuki;  prov.  Musashi,  Ome,  near  Tokyo, 
May  31,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson. 

This  is  a  form  of  the  common  Mountain  Azalea  of  Japan  having  purple  flowers 
and  from  5  to  10  stamens.  It  is  found  here  and  there  mixed  with  the  type  and  is 
occasionally  cultivated,  being  known  as  the  "  Murasaki  Yama-tsutsuji  "  (Purple 
Hill  Azalea).  It  is  in  cultivation  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum  from  plants  I  brought 
from  Japan  in  the  spring  of  1919.  The  increase  in  the  number  of  stamens  is  in- 
teresting, and  is  another  instance  of  the  extraordinary  range  of  variation  which 
obtains  in  R.  obtusum.  In  Tokyo  I  saw  specimens  from  Hangno  which  Komatsu 
refers  to  R.  poukhanense,  but  it  is  not  that  species  and  I  could  find  no  character  by 
which  to  separate  them  from  Makino' s  variety.  The  material  was  collected  on  the 
Chichibu  Mountains  in  the  western  part  of  Musashi  province.  It  has  flowers  in 
pairs,  red-purple  in  color,  with  dark  purple  anthers;  the  leaves  are  rather  long, 
lanceolate  and  glabrescent,  and  the  pedicels  and  calyx  are  clothed  with  gray  pubes- 
cence. Komatsu's  R.  purpureum  is  based  on  a  specimen  collected  in  Yumato  prov- 
ince. It  has  the  foliage  of  typical  var.  Kaempferi,  pale  rose-purple  colored  flowers 
each  with  from  7  to  10  stamens;  the  calyx-lobes  are  lanceolate,  acuminate  and  erose. 

Nakai  in  the  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  (XXXIII.  207  [1919])  identified  this  plant  with 
R.  scabrum  G.  Don.  I  do  not  understand  how  he  arrived  at  this  conclusion  unless 
he  was  guided  solely  by  the  color  of  the  flowers.  This  f.  mikawanum  never  has 
flowers  3  inches  in  diameter,  which  is  the  size  given  by  G.  Don,  neither  are  the 
leaves  coriaceous.  It  seems  to  me  that  the  plant  described  by  G.  Don  as  R.  scabrum 
is  that  which  Miquel  later  described  as  R.  sublanceolatum;  from  the  description  I 
do  not  see  how  it  can  have  anything  to  do  with  R.  obtusum  var.  Kaempferi  or  any 
of  its  forms. 

A  hybrid  race  with  richly  colored  flowers  of  small  to  medium 
size  is :  — 

X  Rhododendron  Sanderi  Wilson,  n.  hyb. 
Rhododendron  Simsii  "  Garnet  "  x  R.  obtusum  Planchon. 

This  is  an  interesting  and  valuable  race  that  has  been  raised  and  developed  at 
Holm  Lea,  Brookline,  the  home  of  Professor  C.  S.  Sargent.  About  thirty-five  years 


44  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE    OLD   WORLD 

ago  the  gardener,  Charles  Sander,  collected  seeds  from  the  Holm  Lea  collection  of 
"Indian  Azaleas' '  and  from  them  raised  many  plants.  Among  these  when  they  flowered 
were  two  of  dwarf,  compact  habit  which  produced  relatively  small  flowers  (3  cm. 
diam.)  carmine-red  or  crimson-lake  in  color.  In  the  Holm  Lea  collection  was  the 
well-known  "Indian  Azalea  Decora"  of  European  origin  and  introduced  into  the 
garden  of  Marshall  P.  Wilder,  Dorchester,  Mass.,  about  1847.  It  is  highly  probable 
that  this  was  the  parent  of  the  two  Azaleas  above  mentioned.  The  best  of  these 
two  Sander  named  "  Garnet."  This  he  crossed  with  an  unknown  Azalea  having 
small  red  flowers  obtained  from  M.  Atkinson,  gardener  for  Mr.  John  L.  Gard- 
ner, Brookline,  Mass.,  which  to-day  Sander  thinks  was  R.  dbtusum  Planch.  After 
a  close  study  of  the  race  I  think  this  conclusion  is  correct.  The  best  of  the  hybrids 
from  the  above  parents  were  crossed  with  R.  dbtusum  f .  album  Schneid.  and  gave 
rise  to  forms  with  rose-pink  flowers.  In  more  recent  years  the  well-known  "  Hino- 
degiri  "  has  been  used  with  excellent  results.  The  outcome  of  some  three  decades 
of  hybridising,  selecting  and  recrossing  is  a  race  of  beautiful  Azaleas  of  compact 
twiggy  habit  with  flowers  from  2.5  to  4.5  cm.  in  diameter  in  varying  shades  of 
rose-pink,  salmon,  red,  scarlet  and  fiery  crimson.  Among  the  scarlet  and  crimsons 
are  deeper  and  richer  shades  than  I  have  seen  among  any  of  the  Azaleas  of  China 
and  Japan.  The  influence  of  R.  Simsii  forms  is  seen  in  the  number  of  stamens, 
which  varies  from  5  to  10  and  is  inconstant  on  the  same  individual;  also  in  the 
size  of  the  flowers  and  in  the  ease  with  which  the  plants  may  be  forced  into  blossom 
during  the  winter  and  early  spring  months.  Some  of  the  forms  have  flowers  no 
larger  than  those  of  R.  obtusum,  though  in  the  majority  the  flowers  exceed  in  size 
those  of  that  plant.  The  race  is  singularly  attractive  and  highly  ornamental,  and 
it  needs  no  expert  knowledge  to  predict  for  X  R.  Sanderi  a  great  future.  Among 
the  best  forms  are  "  Suzuki,"  scarlet  maroon,  "  Hebe,"  white  with  rose-red  stripe, 
"  Hermione,"  deep  salmon-red,  "  Ruby  "  crimson  maroon,  "  Uncas,"  dark  scarlet, 
"Helena,"  rose-pink,  "Hilda  Hedlund,"  deep  pink,  "Holm  Lea,"  crimson- 
maroon,  "  Vulcan,"  salmon-red,  "  Natalie,"  salmon,  "  Muriel,"  rose-red,  "  Alice 
Sargent,"  bright  salmon-red,  "  Rose  Queen,"  deep  rose,  "  Havemeyer,"  rose-red, 
"  Brookline,"  carmine,  "  Venus,"  cerise,  "  Jupiter,"  fiery-red,  "  Mars,"  intense 
scarlet,  "Vivid,"  scarlet.  To  this  group  must  be  referred  the  highly  appre- 
ciated and  well-known  Azalea  "Hexe"1  or  "Firefly"  of  American  gardens,  which 
is  a  hybrid  between  R.  obtusum  f.  amoenum  and  R.  Simsii  "Due  de  Nassau." 
This  favorite  Azalea  with  rich  red,  hose-in-hose  flowers  was  raised  by  Otto 
Forster,  Lebenhof,  near  Scheibbs,  Lower  Austria,  about  1885,  and  was  first  exten- 
sively cultivated  round  Dresden.  At  first  it  was  not  particularly  esteemed  and  was 
used  as  a  stock  on  which  to  graft  the  ordinary  "Indian  Azaleas"  of  commerce; 
later  it  became  one  of  the  most  popular  varieties,  and  before  the  Great  War  was 
imported  in  hundreds  of  thousands  into  this  country  for  decorative  purposes.  It 
roots  freely  from  cuttings  and  flowers  profusely  when  quite  small.  One  of  its 
parents,  Azalea  "  Due  de  Nassau,"  is  an  old  variety,  having  been  exhibited  in 
London  in  June,  1862,  by  Charles  Turner  of  Slough.  There  are  several  other 
hose-in-hose  Azaleas  of  much  the  same  parentage  as  "  Hexe."  One  of  these, 
"  Vuylestekeana,"  has  been  crossed  at  Holm  Lea  with  "  Flambeau,"  a  French  vari- 
ety, with  crimson-maroon  flowers  of  medium  size.  The  result  is  a  race  with  relati- 
vely large  (4  to  6  cm.  diam.),  hose-in-hose  flowers  varying  in  color  from  intense 
scarlet  to  crimson-maroon,  and  perhaps  the  most  highly  colored  of  all  Azaleas. 

1  Azalea  indica   (Hexe)  Ad.  Vanden  Heede  in  Rev.  Hort.  Belg.  XXXI.  49,  t. 

(1905). 

Azalea  Hexe  Hort.  ex  W.  Watson,  Rhodod.  and  Azaleas,  67  (1911). 
Rhododendron  indicum  Hexe  Millais,  Rhodod.  193  (1917). 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  45 

Rhododendron  Simsii  Planchon  in  FL  des  Serr.  IX.  78  (1854) ;  in 
Rev.  Hort.  1854,  47.  —  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  506, 
figs.  331  1-m,  332  a-d  (1911).  —  Render  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.  Hort. 
V.  2944  (1916). 

Azalea  indica  Alton,  Hort.  Kew,  ed.  2,  318  (1810),  as  to  the  plant,  not 
Linnaeus. — Sims  in  Bot.  Mag.  XXXVI.  t.  1480  (1812).  —  Bentham,  Fl. 
Hongk.  201  (1861),  as  to  the  Hongkong  plant. 

Azalea  indica  a.  punicea  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  264  (1827). 

Rhododendron  indicum  var.  ignescens  Sweet,  Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  ser.  2,  II.  t.  128 
(1832).  —  Render  &  Wilson  in  Sargent,  PL  Wilson.  II.  547  (1913). 

Rhododendron  indicum  a.  puniceum  Sweet  in  Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  ser.  2,  II.  sub. 
t.  128  (1832). 

Azalea  indica  ignescens  Hovey,  Mag.  Hort.  III.  72  (1837). 

Rhododendron  Calleryi  Planchon  in  FL  des  Serr.  IX.  81  (1854);  in  Rev.  Hort. 
1854,  66. 

Rhododendron  indicum  /3.  Simsii  Maxim owicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Peters- 
bourg,  ser.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  38  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870).  —  Franchet  in 
Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  Paris,  ser.  2,  VI.  77  (1883);  PL  David  I.  97  (1884);  in 
Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  XXXIII.  235  (1886). 

Rhododendron  indicum  Hemsley  in  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  XXVI.  25  (1889),  as  to 
the  Chinese  plant,  not  Sweet.  —  Diels  in  Bot.  Jahrb.  XXIX.  514  (1900) ; 
in  Notes  Bot.  Gard.  Edinburgh,  VII.  392  (PL  Chin.  Forrest.)  (1913).  —  Pam- 
panini  in  Nuov.  Giorn.  Bot.  Ital.  n.  ser.  XVIII.  131  (1911).  —  W.  Watson, 
Rhodod.  &  Azaleas,  79  (1911),  in  part.  —  Dunn  &  Tutcher  in  Kew  Bull. 
Misc.  Inform,  add.  ser.  X.  155  (FL  Kwangtung  and  Hongk.)  (1914). — 
Millais,  Rhodod.  189  (1917),  in  part. 

Azales  indica  var.  Simsii  Rehder  in  Bailey,  Cycl.  Am.  Hort.  I.  122  (1900). 

Rhododendron  indicum  var.  Matsumura  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XIV.  69  (1900). 

Rhododendron  indicum  var.  Tamurai  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XVIII. 
102,  fig.  (1904). 

Rhododendron  indicum  7.  macranthum  subvar.  genuinum  forma  Tamurai  Ma- 
kino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXIV.  77  (1910). 

Rhododendron  indicum  var.  formosanum  Hayata,  Icon.  PL  Formos.  III.  134 
(1913).  —  Kanehira,  Formos.  Trees,  321,  fig.  9  (1917). 

China:  Hongkong,  Happy  Valley,  November  5,  1903,  C.  S.  Sar- 
gent; without  locality,  /.  G.  Champion  (Nos.  122,  123,  Herb.  Kew, 
Herb.  Gray) ;  without  locality,  C.  Wright  (No.  195,  Herb.  Gray,  Herb. 
Kew);  April  28,  1914,  Mary  Strong  Clemens  (No.  4261,  Herb.  Bur. 
Sci.  Manila).  Kwantung,  Canton,  March  10,  1835,  S.  W.  Williams 
(Herb.  Gray);  same  locality,  October  27-30,  1916,  March  20,  1917, 
C.  0.  Levine  (No.  438,  599,  Herb.  Bur.  Sci.  Manila);  Shiuchow, 
April,  1919,  To  Rang  P'eng  (No.  2761,  Herb.  Bur.  Sci.  Manila). 
Chekiang,  Pootoo  Island,  E.  Faber;  Ningpo,  Ning-kan-jou,  April  15, 
1877,  W.  Hancock  (No.  32,  Herb.  Kew);  Mokan-shan,  alt.  500  m. 
August  3,  1915,  F.  N.  Meyer  (No.  1607);  without  locality,  1845, 
R.  Fortune  (Nos.  72,  152,  153,  Herb.  Kew,  Herb.  Gray);  hills  near 
Taihu  Lake,  April,  1881,  W.  R.  Carles.  Kiangsu,  near  Shanghai, 


46  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

1915,  D.  Macgregor.  Kiangsi,  Killing,  alt.  1600  m.,  July  28,  1907, 
E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  1682);  same  locality,  1873,  G.  Shearer  (Herb. 
Kew).  Hunan,  Yoku-shan,  alt.  70-300  m.,  February  21,  1918,  Dr. 
Handel-Mazzetti  (No.  480).  Hupeh,  north  and  south  of  Ichang,  alt. 
30-1300  m.,  May  and  November,  1907,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  3474}; 
same  locality,  A.  Henry  (Nos.  782,  1160,  Herb.  Kew,  Herb.  Gray); 
Changyang  Hsien,  thickets,  alt.  1300  m.,  May  and  November,  1907, 

E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  3472)  :  Changlo  Hsien,  cliffs,  alt.  600-1300  m., 
May,   1907,  E.   H.  Wilson  (No.  3472a);  Patung  Hsien,  A.   Henry 
(No.   1416,  Herb.  Kew);  Nanto  and  mountains  to  northward,  A. 
Henry  (No.  3194,  Herb.  Kew);  Hsing-shan  Hsien,  alt.  1000-1800  m., 
May  14,  December,  1907,  E.JI.  Wilson  (No.  56JT):  "  Kao-hien-scian," 
alt.  800  m.,  May,  1907,  C.  Silvestri.    Szech'uan,  Chungking,  1885, 

F.  S.  A.  Bourne  (Herb.  Kew);  Kiating  Fu,  alt.  300-800  m.,  May, 
1908,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  3475);  Mt.  Omei,  May,  1904,  E.  H.  Wilson 
(Veitch  Exped.  No.  5143);  without  locality,  A.  von  Rosthorn  (No. 
2148);  Yunnan  or  Kueichou,  1911,  A.  Hosie  (Herb.  Kew).    Yunnan, 
Menztsze,  alt.  1500-2000  m.,  A.   Henry  (Nos.  99QQb.  99QJT,  9900e, 
Herb.  Kew,  Herb.  Bur.  Sci.  Manila);  same  locality,  alt.  1600-2300  m., 
April,  1893,  W.   Hancock   (No.  155,  Herb.  Kew);  Mile,  A.   Henry 
(No.  9900d);  "  Momyen,"  June  3,  1868,  D.  J.  Anderson  (Herb.  Kew); 
near  Tali  Fu,  Tsang-chan,  alt.  2500  m.,  J.  M.  Delavay  (No.   1122, 
Herb.  Kew);  Tali  Fu,  alt.  2200-2600  m.,  cultivated,  G.  Forrest  (No. 
4173);  "  Ho-yeh-shui,"  north  end  of  Lichiang  Valley,  alt.  2900  m., 
cultivated  by  Mossoo  natives,  May,  1906,  G.  Forrest  (No.  _228fc  Herb. 
Kew);  without  locality,  G.  Forrest  (Nos.  T832.  11.824)  :  i91(T  R.  P. 
Maire  (Nos.  3713,  3775,  Herb.  Bur.  Sci.  Manila).*"  ~£»U, 


Formosa:  prov.  Koshun,  South  Cape,  Schmuser  ex  A.  Henry 
(No.  588  in  part,  Herb.  Kew). 

Cultivated:  "  Jardin  du  Luxembourg,  Orangerie,  14  avril,  1822, 
27  avril,  1823  "  ex  Herb.  J.  Gay  (Herb.  Kew). 

This  species  grows  in  all  the  temperate  parts  of  China  and  in  south  Formosa, 
and  a  variety  (eriocarpum  Wils.)  on  the  Kawanabe  Islands  off  Liukiu  Oshima,  but  it 
has  not  been  found  in  Japan  or  Korea.  It  is  particularly  abundant  in  the  area  of 
the  Yangtsze  Valley  from  near  Ningpo  to  Mt.  Omei  in  the  far  west.  Hancock, 
on  a  specimen,  states  that  "  the  Ningpo  hills  are  absolutely  crimson  in  places  with 
this  shrub  ";  the  same  is  true  of  the  Lushan  hills  round  Kiukiang  and  of  the  region 
north  and  south  of  Ichang.  It  delights  in  rocky  places,  preferably  cliffs,  thin  dry 
woods  and  thickets,  blossoms  profusely,  and  its  wealth  of  red  flowers  makes  it  one 
of  the  most  conspicuous  of  all  shrubs.  The  habit  is  twiggy  and  much-branched 
with  a  maximum  height  of  three  metres,  but  averaging  about  half  this  height. 
The  leaves  are  variable  in  size  and  with  the  shoots  are  clothed  with  appressed, 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  47 

strigose,  gray  to  shining  brown  hairs.  At  low  altitudes  the  leaves  are  compara- 
tively large,  from  lanceolate  to  ovate-elliptic,  and  are  all  persistent;  at  its  upper 
altitudinal  limit  the  leaves  are  much  reduced  in  size,  and  nearly  all  fall  off  in  the 
late  autumn.  The  leaves  immediately  below  the  winterbuds  are  small,  relatively 
thick,  obovate  to  oblanceolate  and  more  persistent  than  the  other  form  of  leaves. 
The  flowers  are  clustered,  from  two  to  six  together,  at  the  end  of  the  shoots  and 
all  I  have  seen  are  fairly  uniform  in  color.  The  corolla  is  broad-funnel  shape, 
varying  in  color  from  rose-red  through  bright  to  dark  red.  The  calyx  varies  from 
an  inconspicuous  rim  to  a  length  of  5  mm.;  the  stamens  are  normally  ten,  rarely 
eight,  never  fewer,  as  long  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla  but  shorter  than  the 
style.  In  central  China  it  is  generally  known  as  the  "  Yin-shan-hung."  Millais 
says  that  Forrest  states  under  Nos.  4173,  4173a,  from  plants  cultivated  by  Chinese 
in  the  Tali  Valley,  that  the  color  of  the  flowers  is  "  rose  to  white."  In  China  I 
have  never  seen  wild  an  albino  of  this  species;  Forrest's  No.  4173  in  Herb.  Kew  is 
described  as  having  rose-colored  flowers.  The  Formosan  specimen  cited  from 
A.  Henry  in  Herb.  Kew  represents  Hayata's  var.  formosanum,  the  type  of  which 
I  have  seen  in  Tokyo.  It  is  indistinguishable  from  typical  R.  Simsii  so  abundant 
in  China,  but  in  Formosa  known  only  from  the  extreme  southern  end  of  the  island. 

For  nearly  a  century  and  a  quarter  this  plant  has  usurped  the  name  indicum, 
and  in  books  is  almost  hopelessly  confused  with  the  true  R.  indicum  Sweet,  with  R. 
obtusum  Planchon  and  its  varieties,  and  with  R.  scabrum  G.  Don  (R.sublanceolatum 
Miquel).  The  first  mention  of  the  Chinese  plant  I  can  find  is  in  Macartney's 
Embassy  to  China,  II.  524  (1797),  where  Azalea  indica  is  recorded  as  collected 
in  the  provinces  of  Kiangsi  and  Canton  (Kwangtung)  in  1793.  In  all  probability 
it  is  the  Chinese  species  that  was  introduced  into  Kew  "  by  the  Hon.  Court  of 
Directors  of  the  East  India  Company  "  in  the  ship  "  Cuffnels,"  Captain  Wellbank 
(Aiton,  HorL  Kew,  ed.  2.  318  [1810]),  though  Aiton's  description  is  of  the  true 
R.  indicum  Sweet.  Sims  was  the  first  to  figure  the  Chinese  species  (Bot.  Mag, 
t.  1480  [1812])  under  the  erroneous  name  of  Azalea  indica,  and  states  that  it  was  a 
rare  plant  in  England  and  that  the  only  one  that  had  flowered  was  in  the  collection 
of  James  Vere,  Esq.  In  the  Kew  Herbarium  there  are  two  specimens  from  the 
Jardin  du  Luxembourg  collected  in  1822  and  1823.  These  are  the  oldest  cultivated 
specimens  I  have  seen.  Sweet  in  1832  gave  it  a  varietal  name,  and  says  that  the 
plant  was  imported  in  the  East  India  Company's  ship  "  Orwell  "  from  China  by 
Mr.  Tate.  This  Mr.  Tate  was  a  nurseryman  in  Sloane  Square,  London,  and  the 
master  of  the  ship  "  Orwell "  was  Captain  Farrer,  who  brought  a  number  of 
Chinese  plants  including  other  Azaleas  to  England  and  handed  them  over  to 
Tate.  In  Braam's  Icones  plantarum,  issued  in  1818,  there  is  a  figure  (t.  27)  of  a 
red-flowered  Azalea.  The  drawing  is  very  crude  and,  while  it  probably  is  meant 
for  R.  Simsii,  it  might  represent  any  Azalea  with  red  flowers. 

The  Chinese  Azalea  appears  to  have  remained  rare  in  the  Occident  for  several 
decades.  In  1837,  under  the  name  of  Azalea  indica  ignescens,  it  was  cultivated  in 
America  by  Marshall  P.  Wilder,  Dorchester,  Mass.  Fortune,  from  1843  to  1856, 
introduced  into  England  from  Chinese  gardens  many  Azaleas  of  different  kinds, 
and  these  gave  great  impetus  to  the  cultivation  of  these  ornamental  plants.  The 
so-called  "  Indian  Azaleas  "  of  western  gardens  have  been  originated  almost  en- 
tirely from  R.  Simsii  since>about  1850,  chiefly  in  Belgium,  but  some  in  France 
and  others  in  Germany. 

There  is  a  very  considerable  literature  on  "Indian  Azaleas"  and  at  least  one 
illustrated  book  (Iconographie  Azalees  de  L'Inde  by  Auguste  van  Geert,  published 
in  1882).  Planchon  (in  Fl.  des  Serr.  IX.  77  [1854])  gives  a  brief  history  of  them, 
and  enumerates  varieties  in  the  collections  of  M.  Margottin,  M.  Delessert,  and 
M.  Michel.  Some  of  them  were  forms  of  the  true  R.  indicum,  others  of  R.  phoe- 


48  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

niceum,  and  a  few  of  R.  Simsii;  several  are  recorded  as  presumed  hybrids  between 
R.  phoeniceum  and  R.  ledifolium  (R.  mucronatum  G.  Don)  and  between  R.  phoeni- 
ceum  and  R.  Danielsianum  (R.  indicum  Sweet)  but  such  hybrids  are  unknown 
to-day  and  probably  never  existed.  In  La  Belgique  Horticole  for  1865  (XV. 
pp.  174-192),  there  is  an  excellent  article  by  M.  Edouard  Andre  with  a  list  of  vari- 
eties and  the  names  of  the  originators.  In  the  various  volumes  of  Flore  des 
Serres  are  many  colored  figures  and  notes  chiefly  by  Louis  van  Houtte.  In  fact  in 
all  garden  periodicals  from  about  1850  on,  there  are  many  references  and  figures  of 
these  plants.  However,  scientific  exactness  is  wanting  and  much  of  their  early 
beginnings  is  obscure.  As  far  as  I  can  discover  the  introduction  into  England  of 
the  striped-flowered  Azalea  vittata  by  Fortune  in  1850  or  1851  led  to  the  raising  of 
seedlings.  Further  impetus  was  given  by  the  advent  the  same  years  of  A.  vittata 
Bealii  with  red  and  white  striped  flowers.  Many  of  the  best  varieties  are  branch 
sports  perpetuated  by  grafting.  From  the  crossing  of  red  and  white  flowered  varie- 
ties many  variegated  forms  have  originated.  One  of  the  most  successful  breeders 
of  "  Indian  Azaleas  "  of  commerce  was  Mr.  Joseph  Vervaene  of  Ghent,  whose  work  is 
fittingly  commemorated  by  the  lovely  Azaleas  "  Vervaeniana,"  and  "  Vervaeniana 
alba."  Other  names  immutably  connected  with  the  raising  and  perfecting  of  the 
"Indian  Azaleas"  of  commerce  are  Messers  Knight  &  Perry,  Ivery  and  Rollisson 
in  England;  L.  Eeckhaute,  Haerens,  Van  Houtte,  Van  Geert,  A.  Verschaffelt, 
J.  de  Kneep  and  Van  der  Cruyssen  in  Belgium;  Lesebe,  Truffaut,  H.  de  May  and 
Mabire  in  France;  Messers  Schulz,  E.  Liebig,  Seidel  and  Rose  in  Germany. 

The  varieties  are  legion,  and  each  year  adds  materially  to  the  number.  All  the 
modern  ones  have  been  raised  in  Belgium  or  Germany,  where  they  are  cultivated 
by  the  millions  and  exported  to  almost  all  parts  of  the  world.  Prior  to  1914  more 
than  two  and  a  half  million  plants  were  annually  exported  from  Belgium  alone. 
In  Germany  a  Eurhododendron  (Cunningham's  White)  is  much  used  as  a  stock 
for  these  "  Indian  Azaleas,"  but  not  in  Belgium,  where  R.  phoeniceum  and  its  f .  con- 
cinnum  are  chiefly  so  employed.  According  to  J.  Breck  (hi  The  Horticulturist,  I. 
512  [1847]),  Marshall  P.  Wilder  imported  from  Germany  by  way  of  England  and 
cultivated  in  his  garden  in  Dorchester,  Mass.,  in  1847,  Azalea  "Optima"  with  dark 
scarlet  flowers,  Azalea  "Prince  Albert"  with  scarlet  flowers,  and  Azalea  "Alba 
Insignis"  with  large  white  flowers.  The  first  two  were  undoubtedly  derivatives  of 
R.  Simsii  and  representatives  of  the  "  Indian  Azaleas  "  of  to-day,  and  the  first  intro- 
duced into  America  so  far  as  I  can  discover.  The  third  was  probably  a  form  of 
R.  mucronatum.  Hovey  (Mag.  Hart.  XIV.  284  [1848])  records  that  on  May  13, 1848, 
Marshall  P.  Wilder  exhibited  before  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society 
Azalea  "  Decora,"  another  Indian  Azalea.  A  plant  of  this  was  acquired  by  Ignatius 
Sargent,  and  its  descendants  are  still  in  the  Holm  Lea  collection. 

Among  the  typical  large-flowered  forms  of  "  Indian  Azaleas  "  of  to-day  I  can  de- 
tect no  influence  of  any  species  other  than  R.  Simsii,  though  without  question  R. 
phoeniceum  and  its  forms  have  been  used.  Those  with  smaller  flowers,  especially 
the  hose-in-hose  kinds  like  "  Hexe  "  and  "  Vuylstekeana,"  are  without  doubt 
hybrids  between  forms  of  R.  Simsii  and  R.  obtusum  f .  amoenum.  It  is  probable 
also  that  typical  R.  obtusum  has  been  employed.  R.  mucronatum  and  numerous 
named  forms  of  it  are  loosely  designated  Azalea  indica,  but  in  the  evolution  of  the 
"Indian  Azalea"  of  present-day  gardens  neither  this  species  nor  the  true  A.  indica 
of  Linnaeus  have  had  any  part. 

Rhododendron  Simsii  var.  vittatum  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Azalea  vittata  Fortune,  Tea  Districts  of  China,  330  (1852). 
Azalea  indica  vittata  Van  Houtte  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  IX.  t.  886  (1854).  — Millais, 
Rhodod.  259  (1917). 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  49 

Azalea  indica  vittata  punctata  Van  Houtte  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  IX.  t.  888  (1854). 
Rhododendron  vittatum  Planchon  in  FL  des  Serr.  IX.  82  (1854);  in  Rev.  Hort. 

1854,  66.  —  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersbourg,  ser.  7,  XVI. 

No.  9,  49  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  259  (1917). 
Rhododendron  vittatum  var.  b.  punctata  Planchon,  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  IX.  82  (1854) ; 

in  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  66. 
Azalea  vittato-punctata  Lemaire  in  III.  Hort.  I.  t.  20  (1854). 

Cultivated:  Hort.  Holm  Lea,  May  20,  1918,  A.  Rehder;  Hort. 
Berckmans,  Augusta,  Georgia,  March  30,  1908,  C.  S.  Sargent. 

This  variety  has  larger  calyx-lobes  than  is  usual  in  the  species,  but  I  have  wild 
specimens  of  the  type  with  an  equally  large  calyx.  The  most  prominent  distin- 
guishing feature  is  the  color  of  the  flowers.  This  is  white,  striped  with  lilac-purple, 
often  irregularly  so;  sometimes  the  flowers  are  pure  white  or  pure  lilac-purple  on 
the  same  branch,  occasionally  they  are  dotted  or  blotched  with  color.  Planchon 
says  it  has  been  in  possession  of  M.  Paillet  since  1844,  and  then  adds  that  it  was 
one  of  Fortune's  introductions  to  England.  Now  Fortune  did  not  land  in  China 
until  July,  1843,  so  it  would  seem  that  there  was  something  wrong  with  Planchon's 
date  or  that  it  was  introduced  before  Fortune's  first  visit.  In  all  probability  the 
date  is  wrong.  According  to  Fortune's  account  in  his  Tea  Districts  of  China  it 
was  in  April,  1850,  that  he  visited  the  Pou-shan  gardens  near  Shanghai  and  saw 
this  Azalea  in  flower.  However,  he  had  been  to  these  gardens  on  his  first  visit  to 
China  (1843-45),  but  if  he  sent  this  variety  of  Azalea  to  England  on  that  occasion 
there  is  no  available  record  of  the  fact.  In  all  probability  M.  Paillet's  plant  was 
R.  indicum  var.  variegatum.  Fortune's  plant  did  not  reach  England  before  1850 
or  1851  so  far  as  I  can  discover,  and  its  acquisition  according  to  the  books  led  to 
the  raising  of  many  seedlings.  According  to  Hovey  (Mag.  Hort.  XXI.  301  [1855]) 
an  Azalea  vittata  rosea  was  exhibited  for  the  first  time  in  Philadelphia  on  April 
17,  1855,  by  Mr.  Buist.  It  has  long  been  grown  in  the  Berckmans  Nurseries, 
Augusta,  Georgia,  and  in  the  collection  at  Holm  Lea.  The  type  appears  to  have 
been  lost  to  English  gardens  until  recently,  when  Professor  Sargent  sent  it  to  Kew 
and  elsewhere. 

A  form  in  which  the  flowers  are  striped  with  red  is :  — 
Rhododendron  Simsii  var.  vittatum  f .  Bealii  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Azalea  Bealii  Fortune,  Tea  Districts  of  China,  330  (1852).  —  Lemaire  in  III. 

Hort.  I.  t.  8  (1854). 
Rhododendron  vittatum  var.  g.  Bealii  Hort.  apud  Planchon  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  IX. 

82  (1854);  in  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  66. 
Azalea  vittata  Bealii  Morren  in  Belg.  Hort.  XVI.  1,  t.  (1866). 

This  is  another  of  Fortune's  introductions  to  Messers  Standish  &  Noble  of 
Sunningdale  Nurseries  from  Pou-shan  gardens,  Shanghai,  in  1850  or  1851,  and  is 
characterised  by  its  white  flowers  striped  with  red.  This  plant  also  has  been  a 
useful  parent  in  the  evolution  of  the  present-day  race  of  "Indian  Azaleas,"  as 
shown  by  the  variety  "  Fiirstin  Baro  Trysky,"  for  example.  It  was  imported  into 
America  by  C.  M.  Hovey,  Boston,  Mass.,  in  1855. 

A  variety  with  white  to  rose-colored  flowers  and  geographically 
widely  removed  from  the  type  is :  — 
Rhododendron  Simsii  var.  eriocarpum  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Rhododendron  indicum  var.  eriocarpum  Hayata,  Icon.  PL  Formos.  III.  134 
(1913). 


50  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

Japan :  Kawanabe  Islands,  Suwanose-shima,  May,  1917,  H.  Ushiwo 
(No.  lc);  Takara-shima,  May  4, 1917,  H.  Ushiwo  (No.  ld,  le);  Taira- 
shima,  May,  1917,  H.  Ushiwo  (No.  lf). 

These  specimens  were  collected  for  me  by  Forestry-officer  Ushiwo  by  courtesy 
of  Dr.  Naito,  chief  of  the  Kagoshima  forestry  bureau,  and  are  excellent,  though 
unfortunately  unaccompanied  by  field  notes.  The  flowers  of  the  Takara-shima 
specimens  are  white,  those  of  that  from  Taira-shima  pink  or  rose-colored.  The 
color  of  the  flowers  and  of  the  pubescence  more  readily  distinguish  this  variety 
from  the  type  than  does  the  shape  of  the  leaves  pointed  out  by  Hayata.  I  am  sorry 
that  I  did  not  see  this  interesting  plant  in  a  wild  state  and  am  inclined  to  the  view 
that  ultimately  it  may  prove  to  be  a  distinct  species.  The  Kawanabe  Islands  are 
a  number  of  small  rocky  eminences  which  jut  out  of  the  sea  south  of  Yaku-shima 
toward  the  Liukiu  Islands  and  have  a  flora  like  that  of  Liukiu  (see  Jour.  Arnold 
Arb.  I.  183-186  [1920]). 

Rhododendron  atrovirens  Franchet  in  Bull  Soc.  Bot.  France, 
XXXIII.  235  (1886).  —  Hemsley  in  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  XXVI.  19 
(1889).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  124  (1917). 

The  species  from  western  Yunnan  is  unknown  to  me,  except  from  Franchet's 
description.  It  would  appear  to  be  intermediate  between  R.  Simsii  Planch,  and 
R.  microphyton  Franch.  It  is  said  to  be  a  large  bush  or  small  tree  with  lanceolate, 
long-acuminate  leaves  narrowed  to  the  base  and  glaucescent  on  the  underside.  The 
flowers  are  described  as  red,  clustered  3  or  4  together,  and  each  2.5  cm.  or  less  in 
diameter.  It  was  discovered  by  Pere  Delavay  at  "  Tchen-fang-ehan  "  near  Ta- 
kouan  in  May,  1882,  but  apparently  has  not  yet  been  introduced  to  cultivation. 

Rhododendron  lasiostylum  Hayata,  Icon.  PL  Formos.  III.  135 
(1913).  —  Kanehira,  Formos.  Trees,  321  (1917).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo 
Bot.  Mag.  XXXII  [14]  (1918). 

Formosa:  prov.  Nanto,  between  Shushu  and  Horisha,  March  12, 
1918,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  10,020). 

This  is  a  pretty  pink-flowered  Azalea  of  which  I  have  seen  only  one  plant.  It 
was  growing  on  top  of  a  rock  by  the  trolley  line  at  about  400  m.  altitude,  and  was 
about  1  m.  high  and  less  broad.  The  branches  are  slender  and  twiggy  and  when 
young  clothed  with  the  usual  appressed,  flattened  chestnut-brown  hairs.  The 
young  leaves,  petioles,  pedicels,  calyx  and  ovary  are  all  densely  clothed  with  chest- 
nut-brown pubescence  changing  to  gray.  The  leaves  are  dimorphic;  the  spring 
leaves  are  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate  and  from  2  to  4.5  cm.  long  and  1  to  1.5  cm. 
wide,  acute  and  deciduous;  the  summer  leaves  are  oblong-obovate  to  oblanceo- 
late  from  2  to  4.5.  cm.  long  and  1  to  2  cm.  wide,  rounded  and  mucronate  at  apex 
and  cuneate  at  base;  both  surfaces  are  clothed  with  appressed  gray  to  rufous- 
brown  hairs.  The  flowers  are  terminal,  three  or  four  together  at  the  end  of  the 
branchlet.  The  corolla  is  funnel-shape,  pink,  about  2  cm.  long  with  spreading 
lobes  and  about  2.5.  cm.  across,  the  tube  being  rather  less  than  1  cm.  long.  The 
calyx  is  variable  in  size  being  either  nearly  obsolete  or  with  distinct,  rounded  lobes 
each  a  millimetre  or  more  long.  The  stamens  are  of  unequal  length,  the  longest 
equalling  the  corolla-lobes  and  overtopped  by  the  style.  It  is  with  considerable 
hesitation  that  I  identify  my  specimens  with  this  species.  There  are  many  dis- 
crepancies but  of  trivial  character  the  more  important  being  the  difference  in 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  51 

size  of  the  calyx-lobes  and  of  the  leaves.  I  have  seen  the  type  specimens  in  Tokyo 
but  the  material  is  so  poor  that  I  could  arrive  at  no  definite  conclusion  in  the 
absence  of  my  own  material  for  comparison. 

Rhododendron  subsessile  Rendle  in  Jour.  Bot.  XXXIV.  357  (1896).— 
Merrill  in  Govt.  Lab.  Publ.  (Philipp.)  XXIX.  40  (1905).  —  Millais 
Rhodod.  249  (1917). 

Philippine  Islands:    Luzon,    Prov.    Benquet,    Baguio,    March 

1907,  1913,  A.  D.  E.  Elmer  (Nos.  8595,  14,298);  same  locality,  May- 
June,  1916,  J.  K.  Santos  (No.  38);  same  province,  Mt.  St.  Tomas, 
February  18,  1916,  E.  C.  Leano  (Forestry  Bureau  No.  25,125);  same 
locality,  March,  1904,  A.  D.  E.  Elmer  (No.  5799);  same  locality, 
July  1,  November  29,  1904  R.  S.  Williams  (Nos.  1223,  2001);  same 
locality,  May  10,  1904,  P.  T.  Barnes  (No.  922);  same  locality,  April, 

1908,  H.  N.  Whitford  (Forestry  Bureau  No.  11,090);  Mt.  Tonglon 
alt.  2200  m.,  November  12,  1905,  May,  1911,  E.  D.  Merrill  (Nos. 
4815,  736);  same  place,  August,  1906,   H.  M.  Curran  (No.  5032); 
same  place,  December,  1906,  E.  A.  Mearns;  same  place,  December, 

1908,  M.  L.  Merritt  (No.  14,148);  Bucao,  alt.  2300  m.  January  4, 

1909,  R.  J.  Alvarez  (No.  18,362);  Mt.  Pulog,  January  3  &  8,  1909, 
T.  C.  Zschokke  and  M.  L.  Merritt  (Nos.  18,035,  18,172);  Pauai,  July, 
1907,  E.  A.  Mearns  (No.  4275);  same  place,  alt.  2100  m.,  June,  1909, 
R.  C.  McGregor  (No.  8420);  same  place,  April  17,  1918,  J.  K.  Santos 
(No.  31,994);  District  of  Lepanto,  January  26,  1909,  F.  W.  Darling 
(No.  16,573);  same  district,  Mt.  Data,  November  4,  1905,  E.  D. 
Merrill  (No.  4606);  prov.  Abra,  February  8,  1909,  M.  -Ramos  (Nos. 
7249,  7105);  subprov.  Bontoc,  alt.  1350  m.  April  7,   1910,  Pere  M. 
Vanoverber  (Nos.  351,  364)  —  all  these   numbers   in  Herb.  Bureau 
Science  Manila. 

This  Philippine  species  in  its  pubescence  and  foliage  somewhat  resembles,  as 
Dr.  Rendle  points  out,  the  Japanese  R.  mucronatum  G.  Don,  but  it  is  non-glan- 
dular, the  flowers  are  not  more  than  one-third  the  sivze  and  have  a  minute  calyx 
and  a  more  tubular  corolla.  Its  nearest  relative  is  probably  the  Formosan  R.  ru- 
bropilosum  Hayata.  It  is  evidently  a  twiggy  plant  and  the  young  branches  are 
clothed  with  the  usual  flattened,  appressed  bristles.  The  oval  to  lanceolate  per- 
sistent leaves  are  from  1.5  to  3.5  cm.  long  and  from  0.7  to  1.2  cm.  wide,  acute 
and  mucronate,  with  slightly  recurved  margins,  the  midrib  impressed  above,  promi- 
nent below.  On  adult  leaves  the  upper  surface  is  clothed  with  appressed  white 
hairs  but  when  young  both  surfaces  are  densely  covered  with  rufous-gray,  silky 
hairs.  The  flowers  are  in  terminal  two  to  several  flowered  clusters.  The 
corolla  is  campanulate-funnel-form,  with  the  tube  less  than  1  cm.  long  and  short 
spreading  lobes,  and  is  said  to  be  from  lilac  to  violet-purple  in  color;  the  stamens 
vary  from  6  to  10,  are  slightly  exserted  and  are  overtopped  by  the  graceful, 
curved  style  which  is  villose  at  the  base.  The  pedicels,  calyx  and  ovary  are  densely 
clad  with  ferrugineous  villose  and  more  or  less  flattened,  straight  hairs.  The 


52  THE  AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WOULD 

fruit  is  conic-ovoid  and  is  densely  clothed  with  rufous,  appressed  and  villose 
pubescence. 

It  is  widely  distributed  and  very  common  on  the  highlands  of  northern 
Luzon.  It  is  evidently  a  very  pretty  species  and  ought  to  be  introduced  into  gar- 
dens. The  flowers  vary  considerably  in  color  and  No.  364  from  Bontoc  is  said  to 
have  white  flowers.  No.  351,  also  from  Bontoc,  has  very  slender  branches  and 
small,  elliptic,  acute  leaves  and  is  very  different  in  appearance  from  the  other  speci- 
mens. I  can  find  no  morphological  differences,  and  it  appears  to  be  simply  a  con- 
dition; probably  the  plant  from  which  the  specimen  was  taken  was  growing  in  the 
crevice  of  a  boulder  or  of  a  cliff. 

Rhododendron  rubropilosum  Hayata  in  Jour.  Coll.  Sci.  Tokyo, 
XXX.  art.  1,  173  (Mat.  Fl  Formos.)  (1911).  —  Kanehira,  Formos. 
Trees,  326,  fig.  11  (1917).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII. 
[16]  (1918). 

Rhododendron  caryophyllum  Hayata,  Icon.  PL  Formos.  III.  130,  t.  23  (1913). — 
Kanehira,  Formos.  Trees,  318,  fig.  17  (1917). 

Formosa:  prov.  Kagi,  east  of  Ari-san,  alt.  2500-3300  m.  February 
2  and  4,  October  26,  1919,  (Nos.  9728,  9779,  10,939);  same  locality, 
June,  1914,  U.  Faurie  (Herb.  Bur.  Sci.  Manila). 

On  the  grass-clad  mountain-slopes  east  of  Ari-san  this  species  is  common 
between  altitudes  of  2300  and  3300  m.  but  I  did  not  see  it  elsewhere.  It  is  a  narrow 
shrub  from  1  to  3  m.  tall,  with  twiggy,  rigid,  ascending  branches,  which  when 
young  are  densely  covered  with  appressed,  flattened,  gray  to  red-brown  hairs. 
The  leaves  are  persistent,  scattered  on  the  free-growing  shoots  and  crowded  at 
the  tip  of  the  branchlets;  in  shape  they  vary  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  elliptic- 
lanceolate  and  are  from  1  to  4  cm.  long  and  from  0.5  to  1.7  cm.  wide,  acute,  tipped 
with  a  glandular  mucro  and  narrowed  at  base;  the  upper  surface  is  dark  green, 
with  scattered,  appressed,  pale  gray  hairs  and  the  underside  is  pale  green  and 
clothed  with  flattened,  appressed,  gray  to  brown  strigose  hairs,  which  are  especially 
prominent  on  the  midrib.  The  petiole  is  densely  clad  with  appressed,  flattened 
hairs  similar  to  those  on  the  branches.  The  bud-scales  of  the  flowers  are  pubescent 
but  not  glandular.  The  flowers  are  of  medium  size,  pink  spotted  with  rose,  short- 
stalked  and  borne  several  together  at  the  end  of  the  branchlet;  the  corolla  is  fun- 
nel-shape, with  spreading  lobes,  and  from  1.5  to  2.5  cm.  across.  Hayata  gives  the 
number  of  stamens  as  10  but  on  my  specimens  I  find  7  or  8  only;  they  are 
of  unequal  length  but  shorter  than  the  corolla.  The  pistil  overtops  the  stamens 
and  has  a  relatively  stout,  slightly  curved  style,  villose  at  the  base,  and  the  ovary 
is  densely  clothed  with  pale  gray  soft  hairs.  The  fruit  is  ovoid-conic,  from  0.5 
to  0.8  cm.  long  and  densely  clothed  with  shaggy,  gray-brown  hairs.  The  type 
specimen  of  R.  caryophyllum  which  I  have  seen,  has  smaller  leaves  and  flowers 
than  is  usual  in  the  species  which  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  specimens  came  from 
a  wind-swept  slope  near  the  altitudinal  limits  of  the  species.  My  No.  9779  is  simi- 
lar. In  late  October  I  found  many  plants  in  full  bloom  and  apparently  it  is  pre- 
cocious in  its  habit  of  flowering.  I  collected  seeds,  and  plants  of  this  species  are 
now  growing  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum  and  in  several  gardens  in  England.  They 
will  not  be  hardy  except  in  favored  localities  like  Cornwall  and  California. 

Rhododendron  tosaense  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  VI.  53  (1892); 
in  XVIII.  101  (1904).  — Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II,  506 


ENUMERATION   OF   THE   SPECIES  53 

(1911).  —  Matsumura,  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  465  (1912).  —  Ko- 
matsu  in  Icon.  PL  Koisikav.  II.  91,  t.  130  (1915);  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag. 
XXXII.  [17]  (1918). 

Japan:  Shikoku,  prov.  Tosa,  round  Kochi,  sea-level  to  1000  m. 
altitude,  November  20,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  7801). 

A  twiggy,  eglandular  shrub  growing  from  0.3  to  2.5  m.  but  usually  from  1  to 
1.5  m.  tall,  with  slender  branches  clothed  with  appressed,  straight  gray  to  gray- 
brown  hairs.  The  leaves  are  scattered  on  the  shoots  and  free-growing  branches 
and  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets.  They  are  more  or  less  deciduous  and 
change  in  the  autumn  to  purplish  crimson;  those  formed  in  the  spring  are  oblance- 
olate  or  lanceolate  from  1.2  to  3.5  cm.  long  and  from  0.5  to  1  cm.  broad  and  are 
acute  and  clothed  with  appressed,  straight,  gray  hairs;  the  summer  leaves  are 
linear  to  oblanceolate  from  0.5  to  1  cm.  long  and  from  1  to  5  mm.  wide.  The 
flowers  are  produced  in  clusters  of  from  2  to  6,  but  occasionally  are  solitary.  The 
corolla  is  lilac-purple,  about  3  cm.  across.  The  pedicels  are  short  and  the  calyx 
is  very  small  and  clothed  with  long,  straight  white  hairs.  The  stamens  vary  in 
number  from  5  to  8,  are  of  unequal  length,  included  and  overtopped  by  the  style 
which  is  exserted.  The  fruit  is  ovoid,  about  9  mm.  long,  clothed  with  appressed, 
straight  hairs  and  subtended  by  the  persistent  calyx-lobes. 

The  species  is  abundant  on  the  lower  mountain-slopes  of  Tosa  province,  Shi- 
koku, from  sea-level  to  altitudes  of  1000  m.  On  exposed  slopes  it  is  dwarf  and 
dense  in  habit,  but  in  thickets  it  is  tall  and  loosely  branched.  The  summer 
leaves  are  minute  and  with  the  slender  twiggy  branchlets  easily  distinguish  this 
species  from  others.  I  have  seen  a  few  flowers,  but  the  color  is  not  attractive 
though  doubtless  in  spring  when  covered  with  blossoms,  the  plant  would  have  a 
charm  of  its  own.  I  saw  plenty  of  it  in  November,  1914,  and  collected  seeds  for 
the  Arnold  Arboretum.  These  were  distributed  but  the  plants  raised  here  have 
not  proved  hardy. 

Rhododendron  serpyllifolium  Miquel  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.-Bat.  II. 
165  (1865-66);  Prol  Fl.  Jap.  97  (1866-67).  —  Maximowicz  in  Mem. 
Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg,  se>  7,  XVI.  42,  t.  4,  figs.  18-25  (Rhodod. 
As.  Or.)  (1870).  Franchet  &  Savatier,  Enum.  PL  Jap.  I.  292  (1875).— 
Hooker  f.  in  Bot.  Mag.  CXXII.  t.  7503  (1896).  —  Boissier  in  Bull. 
Herb.  Boiss.  V.  919  (1897).  —  Matsumura  in  Bot.  Mag.  Tokyo  XIV. 
69  (1900);  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  464  (1912).  —  Schneider,  III.  Handb. 
Laubholzk.  II.  507,  fig.  333  a-d  (1911). —  Bean,  Trees  &  Shrubs 
Brit.  Isl.  II.  378  (1914).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  240  (1917).  —  Komatsu  in 
Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [15]  (1918). 

Azalea?  serpyllifolia  A.  Gray  in  Perry,  Jap.  Exped.  II.  315  (1857);  in  Mem. 
Am.  Acad.  n.  ser.  VI.  399  (1858-59).  — Masters inGard.  Chron.  n.  ser.  XVII. 
429  (1882). 

Japan:  Kyushu,  prov.  Osumi,  Mt.  Takakuma,  March,  1912,  K. 
Toyohira;  prov.  Hizen,  Mt.  Unzen,  April  14,  1914,  K.  Sakurai;  Naga- 
saki, cultivated,  1863,  C.  Maximowicz  (Herb.  Kew).  Hondo,  prov. 
Settsu,  near  Kobe,  April,  1875,  H.  N.  Moseley  (Herb.  Kew);  prov. 


54  THE   AZALEAS   OF   THE   OLD   WORLD 

Idzu,  May  19,  1853,  C.  Wright  (Herb.  Gray) ;  same  place,  cultivated, 
April,  1854,  Messers  Williams  &  Morrow  (Herb.  Gray,  type);  Mt. 
Amagi,  April  27,  1913,  K.  Sakurai;  prov.  Sagami,  Hakone,  April  and 
May,  1875,  H.  N.  Moseley  (Herb.  Kew). 

Cultivated:  Arnold  Arboretum,  flowered  in  greenhouse,  March 
14,  1907;  Royal  Gardens,  Kew,  April  14,  1896  (Herb.  Kew,  type  of 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  7503). 

During  my  travels  in  Japan  I  did  not  see  this  pretty  little  species  in  a  wild 
state.  On  the  volcanic  mountains  of  the  Hakone  region  and  on  those  of  Idzu 
province,  especially  Amagi-san,  it  is  said  to  be  common.  This  seems  to  be  the 
northern  limit  of  its  range.  Matsumura  gives  two  or  three  other  localities  in 
Hondo  but  I  have  seen  no  specimens  except  one  from  near  Kobe  which  probably 
came  from  a  cultivated  plant.  In  the  south  island  of  Kyushu  it  grows  on  the 
volcanic  Mt.  Unzen  near  Nagasaki,  and  on  Mt.  Takakuma  in  the  southern  prov- 
ince of  Osumi.  Matsumura  records  it  from  Okinawa  Island  in  Liukiu  but  I  have 
seen  no  material  from  there.  In  Japan  it  appears  to  be  confined  to  purely  volcanic 
soils.  It  is  also  frequently  cultivated  there,  especially  in  the  gardens  of  the 
peasantry. 

According  to  Messers  Williams  and  Morrow  its  Japanese  name  signifies 
"  Rice  Azalea"  and  has  reference  to  the  leaves  which  are  minute  and  smaller 
than  those  of  any  other  Japanese  species.  It  was  introduced  into  cultivation 
in  England  by  Messers  Veitch,  presumably  through  their  collector  Charles 
Maries,  and  flowered  for  the  first  time  in  England  in  1882.  Later  it  was 
introduced  to  America  but  is  still  very  rare.  In  the  Arnold  Arboretum  it  has 
not  proved  hardy.  The  figure  in  the  Botanical  Magazine  gives  a  very  good  idea 
of  this  species. 

Differing  from  the  type  in  color  of  the  corolla  only  is :  — 
Rhododendron  serpyllifolium  var.  albiflorum  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot. 
Mag.  XXII.  57  (1908). —  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  507 
(1911).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [15]  (1918). 

Of  this  I  have  seen  only  Makino's  type  which  he  says  is  from  the  mountains 
of  western  Japan.  Makino  names  it  in  the  vernacular  the  "  Shirobana-unzen- 
tsutsuji." 

Rhododendron  Nakaharai  Hayata  in  Jour.  Coll.  Sd.  Tokyo  XXV. 
art.  19, 153  (Fl  Mont.  Formos.)  (1908).— Millais, Rhodod.2W  (1917).— 
Kanehira,  Formos.  Trees,  325,  fig.  15  (1917). — Komatsu  in  Tokyo 
Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [14]  (1918). 

Rhododendron  serpyllifolium  Hayata  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XX.  72  (1906),  not 
Miquel. 

Formosa:  prov.  Taihoku,  Mt.  Shichisei  ex  Hayata. 

I  did  not  see  this  plant  growing  wild  but  in  Tokyo  examined  the  type  specimen 
and  consider  it  to  be  a  good  species.  As  the  author  points  out  it  is  nearest  to  R. 
serpyllifolium  Miq.  from  which  it  is  at  once  distinguished  by  its  larger  flowers, 
each  with  10  stamens. 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  55 

Rhododendron  Tschonoskii  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sri.  St. 
Petersburg,  se>.  7,  XVI.  42,  t.  3,  figs.  8b-14  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.) 
(1870);  in  Bull.  Acad.  Sri.  St.  Petersburg,  ser.  3,  XV.  230  (1871).— 
Franchet  &  Savatier,  Enum.  PL  Jap.  I.  295  (1875).  —  Boissier 
in  Bull  Herb.  Boiss.  V.  919  (1897).  —  Matsumura,  PL  Nikko,  71 
(1894);  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  465  (1912). —Schneider,  III.  Handb. 
Laubholzk.  II.  507,  fig.  332  l-o  (1911). —  Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs 
Brit.  Isl.  II.  383  (1914).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  256  (1917).  —  Nakai  in 
Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXI.  244  (1917);  Fl.  Syl.  Kor.  VIII.  46,  t.  17 
(1919).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [15]  (1918). 

Azalea  Tschonoskii  O.  Kuntze  Rev.  Gen.  II.  387  (1891). 

Rhododendron  trinerve  Franchet  apud  Boissier  in  Bull.  Herb.  Boiss.  V.  92 
(1897). 

Rhododendron  Tschonoskii  a.  typicum  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XVIII.  66 
(1904). 

Rhododendron  Tschonoskii  a.  typicum  a.  pentamerum  Makino  1.  c.  —  Matsu- 
mura, Ind.  PL  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  465  (1912). 

Rhododendron  Tschonoskii  a.  typicum  b.  tetramerum  Makino  I.  c.  —  Matsu- 
mura I.  c. 

Rhododendron  Tschonoskii  /3.  trinerve  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XVIII.  66 
(1904).  —  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  507  (1911). 

Rhododendron  Tschonoskii  /3.  trinerve  a.  pentamerum  Makino  1.  c.  —  Matsu- 
mura I.  c. 

Rhododendron  Tschonoskii  ft.  trinerve  b.  tetramerum  Makino  1.  c.  —  Matsumura 
I.e. 

Rhododendron  Tschonoskii  var.  tetramerum  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag. 
XXXII.  [15]  (1918). 

Japan:  Shikoku,  prov.  Tosa,  Nakatsu-san,  June  20,  1889,  K. 
Watanabe  (Herb.  Gray) .  Hondo,  prov.  Ettchu,  Mt.  Tateyama,  July  23, 
1884,  (Herb.  Kew) ;  prov.  Shinano,  Tsubakura-dake,  alt.  1300-1600  m., 
not  common,  September  15,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  7455) ;  Hatta- 
san,  July  13, 1894,  U.  Faurie  (No.  13,356);  Mt.  Asama,  July,  1904,  U. 
Faurie  (No.  5831);  prov.  Shimotsuke,  Nikko  region,  Lake  Yumoto, 
June  22,  October  18,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  7657);  same  locality, 
November  6,  1892,  C.  S.  Sargent;  Lake  Chuzenji,  August  12,  1905, 
J.  G.  Jack;  Mt.  Nyoho,  August  3,  1909,  K.  Sakurai;  prov.  Uzen, 
Adzuma-san,  alt.  800-2000  m.  July  20,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (Nos. 
7233,  7234,  7235);  mountains  round  Yamagata,  July  12,  1889,  U. 
Faurie  (No.  4444) ;  prov.  Rikuchu,  slopes  of  Hayachine-san,  alt.  1300- 
2000  m.  September  28,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  7583);  Mt.  Iwate 
July  16,  1903,  S.  Arimoto  (Herb.  Gray);  high  mountains,  1865, 
Tschonoskii  ex  Maximowicz  (Herb.  Kew,  Herb.  Gray,  co-type) ;  prov. 
Mutsu,  Nambu,  Shichinoki,  June  23,  1889,  U.  Faurie  (Herb.  Kew) ; 


56  THE  AZALEAS  OF  THE   OLD   WOELD 

Lake  Towada,  June  25,  1894,  U.  Faurie  (No.  13,279,  Herb.  Kew); 
Hakkoda-san,  alt.  1600  m.  July  5,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  7122); 
same  locality,  U.  Faurie  (No.  875,  Herb.  Kew).  Hokkaido,  prov. 
Oshima,  Esashi,  August  4,  1890,  K.  Miyabe  &  Y.  Tokubuchi  (Herb. 
Gray);  prov.  Ishikari,  near  Sapporo,  September  17,  1892,  C.  S.  Sar- 
gent; Masuzan,  July  30,  1897,  U.  Faurie  (No.  636). 

Korea :  prov.  South  Keisho,  Chiri-san,  peak  Ten-no-bo,  alt.  1845  m. 
November  16,  1917,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  9595);  same  place,  July  30, 
1913,  T.  Nakai. 

Cultivated :  Arnold  Arboretum  (No.  3691);  Royal  Gardens,  Kew, 
July  1,  1910;  Gardens,  Tokyo,  May  31,  1882,  K.  Miyabe. 

This  is  an  alpine  or  subalpine  species  that  grows  on  most  of  the  high  mountains 
in  Hondo  from  Shinano  northward;  in  Hokkaido  it  grows  sparingly  as  far  north 
as  the  mountains  round  Sapporo.  From  Shikoku  I  have  seen  but  one  specimen 
and  it  is  not  reported  from  Kyushu.  Out  of  Japan  this  species  has  been  found  only 
on  the  Chiri-san  range  in  south  Korea.  This  is  an  interesting  discovery  for  the 
plant  does  not  grow  on  Quelpaert  Island  where  so  many  Japanese  species  are 
common,  neither  has  it  been  found  elsewhere  in  Korea.  In  the  Nikko  region  R. 
Tschonoskii  is  quite  common,  especially  round  Lake  Yumoto,  where  it  grows 
on  shady  rocks.  On  Adzuma-san  it  is  abundant  in  places  fully  exposed  to  the  sun 
and  this  locality  is  about  the  centre  of  its  distribution.  On  the  wind-swept  upper- 
slopes  of  Hayachine-san  it  is  common  but  north  of  this  mountain  I  found  it  to 
be  rare. 

The  plant  forms  a  broad,  densely  branched  twiggy  shrub  from  0.3  to  2.5  m. 
high  but  is  usually  from  0.5  to  1.5  m.  being  taller  in  the  forest  shade  than  on 
exposed  rocks.  It  prefers  rocky  ground,  but  seems  to  be  equally  happy  in  the 
moist  woods  of  Nikko  and  on  the  exposed  cliffs  and  slopes  of  Adzuma  and  Haya- 
chine  mountains.  Sometimes  it  forms  a  broad  low  mat  but  is  more  usually  an 
upright  shrub.  It  is  always  very  twiggy  and  the  young  shoots  are  densely  cov- 
ered with  closely  appressed,  flattened  rufous  hairs.  The  short  stalked  leaves  are 
deciduous,  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  and  vary  in  shape  from  narrow- 
lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate  or  broad-oblanceolate,  they  are  acute  and  mucronu- 
late  and  may  have  one  or  three  prominent  nerves;  the  undersurface  is  pale  and 
both  surfaces  have  long,  appressed,  soft,  red-brown  hairs  which  are  especially 
noticeable  on  the  young  leaves.  The  flowers  are  small,  with  a  white  corolla,  and 
are  four  or  five  partite;  they  have  exserted  stamens,  and  are  borne  in  terminal 
clusters  of  from  4  to  6  flowers  in  each.  Except  that  the  leaves  vary  in  size  and 
may  have  either  one  or  three  prominent  nerves,  and  that  the  flowers  are  tetram- 
erous  or  pentamerous  the  species  is  very  constant.  From  one  and  the  same  bush 
on  Adzuma-san  I  gathered  specimens  which  exhibited  the  whole  range  of  varia- 
tion on  which  Makino  founded  his  numerous  forms.  With  its  small  white  flowers 
R.  Tschonoskii  is  very  distinct  from  all  other  Japanese  species  but  as  a  garden 
plant  it  has  little  to  recommend  it  though  in  autumn  the  leaves  change  to  rich 
shades  of  orange-red  and  crimson. 

It  was  discovered  in  1865  by  Maximowicz's  Japanese  collector  Tschonoski  on 
the  mountains  of  Rikuchu  province,  northern  Hondo,  and  is  figured  and  described 
by  Maximowicz.  It  was  introduced  into  England  by  Charles  Maries  who  sent 
seeds  to  Messers  Veitch  in  1878;  to  this  country  it  was  introduced  by  Professor 
Sargent  who  sent  seeds  from  the  Nikko  region  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  in  1892. 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  57 

In  1917  I  sent  seeds  to  the  same  institution  from  Chiri-san  in  Korea.    The 
Japanese  name  for  this  Azalea  is  "  Shirobana-no  Kome-tsutsuji." 

Rhododendron  microphyton  Franchet  in  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France 
XXXIII.  235  (1886).  — Hemsley  in  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  XXVI.  28 
(1889).  — Diels  in  Notes  Bot.  Gard.  Edinburgh,  VII.  309,  392 
(PL  Chin.  Forrest.)  (1913).  —  Hutchinson  in  Millais,  Rhodod.  210 
(1917). 

China:  prov.  Yunnan,  Talang,  alt.  1600m.  A.  Henry  (No.  11,596); 
Szemao,  alt.  1600  m.  A.  Henry  (No.  12,983);  "  Che-lin-se,  Pe-yen- 
tsin,"  May  3,  1916,  Simeon  Ten  (Nos.  86,  86a);  "  Mt.  Lai-chan-po, 
Pe-yen-tsin,"  May  2, 1916,  Simeon  Ten  (No.  83), "  Ni-kou,  Pe-yen-tsin," 
July  5,  1917,  Simeon  Ten  (No.  417);  Yunnan  Fu,  alt.  2000  m.  April, 
1916,  0.  Schoch  (No.  350  g);  Tali  mountain  range,  Lat.  25°  40'  N.  alt. 
2600-3300  m.  May  to  July,  1906,  G.  Forrest  (No.  4172^ . 

I  have  no  knowledge  of  this  plant  in  a  wild  state  but  according  to  notes  on  the 
specimens  cited  above  it  is  an  erect,  much-branched  shrub  growing  from  0.3  to 
2  m.  tall.  The  branchlets  are  short  and  twiggy  and  closely  beset  with  flattened, 
appressed  red-brown  bristles.  The  leaves  are  persistent,  oval  to  lanceolate  in 
shape,  from  0.5  to  3.5  cm.  long  and  from  0.5  to  1.5  broad,  acute,  obtuse  or  rounded 
at  the  apex  which  is  mucronulate;  the  upper  surface  is  dark  green,  the  lower  pallid 
and  both  have  scattered  hairs  on  the  midrib;  the  underside  and  the  petioles 
are  clad  with  red-brown  bristles.  The  flowers  are  borne  several  together  at  the 
end  of  the  branchlets  and  in  some  specimens  are  so  numerous  that  the  stem 
appears  to  be  clothed  with  flowers;  on  others  the  flower-clusters  are  sparse.  The 
corolla  is  rose-colored  with  crimson  markings,  with  a  slender,  cylindrical  tube 
from  5  to  8  mm.  long  and  spreading  lobes,  and  varies  from  1  to  2  cm.  in  diameter. 
The  five  stamens  are  exserted  and  shorter  than  the  style.  The  calyx  is  minute  or 
with  distinct  lanceolate  lobes  from  1  to  4  mm.  long,  and  like  the  pedicels  and  ovary 
is  clothed  with  straight,  shining  chestnut-brown  hairs.  The  red-brown  pubescence 
is  prominent  on  this  plant.  Its  small  leaves  and  small  flowers  resemble  those  of 
certain  species  of  the  section  Lepipherum,  rather  than  those  of  a  species  of  Tsutsutsi. 
Where  it  grows  plentifully  on  open  mountain-slopes  it  must  be  conspicuous  when 
in  bloom,  and  it  would  be  a  desirable  addition  to  gardens  even  as  a  pot  plant 
where  it  would  not  be  hardy.  From  the  altitude  given  by  Forrest  (2600-3300  m.) 
it  would  appear  that  this  species  is  not  only  the  most  western  but  the  most  alpine 
of  the  Chinese  species  of  the  section.  As  Franchet  points  out  it  is  the  Chinese 
analogue  of  the  Japanese  R.  Tschonoskii  Maxim,  and  like  that  species  exhibits 
considerable  variation  in  size  of  leaves  and  flowers.  At  first  I  thought  Simeon 
Ten's  No.  417  with  minute  leaves  and  small  flowers  was  a  distinct  variety  but 
after  careful  comparison  and  dissection  I  am  satisfied  that  the  distinct  appearance 
is  the  result  of  exposed  ecological  conditions. 

Rhododendron  Seniavinii  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St. 
Petersburg,  se>.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  33,  t.  3,  fig.  21-24  (Rhodod.  As. 
Or.)  (1870).  — Hemsley  in  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  XXVI.  30  (1889).— 
Bretschneider,  Hist.  European  Bot.  Disc.  Chin.  620  (1898).  —  Millais, 
Rhodod.  240  (1917). 


58  THE   AZALEAS   OF   THE   OLD   WORLD 

China:  prov.  Hunan,  Yiin-shan,  near  town  of  Wukang,  alt.  1350- 
1400  m.  June  9,  1918,  Dr.  Handel-Mazzetti  (No.  738). 

This  rare  and  very  distinct  species  is  unknown  to  me  in  a  living  state.  Dr. 
Handel-Mazzetti  says  it  is  a  shrub  some  2  m.  tall,  and  that  it  grows  on  the  margins 
of  forests  of  broad-leafed  trees  and  has  white  flowers  with  the  tube  of  the  corolla 
suffused  with  rose-color  and  the  upper-lobe  spotted  with  purple.  The  gray  and 
rufous-gray  appressed  hairs  which  clothe  the  shoots,  both  surfaces  of  the  young 
leaves,  the  under-side  of  adult  leaves,  pedicels,  calyx  and  ovary  well  characterise 
the  plant.  It  is  evidently  a  much-branched  twiggy  shrub,  and  the  shoots  are  clad 
for  a  season  with  the  usual  flattened,  appressed  bristles  of  the  group.  The  leaves 
are  persistent  or  semi-persistent,  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  dark  green, 
glabrescent  above  with  impressed  reticulate  veins.  In  shape  the  leaves  vary  from 
oval  to  lanceolate,  being  from  1.5  to  6.5  cm.  long  and  from  1  to  2.5  cm.  wide,  acute 
or  obtuse  and  mucronate  at  apex.  The  flowers  are  small,  clustered  from  3  to  10 
together  at  the  end  of  the  shoots;  the  corolla  is  about  1.5  cm.  across,  with  a  nearly 
cylindric  tube  hairy  on  the  outside,  and  spreading  lobes.  The  calyx  is  small  and 
hidden  beneath  the  gray  or  rufous  straight  hairs.  The  five  stamens  are  exserted, 
and  are  overtopped  by  the  style,  which  has  a  capitate,  lobed  stigma.  In  Maximo- 
wicz's  figure  the  petioles  vary  from  0.5  to  1  cm.  in  length  whereas  on  the  specimen 
cited  none  exceed  0.5  cm.  but  this  is  the  only  difference  I  can  find  and  were  more 
material  available  this  would  probably  disappear. 

The  discoverer  of  this  species  is  unknown  but  from  what  Bretschneider  says  it 
seems  probable  that  the  original  specimen  came  from  the  borders  of  western  Fokien, 
a  region  still  very  little  known  to  us.  Dr.  Handel-Mazzetti's  discovery  in  south- 
western Hunan  is  an  interesting  extension  of  the  range  of  the  species,  which  has 
for  so  long  remained  obscure.  It  is  not  in  cultivation. 

Rhododendron  Mariae  Hance  in  Jour.  Bot.  XX.  230  (1882).  — 
Hemsley  in  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  XXIX.  27  (1889).  — Dunn  &  Tutcher 
in  Kew  Bull.  Misc.  Inform,  add.  ser.  X.  155  (Fl.  Hongk.  and  Kwang- 
tung)  (1912).  —  Hutchinson  in  Millais,  Rhodod.  207  (1917). 

China:  prov.  Kwangtung,  Ting-woo  Mt.,  May  26,  1918,  C.  0. 
Levine,  Canton  Christian  College  Herb.  No.  2015  (Herb.  Bur.  Sci. 
Manila);  Loh-fau-shan,  alt.  1000  m.  August  10,  1917,  C.  0.  Levine 
(No.  1563,  Herb.  Bur.  Sci.  Manila);  same  place,  August  13,  1917, 
E.  D.  Merrill  (No.  11,103,  Herb.  Bur.  Sci.  Manila);  Tiu-kaen-shan, 
March,  1918,  To-Kang-P'eng,  Canton  Christian  College  Herb.  No. 
2370  (Herb.  Bur.  Sci.  Manila). 

Known  to  me  only  from  Hance's  description  with  which  the  above-cited  speci- 
mens agree  exactly.  It  is  evidently  a  twiggy  shrub  and  the  branchlets  are  clothed 
with  appressed,  reddish  gray  bristles  which,  changing  to  gray  persist  more  or  less 
during  a  couple  of  seasons.  The  leaves  are  dimorphic,  clustered  at  the  end  of  the 
branches,  persistent  and  for  a  plant  of  its  group  very  coriaceous;  they  are  shining 
dark  green  and  nearly  glabrous  above,  with  impressed,  reticulate  veins,  pale  below, 
with  raised  veins  and  scattered  appressed  rufous  bristles.  The  spring  leaves  are 
elliptic-lanceolate  from  3  to  9  cm.  long  and  from  2  to  3  cm.  wide,  acute  and  mucronu- 
late;  the  summer  leaves  are  elliptic  to  obovate  from  1  to  3  cm.  long  and  from  0.8 
to  1.5  cm.  wide,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  mucronulate  apex.  The  petioles  are 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  59 

etrigosely  pubescent.  The  flowers  are  small,  crowded  in  terminal  clusters,  and 
fragrant.  The  corolla  is  lilac-colored,  with  a  slender  tube  about  1  cm.  long,  and 
small  spreading  lobes;  the  5  exserted  stamens  are  overtopped  by  the  slender  style 
with  its  capitate  stigma.  The  pedicels  are  straight  from  1  to  1.5  cm.  long  and  with 
the  annular  calyx  and  the  ovary  are  densely  clothed  with  shining,  rufous-brown 
strigose  hairs. 

This  species  is  known  only  from  one  or  two  localities  near  Canton  in  south 
China  and  is  evidently  closely  related  to  R.  Seniavinii  Maxim.  So  far  as  I  know 
it  has  never  been  introduced  into  cultivation,  although  discovered  by  the  Reverend 
B.  C.  Henry  as  long  ago  as  April,  1882. 

Rhododendron  scabrum  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  846  (1834).— 
Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersbourg,  ser.  7,  XVI.  No.  9, 
49  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870). 

Rhododendron  sublanceolatum  Miquel  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.-Bat.  II.  163  (1865— 
66);  Prol  Fl.  Jap.  95  (1866-67).  —  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St. 
Petersbourg,  ser.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  35  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870).  —  Franchet 
&  Savatier,  Enum.  PL  Jap.  I.  290  (1875).  —  Hemsley  in  Jour.  Linn.  Soc. 
XXVI.  31  (1889).—  Gard.  Chron.  XLIX.  342,  fig.  157  (1911).  —  Jour. 
Hort.  Soc.  Lond.  XXXVII.  p.  cxxxi.  fig.  115  (1911). —  Schneider,  III 
Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  504  (1911).  — Craib  in  Bot.  Mag.  CXXXIX.  t.  8478 
(1913).  — Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl.  II.  381  (1914).  — Millais,  Rhodod. 
249  (1917).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [12]  (1918). 

Rhododendron  indicuni  Hooker  and  Arnott,  Bot.  Voy.  Beechey  266  (1841),  not 
Sweet.  —  Matsumura  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XIV.  69  (1900). 

Rhododendron  Jodogawa  Hort.  apud  Hasskarl  in  Cat.  Hort.  Bog.  alt.  162 
(1844). 

Rhododendron  indicum  /3.  sinensis  Miquel  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.-Bat.  I.  33 
(1863-64). 

Rhododendron  ledifolium  /3.  purpureum  Maximowicx  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Peters- 
bourg, se>.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  36  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870),  in  part. 

Azalea  sublanceolata  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II.  387  (1891). 

Rhododendron  indicum  var.  sublanceolatum  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XVIII. 
100  (1904).  —  Matsumura,  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  461  (1912). 

Rhododendron  sublateritium  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [12] 
(1918). 

Rhododendron  liukiuense  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [12]  (1918). 

Liukiu:  Okinawa  Island,  near  Katena,  sea-level  to  100  m.  March 
8,  1917,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  8046);  without  locality,  C.  Wright  (No. 
172,  Herb.  Gray,  Herb.  Kew):  Takuno-shima,  hillsides,  April  1, 
1853,  C.  Wright  (Herb.  Gray). 

Japan:  Kyushu,  prov.  Satsuma,  Kagoshima,  cultivated,  May  6, 
1918,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  10,344,  10,345);  Kajiki,  cultivated,  May, 
1917,  Z.  Tashiro;  prov.  Hizen,  Nagasaki,  1862,  R.  Oldham  (No.  504, 
Herb.  Gray,  Herb.  Kew);  same  locality,  G.  H.  Langsdorff  (Herb. 
Kew);  same  locality,  1863,  C.  Maximowicz  (Herb.  Kew);  same  lo- 
cality, cultivated,  April  25,  1903,  U.  Faurie  (No.  7873);  prov.  Chi- 
kugo,  Kurume,  cultivated,  May  3,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson.  Hondo,  prov. 


60  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

Musashi,  Yokohama,  cultivated,  December  22,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson 
(No.  7873);  same  locality,  May  15,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson. 

Cultivated:  Hort.  Holm  Lea,  Brookline,  Mass.,  April  15,  1915; 
Hort.  Kew,  1912,  type  of  Bot.  Mag.  t.  8478. 

This  is  a  laxly  branched  shrub  from  1  to  2  m.  high  and  has  relatively  stout 
branches  which  are  clothed  in  their  first  year  with  appressed,  flattened,  strigose,  gray- 
brown  hairs  which  gradually  disappear.  The  leaves  are  shining,  coriaceous,  nearly 
glabrous  except  on  the  veins  at  maturity,  persistent;  those  formed  in  the  spring 
are  lanceolate  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  from  4  to  10  cm.  long  and  from  2  to  3.5  cm. 
broad,  acute  or  obtuse  and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  the  base  broadly  cuneate,  the 
margin  slightly  recurved  ciliate  and  sub-crenulate,  the  principal  veins  impressed 
above  and  prominently  raised  on  the  under  surface;  the  summer  leaves  are  ob- 
lanceolate,  smaller  and  more  coriaceous  than  the  spring  leaves  and  subacute  or 
rounded  at  the  apex,  which  is  mucronulate;  when  young  the  leaves  have  appressed, 
straight  gray-brown  hairs  more  especially  on  the  nerves  and  an  occasional  sessile 
gland  on  the  under-side;  at  maturity  they  are  very  sparsely  pubescent  except  on 
primary  and  secondary  nerves;  the  petiole  is  stout,  flattened,  somewhat  appressed 
to  the  shoot,  and  is  clothed  with  pubescence  similar  to  that  on  the  shoots  and  leaf 
veins.  The  winter-buds  are  ovoid,  acute,  clothed  with  rufous,  appressed  straight 
hairs;  the  inner  bud-scales  cinnamon-brown,  ciliate,  viscid  on  inner  surface  and  re- 
main on  the  base  of  the  pedicels  of  the  expanded  flowers.  The  flowers  are  borne  in 
terminal  clusters  from  2  to  6  in  each.  The  calyx  is  green,  ample,  the  lobes  usually 
oval  and  rounded,  about  6  mm.  long  and  5  mm.  broad,  sometimes  one  and  occasion- 
ally all  the  calyx-lobes  lance-shape  and  1.2  cm.  or  more  long,  acuminate,  ciliate  and 
glandular,  and  covered  with  appressed,  straight,  gray  hairs.  The  corolla  is  rose-red 
to  vivid  scarlet,  broad-funnel-shape  about  6  cm.  wide,  lobed  nearly  to  the  middle; 
stamens  10,  included,  overtopped  by  style.  The  fruit  is  erect,  ovoid,  from  1  to 
1.2  cm.  long,  sparsely  hairy,  and  is  subtended  by  persistent  calyx-lobes. 

This  species  is  endemic  in  the  Liukiu  Islands,  where  it  is  confined  to  the  middle, 
or  Okinawa,  group  of  islands  and  to  Takuno-shima,  the  most  southern  of  the  north- 
ern, or  Oshima,  group.  It  grows  among  shrubs,  coarse  grasses  and  Pinus  luchuensis 
Mayr,  and  when  in  bloom  is  very  conspicuous.  It  is  a  common  plant  in  gardens 
round  Kagoshima  in  south  Japan,  having  been  long  ago  introduced  from  Liukiu. 
From  Kagoshima  it  has  been  taken  to  Nagasaki  and  north  as  far  as  Tokyo,  but  it 
is  only  in  the  warmer  parts  of  south  Japan  that  it  can  be  described  as  a  common 
garden  plant.  The  leaves,  flowers  and  fruit  are  larger  than  those  of  other  species 
of  the  group;  the  leaves  are  also  more  persistent  and  more  coriaceous.  The  flowers 
are  normally  of  an  intense  scarlet  but  they  vary  to  rose-red.  The  calyx-lobes  are 
often  very  unequal  in  size  on  the  same  flower  or  flower-cluster  and  they  vary  too 
in  degree  of  pubescence.  In  habit  it  is  more  vigorous  but  less  compact  than  that 
of  other  species  of  the  group.  Specimens  in  Herb.  Kew  and  Herb.  Gray  labelled 
R.  Sieboldii  var.  ellipticum  ex  Herb.  Lugd.-Bat.,  1863,  would  appear  to  belong  here 
though  the  flowers  are  abnormally  small  for  the  species.  The  leaves,  bud-scales, 
calyx  and  number  of  stamens  agree  and  it  may  be  that  the  specimens  are  from  a 
plant  flowering  out  of  season  or  under  abnormal  conditions. 

Maximowicz,  Miquel  and  Makino  refer  to  it  as  the  "  Chinese  Azalea  "  but  there 
does  not  appear  to  be  any  authority  for  the  statement  since  the  plant  itself  is  un- 
known in  China.  To-day  in  Japan  generally  it  is  known  as  the  Liukiu  (Riukiu) 
Azalea,  but  round  Kurume  in  Kyushu  it  is  called  "Hiwoge-yodogawa."  Maximo* 
wicz  does  not  appear  to  have  properly  known  this  species  and  has  confused  Wright's 
Tokuno-shima  specimen  and  others  with  his  R.  ledifolium  /3.  purpureum  yet  he 


ENUMERATION  OF  THE  SPECIES  61 

states  that  it  was  introduced  into  Petrograd  in  1864.  In  England  this  Liukiu  species 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  properly  known  before  1911,  when  Mr.  R.  C.  Notcutt 
of  Woodbridge  exhibited  it  at  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society's  Temple  Show  in 
London.  In  1915  I  brought  plants  from  Japan  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  Of  all 
the  red-flowered  species  of  eastern  Asia  except  the  Formosan  R.  Oldhamii  Maxim, 
it  is  the  least  hardy.  In  Massachusetts  it  is  a  greenhouse  plant  and  blossoms 
sparsely.  Miquel  did  not  know  the  color  of  the  flowers  of  his  R.  sublanceolatum 
citing  it  as  alba?  which  it  certainly  is  not  for  no  white  form  is  known  even  to-day. 
The  color  of  the  flowers  varies  from  intense  scarlet  to  rich  magenta.  Don  gives 
deep  rose-color  for  the  type  and  the  scarlet-flowered  form,  which  is  the  usual  form 
found  growing  wild,  may  be  distinguished  as  f .  coccineum  Wilson,  n.  name.  It  is 
unfortunate  that  we  have  to  adopt  Don's  name  for  this  species  yet  it  is  undoubtedly 
the  oldest  since  his  description  fits  this  plant  and  no  other.  He  says  that  the  leaves 
are  "  ovate  "  a  term  not  often  applicable  to  the  leaves  of  any  Azalea,  they  are,  how- 
ever, broader  in  this  species  than  in  any  other.  Don  cites  as  a  synonym  R.  maxi- 
mum Thunb.,  which  is  R.  Mettemichii  S.  &  Z.,  but  no  word  of  his  description  has 
reference  to  this  Eurhododendron.  This  Liukiu  species  has  been  cultivated  round 
Nagasaki  and  other  towns  in  southern  Kyushu  I  know  not  how  long,  but  Don  is 
wrong  in  saying  that  it  is  native  of  Japan,  though  the  mistake  is  natural  when  the 
period  he  wrote  in  is  considered.  Komatsu  bases  his  two  species  on  slight  differ- 
ences in  the  shape  of  the  leaves,  in  the  color  of  the  corolla  and  on  the  length  of  the 
corolla-tube.  Such  trivial  differences  are  unimportant  in  such  variable  plants  as 
the  Azaleas  of  the  Tsutsutsi  section. 

Rhododendron  phoeniceum  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  846  (1834). 

Azalea  indica  var.  y.  Sims  in  Bot.  Mag.  LIII.  t.  2667  (1826). 

Azalea  punicea  Sweet  apud  Poiteau  in  Annal.  de  From.  I.  102,  104  (1829), 

not  Rhododendron  indicum  a.  puniceum  Sweet. 
Rhododendron  indicum  y.  phoeniceum  Sweet,  Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  ser.  2,  II.  sub.  t. 

128  (1832). 
Rhododendron  indicum  var.  speciosum  D.  Don  in  Sweet,  Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  ser.  2, 

III.  t.  284  (1835),  excluding  synonomy. 

Azalea  indica  phoenicea  Hovey,  Am.  Gard.  Mag.  I.  224  (1835).  v 

Azalea  indica  Rawsonii  Loudon,  Gard.  Mag.  n.  ser.  II.  421  (1836). 
Azalea  Rawsonii  Paxton,  Mag.  Bot.  III.  123,  t.  (1837). 
Rhododendron  indicum  y.  purpureum  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  pt.  2, 726  (1839), 

in  part,  not  Sweet. 
Rhododendron  ledifolium  /3.   phoeniceum   De  Candolle,    Prodr.   VII.    pt.   2, 

727    (1839),   in  part.  —  Render  in  Bailey,  Stand.   Cycl.   Hort.  V.  2944 

(1916). 

Rhododendron  puniceum  Planchon  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  IX.  79  (1854),  not  Rox- 
burgh; in  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  46,  61.  —  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St. 

Petersburg,  ser.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  35  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870).  — Schneider, 

III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  504  (1911). 
Azalea  phoenicea  Hort.  Paris  apud  Planchon  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  IX.  79  (1854),  as 

a  synonym;  in  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  61. 

Japan:  ex  Siebold  comm.  Zuccarini  ex  Herb.  Zucc.  1842  (Herb. 
Gray,  doubtful  specimen). 
Cultivated:  Hort.  Holm  Lea,  March  30,  1917,  A.  Rehder. 

Although  introduced  into  European  gardens  as  long  ago  as  1824  and  used  in 
such  vast  quantities  as  a  stock  on  which  to  graft  the  varieties  of  "Indian  Azaleas" 


62  THE  AZALEAS  OF  THE  OLD  WORLD 

BO-called,  the  origin  of  this  plant  is  obscure.  It  appears  to  have  been  sent  from 
Canton,  China,  to  the  Horticultural  Society's  garden  at  Chiswick,  probably  by 
John  Reeves  but  the  facts  are  not  clearly  known.  One  of  these  plants  was  figured 
by  Sims  in  the  Botanical  Magazine  (t.  2667),  and  according  to  Poiteau  it  was  known 
in  the  gardens  round  Paris  in  1829  but  was  rare.  ,No  wild  species  to  which  it  can 
be  referred  unhesitatingly  has  been  discovered.  In  Japan  I  saw  nothing  just  like 
it  but  it  is  evident  that  the  "  Omurasaki-tsutsuji  "  is  a  glorified  form  of  it.  In  its 
vigorous  habit,  size  of  flower  and  shyness  of  blossoming  R.  phoeniceum  G.  Don 
resembles  R.  scabrum  G.  Don,  whilst  in  the  calyx  and  character  of  pubescence  it 
suggests  R.  mucronatum  G.  Don;  its  viscid  inner  bud-scales  agree  with  both  species. 
Possibly  it  is  a  hybrid  between  these  two  species  though  I  incline  to  the  belief 
that  it  is  nothing  but  an  extreme  form  of  R.  scabrum  G.  Don.  I  have  not  been 
able  to  discover  just  when  it  reached  America  but  it  was  cultivated  by  Hovey  & 
Co.,  Boston,  Mass.,  in  1835.  In  England  attemps  to  hybridise  this  plant  with  all 
sorts  of  species  of  Rhododendron  were  made  and  the  books  record  a  number  of 
presumed  hybrids  of  remarkable  parentage.  For  example  Paxton's  Azalea  Raw- 
sonii  is  said  to  be  a  cross  between  A.  phoenicea  and  R.  dauricum  atrovirens 
but  an  unbiased  examination  of  the  plate  reflects  nothing  but  a  good  colored  form 
of  R.  phoeniceum.  Other  presumed  hybrids  are  dealt  with  hereunder  and  it  is 
evident  that  enthusiasm  out-did  the  facts.  It  is  probable  that  this  plant  has  had 
something  to  do  in  the  evolution  of  the  present-day  race  of  "  Indian  Azaleas."  In 
Belgium  R.  phoeniceum  and  its  variety  concinnum  are  the  principal  stocks  used  in 
grafting  the  "Indian  Azaleas"  of  commerce. 

A  form  of  this  is:  — 

Rhododendron  phoeniceum  f .  semiduplex  Wilson,  n.  f. 

Azalea  ledifolia  var.  /3.  phoenicea  Hooker  in  Bot.  Mag.  LX.  t.  3239  (1833). 
Rhododendron  kdifolium  ft.  phoeniceum  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  pt.  2,  727 

(1839),  in  part. 

G.  Don  and  others  have  merged  this  into  the  type  but  its  semi-double  flowers 
make  it  distinct  as  a  garden  plant.  The  color  is  poor.  I  have  seen  the  specimen 
preserved  in  Herb.  Kew  from  which  the  Botanical  Magazine  figure  was  prepared 
but  no  living  material,  and  do  not  know  if  the  plant  is  now  in  cultivation.  In  the 
typical  R.  phoeniceum  flowers  are  often  seen  in  which  the  stamens  show  a  tendency 
toward  becoming  petaloid. 

Another  form  is:  — 

Rhododendron  phoeniceum  f.  Smithii  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Rhododendron  indicum  7.  Smithii  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830). 
Rhododendron  pukhrum  Sweet,  Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  ser.  2,  II.  t.  117  (1832). — 

De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  pt.  2,  726  (1839).  —  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad. 

Sci.  St.  Petersbourg,  se>.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  36  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870). 
Rhododendron  indicum  pulchrum  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  845  (1834). 
Azalea  indica  hybrida  Loudon,  Gard.  Mag.  n.  ser.  I.  326  (1835).  —  Hovey, 

Am.  Gard.  Mag.  II.  157  (1836). 

This  plant  is  stated  variously  to  be  "  the  produce  of  R.  ledifolium  Hook,  im- 
pregnated by  the  pollen  of  the  Old  Red  R.  indicum"  and  "  a  hybrid  between  R. 
phoeniceum  and  R.  ledifolium"  but  to  me  it  appears  to  be  nothing  else  than  a  form 
of  R.  phoeniceum.  Under  Loudon's  name  it  was  introduced  into  America  about 
1835  and  was  exhibited  for  the  first  time  before  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society  on  March  5,  1836,  by  Hovey  &  Co.  For  many  years  it  was  a  favorite 


ENUMERATION  OF  THE    SPECIES  63 

plant  at  exhibitions.   It  is  still  cultivated  in  the  Magnolia  Gardens,  near  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina. 

An  old  and  obscure  plant  is:  — 

Rhododendron  phoeniceum  f .  splendens  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Rhododendron  phoeniceum  var.  splendens  D.  Don  in  Sweet,  Brit.  Flow.  Gard. 
ser.2,IV.t.385(1837). 

This  is  said  to  be  a  seedling  raised  from  R.  phoeniceum  G.  Don  pollinated  by 
R.  catawbiense  Mich,  but  the  figure  shows  no  influence  of  the  latter  plant.  That 
it  is  a  seedling  may  be  accepted,  but  it  is  certainly  nothing  more  than  a  good  colored 
form  of  R.  phoeniceum  with  only  from  5  to  8  stamens. 

A  common  garden  plant  in  Japan  is:  — 

Rhododendron  phoeniceum  var.  calycinum  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Azalea  indica  calycina  Lindley  in  Paxton,  Flow.  Gard.  II.  169,  t.  70  (1852). 
Rhododendron  calycinum  Planchon  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  IX.  81  (1854) ;  in  Rev.  Hort. 

1854,  65. 
Rhododendron  ledifolium  /3.  purpureum  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St. 

Petersburg,  sSr.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  36  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870),  in  part.  — 

Franchet  &  Savatier,  Enum.  PI.  Jap.  I.  291  (1875).  —  Matsumura,  Ind. 

PI.  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  462  (1912).  —  Render  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.  Hort.  V. 

2944  (1916). 
Azalea  rosmarinifolia  var.  purpurea  Rehder  in  Bailey,  Cycl.  Am.  Hort.  1. 123 

(1900). 
Rhododendron  rosmarinifolium  var.  purpureum  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laub- 

holzk.  II.  504  (1911).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [351  (1918). 
Rhododendron  rosmarinifolium  var.  speciosum  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag. 

XXVII.  110  (1913). 

Rhododendron  Oomurasaki  Makino  in  Jour.  Jap.  Bot.  I.  18  (1917). 
Rhododendron  Osakazuki  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [46]  (1918) ; 

in  Icon.  Koisikav.  IV.  9,  t.  217  (1918). 

Japan:  Kyushu,  prov.  Hizen,  Nagasaki,  cultivated,  1863,  C.  Max- 
imowcz  (Herb.  Kew,  Herb.  Gray,  co-types  of  R.  ledifolium  0.  pur- 
pureum Maxim.);  same  locality,  1862,  R.  Oldham  (No.  509,  Herb. 
Kew, Herb.  Gray;  No.  607,  Herb.  Kew);  prov.  Chikugo,  Kurume,  culti- 
vated, May  3,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson.  Hondo,  prov.  Choshu,  Shimono- 
seki,  Sanyo  Hotel  garden,  cultivated,  May  17,  1917,  E.  H.  Wilson 
(No.  8425);  prov.  Musashi,  Yokohama,  cultivated,  Hort.  Suzuki, 
May  15,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson;  Tokyo,  cultivated,  May  11,  1902,  K.  Sa- 
kurai;  same  locality,  cultivated,  May  12,  1910. 

As  pointed  out  by  Lindley  this  variety  is  much  superior  to  the  type  for  it  has 
larger,  more  richly  colored  flowers.  The  corolla  is  rose-purple  with  crimson  spots. 
The  calyx-lobes  are  larger  and  more  acuminate  but  they  vary.  In  Paxton's  figure 
the  calyx  is  glabrous  but  this  is  a  mistake.  It  is  ciliate  and  sparsely  or  densely 
clothed  with  long,  straight,  appressed  hairs.  Apart  from  the  calyx  Paxton's  figure 
is  an  excellent  representation  of  the  Omurasaki-tsutsuji  (large  purple  Azalea)  so 
much  grown  in  the  gardens  of  Yokohama,  Tokyo  and  elsewhere  in  Japan.  At 


64  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

Kurume  in  Kyushu  it  is  known  as  the  Kumagai-yodogawa.  It  is  a  vigorous  free- 
flowering  plant  of  compact  habit  of  growth,  and  its  large,  magenta-red  flowers  are 
very  handsome.  Nothing  definite  appears  to  be  known  in  Japan  of  the  origin  of 
this  Azalea  but  it  has  been  cultivated  for  a  long  period.  Maximowicz 's  speci- 
men undoubtedly  belongs  here,  but  those  of  Langsdorff,  Wright  and  some  of 
Oldham's  included  by  Maximowicz  under  his  var.  purpureum  belong  to  R.  sca- 
brum  G.  Don.  Recent  botanists  seem  to  have  overlooked  Lindley's  name  and 
excellent  figure.  According  to  Planchon  this  variety  was  introduced  from  China 
by  Robert  Fortune  to  the  gardens  of  the  Horticultural  Society  at  Chiswick  where 
it  flowered  for  the  first  time  in  1851. 

A  very  hardy  form  with  carmine-red  flowers  much  cultivated  in 
Europe  and,  to  a  less  degree,  in  this  country  may  be  distinguished 
as:  — 

Rhododendron  phoeniceum  var.  calycinum  f.  Maxwellii  Wilson, 
n.  comb. 

Azalea  Maxwelli  Hort.  Wezelenburg,  Cat.  6,  fig.  (1915). 
Rhododendron  Maxwelli  Millais,  Rhodod.  208,  fig.  (1917). 

Japan :  Kyushu,  prov.  Chikugo,  Kurume,  cultivated,  May  3,  1918, 
E.  H.  Wilson. 

Cultivated:  Hort.  Bobbink  &  Atkins,  Rutherford,  N.  J.,  April,  1920. 
At  Kurume  this  bright-colored  form  is  known  as  the  "  Aka-yodogawa." 

To  this  variable  species  must  be  added :  — 
Rhododendron  phoeniceum  var.  tebotan  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Rhododendron  Tebotan  (Rh.  Kaempferi  X  Rh.  rosmarinifoliwri)  Komatsu  in 
Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [46]  (1918). 

This  variety  has  double  flowers  with  small  green  leaves  showing  the  centre, 
and  is  remarkable  for  its  color  which  is  the  same  as  that  of  Bougainvillaea  glabra 
Choisy,  and  quite  unique  among  Azaleas.  It  is  an  old  plant  in  Japanese  gardens 
but  is  now  rare  and  Japanese  nurserymen  substitute  for  it  Azalea  "  Fuji-manyo  " 
(R.  mucronatum  f.  plenum  Wils.).  In  1919  I  secured  in  Japan  a  living  plant  of 
the  true  var.  tebotan  for  the  Holm  Lea  collection  where  it  has  flowered. 

Rhododendron  yedoense  Maximowicz  apud  Regel  in  Gartenfl. 
XXXV.  565,  t.  1233  a-b  (1886).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  264  (1917). 

Azalea  Yodogava  Grignan  in  Rev.  Hort.  1908,  425  t.  fig.  2. 

Rhododendron  phoeniceum  Matsumura,  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  463  (1912), 

not  G.  Don. 
Rhododendron  Yodogawa  Kunert  in  Gartenwelt  XVI.  163,  t.  (1912).  —  Millais, 

Rhodod.  264  (1917). 
Rhododendron  poukhanense  var.  yodogawa  Render  in  Mitt.  Deutsch.  Dendr. 

Ges.  XXIV.  225  (1916);  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.  Hort.  V.  2943  (1916). 
Rhododendron  Poukhanense  var.  plenum  Nakai  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXI. 

245  (1917).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [12]  (1918). 
Azalea  Tado  Guno  Hort.  apud  Millais,  Rhodod.  264  (1917),  as  a  synonym. 
Rhododendron  Matsumurai  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [13]  (1918). 


ENUMERATION   OP  THE   SPECIES  65 

Korea:  prov.  Keiki,  cultivated,  Forestry  Experimental  Garden, 
Keijyo,  May  21,  1917,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  8422). 

Cultivated :  Arnold  Arboretum  (No.  7345);  ex  Hort.  E.  G.  Loder, 
May,  1898  (Herb.  Kew). 

This  double-flowered  Azalea,  in  recent  years  exported  from  Japan  in  some  quan- 
tity to  the  gardens  of  Europe  and  America,  is  certainly  nothing  but  a  monstrous 
form  of  R.  yedoense  var.  poukhanense  Nakai.  My  Korean  specimens  came  from  a 
plant  which  had  been  found  wild  not  far  from  Mt.  Poukhan  and  transplanted  to 
the  Government  Forestry  Experimental  Garden,  and  are  indistinguishable  from 
others  taken  from  plants  cultivated  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  The  habit  is  spread- 
ing and  more  lax  than  in  the  type  except  when  the  latter  grows  among  tall  bushes. 
The  flowers  are  quite  double,  and  the  corolla  is  rose-purple  and  much  less  beautiful 
than  that  of  the  type;  the  calyx  is  green,  often  larger  than  in  the  type,  with  oval 
segments.  The  leaves  are  characteristic  and  have  the  impressed  veins  on  the 
upper  surface. 

This  form  seems  to  have  become  known  in  our  gardens  comparatively  recently 
and  to  have  been  first  introduced  into  Petrograd  by  Japanese  and  exhibited  at  the 
International  Exhibition  there  in  1884.  It  is  perfectly  hardy  in  the  Arnold  Arbor- 
etum. Matsumura  gives  "  Botan-tsutsuji "  (Paeony  Azalea)  as  the  vernacular 
name  of  this  plant. 

The  wild  type  of  the  species  is: — 

Rhododendron  yedoense  var.  poukhanense  Nakai  hi  Tokyo  Bot. 
Mag.  XXXIV.  (274)  (1920). 

Rhododendron  indicum  var.  Simsii  Palibin  in  Act.  Hort.  Petrop.  XVIII.  150 
(Consp.  Fl.  Kor.  11,  4)  (1900),  not  Maximowicz.  —  Nakai  in  Jour.  Coll. 
Sci.  Tokyo,  XXXI.  76  (FL  Kor.  II)  (1908). 

Rhododendron  poukhanense  LSveille*  in  Fedde,  Rep.  Nov.  Sp.  V.  100  (1908). — 
Nakai  in  Journ.  Coll.  Sci.  Tokyo,  XXXI.  76  (FL  Kor.  II)  (1908);  in 
Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXI.  244  (1917);  FL  Syl.  Kor.  VIII.  47,  t.  18  (1919). 
—  Komatsu  in  Icon.  PL  Koi&ikav.  II.  97,  t.  133  (1915).  —  Render  in 
Mitt.  Deutsch.  Dendr.  Ges.  XXIV.  225  (1916);  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.Hort. 
V.  2943  (1916). 

Rhododendron  hallaisanense  LeveillS  in  Fedde,  Rep.  Nov.  Sp.  XII.  101  (1913). 

Rhododendron  coreanum  Rehder  in  Mitt.  Deutsch.  Dendr.  Ges.  XXII.  259 
(1913).  — Millais,  Rhodod.  148  (1917). 

Korea:  Quelpaert  Island,  sea-level  to  1600  m.  abundant,  October 
29,  November  6,  1917,  E.  H.  Wilson  (Nos.  9396,  9458);  same  locality 
April  14,  October  25,  1908,  June  1909,  E.  Taquet  (Nos.  1090.  1091. 
4679,  4680,  2972) ;  prov.  South  Keisho,  Fusan,  May  18,1906,  U.Faurie 
(No.  670) :  prov.  Keiki,  Kazan,  near  Suigen  in  Pine-woods,  May  24, 
1917,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  8472);  Seoul,  April  29, 1894,  Miss  A.  Sontag 
(Herb.  Kew);  same  place,  Mt.  Poukhan,  September  25,  1905,  J.  G. 
Jack;  province  unknown,  "  Mt.  Pomasa,"  May  21,  1906,  U.  Faurie 
(No.  664). 

Cultivated:  Arnold  Arboretum  (No.  7254). 


66  THE  AZALEAS   OP  THE   OLD   WORLD 

This  Korean  Azalea  is  usually  a  compact  densely  branched  shrub  from  a  few 
inches  to  a  metre  high,  but  in  shaded  places  it  may  be  as  much  as  two  metres  tall 
and  rather  loosely  branched;  on  wind-swept  slopes  and  on  the  tops  of  rocks  it  hugs 
the  ground  and  forms  broad  mats.  The  branches  are  twiggy  and  clothed  with 
appressed  gray  hairs  which  disappear  the  second  year.  No  part  of  the  plant  is 
glandular;  the  winter-buds  are  ovoid,  more  or  less  pointed  and  covered  with 
appressed,  gray-brown  hairs.  The  leaves  are  quite  or  partially  deciduous  according 
to  climate  and  in  the  autumn  are  tinted  from  orange  to  crimson.  The  spring 
leaves  are  membranous,  oblanceolate  to  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  from  3  to 
8  cm.  long  and  from  1  to  2  cm.  broad,  acute  and  mucronate  at  apex,  with  a  narrow 
wedge-shaped  base;  they  are  dark  green  and  have  impressed  veins  on  the  upper 
surface,  and  are  pallid  below  where  the  principal  veins  are  prominent,  ascending 
and  arching  inward  but  not  extending  to  the  margins  of  the  leaf;  both  surfaces 
are  clothed  with  straight  appressed  gray  to  shining  brown  hairs.  The  summer 
leaves  are  thicker,  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate,  from  0.4  to  1  cm.  wide,  attenuate 
at  the  base;  the  margins  are  often  obscurely  crenate-serrate,  and  the  upper  surface 
is  glabrous  at  maturity  except  for  a  few,  short  appressed,  white  bristles.  The 
flowers  are  in  clusters  of  two  to  several,  and  are  remarkably  fragrant,  with  a 
corolla  rose  to  rosy  purple.  The  calyx  is  ample,  green  and  clothed  with  pubes- 
cence similar  to  that  of  the  leaves,  the  lobes  are  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
from  5  to  10  mm.  long,  acute,  obtuse  or  rounded.  The  pistil  is  exserted  but  the 
stamens  are  included,  10  in  number,  with  purple  anthers.  The  fruit  is  erect, 
ovoid,  from  7  to  10  mm.  long,  clothed  with  strigose  hairs  and  subtended  by 
the  persistent  calyx-lobes.  This  is  the  common  Azalea  of  Korea  from  about  the 
latitude  of  Seoul  (Keijyo),  the  capital  city  southward.  It  is  partial  to  open  country 
and  on  grassy  mountain-slopes  and  in  thin  Pine-woods  it  forms  dense  matlike 
masses  from  a  few  inches  to  a  yard  high.  On  boulders  in  water-courses  the  growth 
is  low  and  dense  but  in  thickets  the  plants  are  more  loosely  branched  and  often  two 
metres  high.  It  grows  from  sea-level  up  to  about  1600  m.  altitude  according  to 
latitude  and  in  some  places,  like  the  foothills  of  Chiri-san,  it  is  very  abundant. 
On  Quelpaert  it  grows  from  sea-level  to  near  the  summit  of  Hallai-san  and  is 
common  on  boulders  in  the  water-courses  and  on  the  moorlands.  On  Poukhan- 
san  behind  Keijyo  from  which  it  derives  its  specific  name  it  is  rare  though 
there  are  places  not  far  from  there  where  it  is  common. 

This  Azalea  was  introduced  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Jack  who 
sent  seeds  from  Poukhan-san  in  the  autumn  of  1905.  Plants  flowered  for  the  first 
time  in  May,  1914.  It  has  proved  perfectly  hardy  here,  grows  freely  and  flowers 
profusely.  The  flowers  are  distinctly  and  pleasantly  fragrant  and  the  plant  is  a 
decided  acquisition  to  the  list  of  hardy  species  of  its  section. 

Japanese  botanists  have  recorded  this  plant  from  several  places  in  Hondo,  Japan, 
and  Komatsu  (in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [38]  (1918) )  enumerates  fourteen  garden 
forms.  I  have  seen  the  Japanese  material  from  wild  plants  referred  to  this  species 
in  the  herbarium  of  the  Imperial  Botanic  Garden,  Tokyo,  but  it  is  too  fragmentary 
to  base  a  definite  opinion  upon.  That  from  the  Tokyo  region  has  yellow  anthers 
and  belongs  to  R.  dbtusum  var.  Kaempferi  f.  mikawanum  Wils.  It  certainly  has 
nothing  to  do  with  R.  yedoense  var.  poukhanense.  That  from  Bitchu  province 
collected  by  Z.  Yoshino  has  purple  anthers  and  the  veins  on  the  upper  surface 
are  indistinctly  impressed.  It  may  represent  Nakai's  variety  but  the  material  is 
too  incomplete  to  judge  by. 

Rhododendron  Oldhamii  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Peters- 
bourg,  se"r.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  34  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870).  —  Masters  in 
Gard.  Chron.  n.  ser.  XVII.  524  (1882).  —  Hemsley  in  Jour.  Linn.  Soc. 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  67 

XXVI.  28  (1889).  —  Henry  in  Trans.  Asiat.  Soc.  Jap.  XXIV.  suppl. 
57  (1896).  —  J.  H.  Veitch,  Hortus  Veitchii,  286  (1906).  —  Matsumura 
&  Hayata  in  Jour.  Coll.  Sci.  Tokyo,  XXII.  218  (Enum.  PL  Formos.) 
(1906).— Hayata  in  Jour.  Coll.  Sci.  Tokyo,  XXV.  art.  19,  153  (Fl. 
Mont.  Formos.)  (1908).  —  Matsumura,  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  463 
(1912).  — Komatsu  in  Icon.  PL  Koisikav.  II.  69,  t.  119  (1914);  in 
Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [11]  (1918).  —  Kanehira,  Formos.  Trees, 
325,  fig.  10  (1917).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  220  (1917). 

Azalea  Oldhamii  Hort.  Veitch.  apud  Masters  in  Gard.  Chron.  n.  ser.  XVII.  524 

(1882). 
Rhododendron  Oldhamii  var.  glandulosum  Hayata  in  Jour.  Coll.  Sci.  Tokyo 

XXV.  art.  19,  153  (Fl.  Mont.  Formos.)  (1908). 
Rhododendron  longiperulatum  Hayata,  Icon.  PL  Formos.  III.  138  (1913).- — 

Kanehira,  Formos.  Trees,  323,  fig.  13  (1917).  — Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag. 

XXXII.  [14]  (1918). 

Formosa:  prov.  Taihoku,  Jyukirin,  sea-level  to  1000m.,  April  8, 
1918,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  10,316);  Tamsui,  1864,  R.  Oldham  (No.  212, 
Herb.  Kew,  Herb.  Gray);  Sekitei,  alt.  100-500  m.  March  17,  1918, 
E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  10,165);  prov.  Nanto,  round  Lake  Candidius, 
March  11,  December  7,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson  (Nos.  9980,  11,175);  be- 
yond'Musha  up  to  2900  m.  March  3, 1918,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  10,029); 
prov.  Kagi,  beyond  Ari-san,  alt.  2800-2900  m.  February  4,  1918, 
E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  9778);  prov.  Koshun,  South  Cape,  Schmuser  ex 
A.  Henry  (Nos.  588,  in  part,  588A.  Herb.  Kew);  prov.  unknown, 
"  Okasaki,"  March,  1914,  U.  Faurie  (No.  164,  Herb.  Bur.  Sci.  Ma- 
nila); without  locality  ex  Herb.  Imp.  Bot.  Gard.  Tokyo  (Herb.  Bur. 
Sci.  Manila). 

This  is  the  common  red-flowered  Azalea  of  Formosa,  where  it  is  endemic  and 
widely  spread  from  sea-level  up  to  2800  m.  altitude  but  is  more  abundant  in  the 
north  than  elsewhere.  On  volcanic  Mt.  Daiton,  not  far  from  the  capital  city  of 
Taihoku,  it  is  a  feature  on  the  wind-swept  upper  slopes.  On  sandstone  cliffs  east 
of  Taihoku  it  is  common,  and  in  thickets  round  Lake  Candidius  in  central  Formosa 
it  is  a  conspicuous  shrub.  On  the  grass-clad  highlands  beyond  Musha  and  beyond 
Ari-san  it  is  plentiful.  I  did  not  see  it  in  the  extreme  south,  which  is  of  coral  forma- 
tion, and  suspect  that  Schmiiser's  specimen  cited  really  came  from  the  savage 
territory  more  to  the  north.  The  species  is  very  glandular  and  very  hairy,  the 
leaves  shoots,  pedicels  and  calyx  being  covered  with  a  soft  pubescence  much  of 
which  is  long,  villose  and  ferrugineous  in  color  but  on  wind-swept  mountains  in 
winter  the  pubescence  may  be  bleached  pale  gray  and  the  plant  shaggy  in  appear- 
ance. It  is  a  much-branched  shrub  from  1  to  3  m.  tall,  bushy  in  habit  with  twiggy 
branchlets  densely  clothed  with  glandular,  spreading,  red-brown  hairs  among 
which  are  scattered  flattened,  paleaceous  hairs  spreading  and  less  appressed 
than  is  the  rule  in  other  red-flowered  Azaleas.  The  leaves  are  persistent,  and  vary 
in  shape  from  elliptic  or  elliptic-oblong  to  elliptic-ovate  or  very  rarely  to  lanceolate; 
they  are  from  2  to  8  cm.  long  and  from  1  to  4  cm.  wide,  rounded  or  subacute  at  the 


68  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD  WORLD 

apex  which  is  furnished  with  a  long  gland-tipped  mucro;  the  base  is  narrowed. 
Both  surfaces  and  the  petiole  are  clothed  with  pubescence  similar  to  that  on 
the  shoots;  on  mature  leaves  the  upper  surface  is  scaberulous  from  the  presence  of 
the  tumid  persistent  base  of  deciduous  hairs;  the  veins  are  impressed  above, 
raised  and  prominently  reticulate  below.  The  flowers  are  borne  at  the  end  of  the 
shoots,  and  at  low  altitudes  appear  every  month  in  the  year.  The  corolla  is  red, 
funnel-shape,  with  spreading,  rounded  lobes,  and  from  3  to  5  cm.  in  diameter.  The 
calyx  is  green  and  variable  in  size,  and  the  lobes  may  be  rounded  and  less  than  1  mm. 
long  or  triangular-acuminate  and  as  much  as  8  mm.  long.  The  ten  stamens  are  of 
unequal  length,  the  longest  almost  equalling  the  corolla  but  overtopped  by  the 
slender,  glabrous,  exserted  style.  The  fruit  is  more  or  less  erect,  ovoid,  from  6  to 
10  mm.  long,  densely  glandular-setose,  on  pedicels  from  1  to  1.5  cm.  long. 

This  species  varies  considerably  in  size  of  the  leaves  and  calyx-lobes  and  some- 
what in  degree  of  hairiness  and  glandulosity  but  is  well  marked  and  easily  recog- 
nized among  all  the  species  of  its  section.  At  its  altitudinal  limits  and  on  bleak 
mountain-slopes  the  leaves,  which  are  scattered  on  the  free  shoots  and  clustered  at 
the  end  of  the  branchlets,  are  tinted  blackish  purple.  It  was  discovered  by  Rich- 
ard Oldham  round  Tamsui  in  1864,  and  introduced  to  gardens  by  Charles  Maries 
who  sent  seeds  to  Messers  Veitch  in  1878.  Plants  raised  from  these  seeds  were 
exhibited  in  London  in  the  spring  of  1882.  Whether  plants  of  this  origin  are  still 
in  cultivation  I  do  not  know.  In  1918  I  sent  seeds  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  which 
were  distributed  in  America  and  Europe.  As  a  greenhouse  plant  Oldham's  Azalea 
is  worth  cultivating. 

In  Tokyo  I  examined  the  type  specimen  of  R.  longiperulatum  Hayata  and  could 
find  no  characters  by  which  to  separate  it  from  R.  Oldhamii.  On  Mt.  Daiton,  the 
type  locality  given  by  Hayata  for  his  species,  the  variable  R.  Oldhamii  is  abundant 
but  1  could  find  no  other  species  of  the  group  growing  there.  Mr.  Shimada  who 
accompanied  me  told  me  it  was  all  R.  longiperulatum  Hayata  so-named  from  his 
original  specimen  collected  on  this  mountain. 

Rhododendron  mucronatum  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  846  (1834). 

Azalea  rosmarinifolia  Burmann,  Fl.  Ind.  43,  t.  3,  fig.  3  (1768).  —  Rehder  in 

Bailey,  Cycl.  Am.  Hort.  I.  123  (1900). 
Azalea  mucronata  Blume,  Cat.  Gewass.  Buitenz.  44  (1823);  Bijdr.  Fl.  Nederl. 

853  (1825). 
Azalea  indica  alba  Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  X.  t.  811  (1824).  —  Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab. 

XIII.  t.  1253  (1827). 
Azalea  ledifolia  Hooker  in  Bot.  Mag.  LVI.  t.  2901   (1829).  —  Hovey,  Mag. 

Hort.  IV.  135  (1838). 
Azalea  liliiflora  Poiteau  in  Annal.  de  From.  104  (1829).  —  Loiseleur,  Herb. 

Amat.  se*r.  2,  I.  t.  40  (1839).  —  Carriere  in  Rev.  Hort.  1869,  299. 
Azalea  alba  Sweet  apud  Poiteau  in  Annal.  de  From.  104  (1829),  as  a  synonym. 
Rhododendron  leucanthum  Bunge  in  Mem.  Soc.  £tr.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersbourg, 

II.  115  (Enum.  PL  Chin.  Bor.  41)  (1833). 
Rhododendron  ledifolium  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  846  (1834).  — Siebold  and  Zuc- 

carini  in  Abh.  Akad.  Munch.  IV.  pt.  III.  131  (Fl  Jap.  Fam.  Nat.  II.  7) 

(1846).  —  Planchon  in  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  48.  —  Boissier,  Herb.  Boiss.  V.  918 

(1897).  — Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl.  II.  365  (1914). —  Rehder  in 

Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.    Hort.  V.  2943   (1916).  —  Millais,   Rhodod.   201,   t. 

(1917). 

Rhododendron  Burmanni  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  846  (1834). 
Rhododendron  macranthum  var.  albiflorum  Souchetianum  Lemaire  in  Loiseleur, 

Herb.  Amat.  se*r.  2,  III.  t.  15  (1843). 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  69 

Rhododendron   liliiflorum  grandiflorum  souchetianum  Lemaire  in  Loiseleur, 

Herb.  Amat.  ser.  2,  III.  sub.  t.  15  (1843),  as  a  synonym. 
Rhododendron  ledifolium  a.  leucanthum   De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  pt.  2,  727 

(1839).  —  Miquel  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.-Bat.  I.  34  (1863);  II.  164  (1865-66); 

Prol.  Fl.  Jap.  96  (1866-67).  —  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Peters- 

bourg,  ser.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  36  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)   (1870).  — Franchet  & 

Savatier,  Enum.  PI.  Jap.  I.  291  (1875).  —  Matsumura,  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II. 

pt.  2,  462  (1912). 
Rhododendron  rosmarinifolium  Dippel,  Handb.  Laubholzk.  I.  421  (1889),  not 

Vidal.  —  Voigtlander  in  Gartenwelt  XV.  650,  fig.   (1911). —  Schneider  III. 

Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  503,  figs.  330  f.,  331  c-e  (1911).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo 

Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [13]  (1918). 

Azalea  rosmarinifolia  var.  alba  Render  in  Bailey,  Cycl.  Am.  Hort.  1. 123  (1900). 
Rhododendron  rosmarinifolium  var.  album  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk. 

II.  504  (1911). 
Rhododendron  ledifolium  var.  album  Render  in  Mitt.  DeutschDendr.  (?es.XXIV. 

225  (1916). 

Japan:  Kyushu,  prov.  Hizen,  Nagasaki,  cultivated,  April  25,  1903, 
U.  Faurie  (No.  5434);  prov.  Chikugo,  Kurume,  cultivated,  May  3, 
1918,  E.  H.  Wilson.  Hondo,  prov.  Choshu,  Shimonoseki,  cultivated, 
garden  Sanyo  Hotel,  May  17,  1917,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  8426);  prov. 
Settsu,  near  Osaka,  cultivated,  May  7,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson;  prov. 
Kishu,  May  15,  1911,  K.  Sakurai;  prov.  Musashi,  Yokohama,  culti- 
vated, 1862,  C.  Maximowicz  (Herb.  Kew);  Tokyo,  cultivated,  March 
29,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6339);  same  locality,  cultivated,  May  15, 
1882,  K.  Miyabe;  prov.  Ugo,  Akita,  cultivated,  May  20,  1888,  U. 
Faurie  (No.  2133);  prov.  Mutsu,  Hirosaki,  May  27,  1905,  U.  Faurie 
(No.  6786).  Hokkaido,  prov.  Oshima,  Hakodate,  cultivated,  1855, 
C.  Wright  (Herb.  Gray,  Herb.  Kew);  same  locality,  1862,  M. 
Albrecht  (Herb.  Kew). 

Japan:  without  locality,  1862-63,  R.  Oldham  (No.  506);  ex  Herb. 
Lugd.-Bat.,  1863  (Herb.  Gray,  Herb.  Kew). 

China:  prov.  Hupeh,  Ichang,  cultivated,  A.  Henry  (No.  3503, 
Herb.  Gray). 

Cultivated:  ex  Herb.  Bot.  Bog.  (Herb.  Bur.  Sci.  Manila);  Forest 
Hills  Cemetery,  Boston,  Mass.,  June  9, 1906,  J.  G.  Jack;  Butler  Planta- 
tion, West  Feliciana  Parish,  La.,  March  28,  1910,  C.  S.  Sargent;  Hort. 
Berckmans,  Augusta,  Georgia,  March  18,  1909,  C.  S.  Sargent;  Hort. 
Kew,  May  28,  1901,  A.  Rehder. 

This  well-known  plant  is  a  much-branched  compact,  wide-spreading  shrub  usu- 
ally from  1.5  to  2  m.  tall  but  sometimes  over  3  m.  high  and  more  in  diameter. 
The  shoots  in  their  first  year,  as  well  as  the  petioles  and  pedicels,  are  densely  clothed 
with  gray  to  gray-brown,  spreading,  soft  hairs  and  intermixed  with  them,  espe- 
cially on  the  shoots,  are  few  or  many  appressed  and  spreading,  flattened,  bristle-like 
hairs.  On  both  shoots  and  pedicels  occasional  glandular  hairs  are  present;  the  inner 


70  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

scales  of  the  flower-buds  are  also  glandular.  The  spring  leaves  are  light  green, 
deciduous  and  rather  thin  in  texture,  they  are  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  from 
3  to  6  cm.  long  and  from  1  to  2.5  cm.  wide,  acute  or  obtuse,  mucronulate,  clothed 
on  both  surfaces  witlj  soft,  straight,  appressed,  gray  to  rufous  hairs;  the  summer 
leaves  are  dark  green,  numerous,  persistent  and  sub-coriaceous,  oblong-lanceolate 
to  oblanceolate-oblong,  from  1  to  4  cm.  long  and  from  0.6  to  1.2  cm.  wide,  obtuse 
or  rounded,  mucronate,  somewhat  rugulose  above,  prominently  veined  on  the 
lower  surface,  their  margins  more  or  less  recurved;  both  surfaces  are  clothed  with 
soft,  straight,  appressed,  gray  to  rufous  hairs,  and  often  mixed  with  these  are 
spreading,  glandular,  gray  hairs.  The  flowers  are  in  clusters  of  one  or  more  at 
the  end  of  the  branch,  fragrant,  pure  white;  occasionally  an  odd  branch  may  have 
rose-colored  flowers,  or  flowers  striped  with  rose.  The  calyx  is  green  and  ample, 
the  calyx-lobes  are  erect,  lance-shaped,  about  1  cm.  long,  often  somewhat  erose 
and  more  or  less  densely  glandular-pubescent.  The  corolla  is  wide-funnel  shape 
from  4  to  5  cm.  long  and  broad;  the  stamens  are  usually  10  (occasionally  8)  as 
long  as  the  corolla  or  nearly  so,  and  are  exceeded  by  the  pistil  which  is  slightly 
exserted.  The  fruit  is  conic,  with  appressed  setose  hairs,  and  is  shorter  than  the 
persistent  calyx-lobes  which  surround  it. 

This  Azalea  is  a  favorite  plant  in  Japan  and  has  a  place  in  almost  every  garden 
more  especially  from  Tokyo  southward,  but  its  wild  prototype  was  discovered 
only  quite  recently.1  It  is  the  "  Jedogawa-tsutsuji  with  white  flowers  "  mentioned 
by  Kaempfer  (Amoen.  Exot.  848  [1712]),  and  by  Thunberg  was  included  under  his 
Azalea  indica  as  "  Yedogawa  Satsuke."  It  was  cultivated  in  Java  in  the  days 
of  Burmann  and  without  doubt  was  brought  there  from  Nagasaki,  Japan,  by  Dutch 
trading  ships.  In  China  it  is  grown  in  the  gardens  of  the  wealthy  in  many  parts 
of  the  Empire,  but  how  it  got  there  we  do  not  know.  According  to  Lindley  (Bot. 
Reg.  X.  t.  811  [1824])  it  was  first  introduced  into  England  to  the  nurseries  of  Mr. 
Brookes  at  Ball's  Pond  through  his  collector  Joseph  Poole  who  sent  it  from  China 
in  1819.  Like  all  introductions  of  this  period  it  came,  in  all  probability,  either 
from  Canton  or  Macao.  Probably  there  were  other  importations  from  China  in 
early  times  and  during  the  last  thirty  years  hundreds  of  thousands  of  plants  have 
been  sent  from  Japan  to  America  and  Europe.  Its  fragrant,  white  flowers  and 
good  constitution  have  made  it  a  favorite  and  common  plant  in  the  greenhouses  of 
the  west.  In  fairly  recent  years  it  has  been  found  to  be  more  hardy  than  was  once 
supposed,  and  it  is  now  quite  frequently  seen  as  an  outdoor  garden  shrub.  I  have 
not  been  able  to  ascertain  the  exact  date  of  its  introduction  into  America,  but 
Hovey  tells  us  that  it  was  growing  in  the  garden  of  J.  P.  Gushing,  Belmont 
Place,  Watertown,  Massachusetts,  in  February,  1838.  It  is  scarcely  hardy  near 
Boston  but  on  Long  Island,  New  York,  and  southward  it  is  perfectly  hardy.  In 
Japan  it  is  known  as  the  "  Shiro-yodogawa,"  that  is  "  White  Yodogawa." 

I  am  familiar  with  this  plant  in  the  gardens  of  Japan  and  China  as  well  as  in  those 
of  Europe  and  America  and  in  addition  to  the  material  enumerated  I  have  seen 
the  many  old  specimens  preserved  in  Herb.  Kew  and  Herb.  Gray,  which  include 
several  sent  from  Java  many  years  ago.  Every  specimen  in  herbaria  that  I  have 
seen  is  definitely  stated  to  have  come  from  cultivated  plants.  That  it  is  an  albino 
form  of  some  species  has  long  been  suspected  and  it  is  satisfactory  to  be  able  to 
identify  it  at  last.  After  an  exhaustive  study  I  am  of  the  definite  opinion  that  this 
old  favorite  garden  plant  is  a  white-flowered  form  of  a  plant  wild  near  the  banks 
of  rivers  on  the  island  of  Shikoku,  which  has  lilac-purple  flowers  and  to  which 
Makino  (in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXII.  55  (1908)  has  given  the  name  R.  ripense. 


1  Millais  states  that  "  Carles  collected  it  on  the  Seoul  mountains  in  Korea.' 
This  is  incorrect;  the  plant  is  R.  yedoense  var.  poukhanense  Nakai. 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  71 

The  specific  name  here  employed  to  designate  this  species  is  the  oldest  valid 
name  but  it  seems  to  have  been  quite  overlooked.  Burmann  named  the  plant 
Azalea  rosmarinifolia  in  1768.  This  is  the  oldest  name  but  unfortunately  it  was 
neglected  for  over  a  century  and  became  invalidated  under  Rhododendron  by  the 
R.  rosmarinifolium  Vidal,  a  Philippine  species,  some  years  before  it  was  taken  up 
for  Burmann's  plant  by  Dippel. 

A  form  with  larger  flowers  than  the  type  is :  — 
Rhododendron  mucronatum  f.  Noordtianum  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Azalea  japonica  alba  grandiflora  van  Noordt  Pynaert  in  Rev.  Hort.  Belg.  XXX. 

133,  t.  (1904) .  —  Reuter  in  Mailer's  Deutsch.  Gdrtn.  Zeit.  XX.  73,  fig.  (1905) . 
Azalea   ledifolia  var.  Noordtiana  Wittmack   in  Gartenfi.  LIX.  310,  fig.  32 

(1910). 
Rhododendron  ledifolium  var.   Noordtianum  Render  in  Mitt.   Deutsch.  Ges. 

XXIV.  225  (1916). 
Rhododendron  rosmarinifolium  f .  Oriukiu  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII. 

[35]  (1918). 

Japan:  Hondo,  prov.  Kawachi,  Ikeda,  cultivated,  May  8,  1918, 
E.  H.  Wilson. 

Pynaert  states  that  this  form  was  raised  in  the  nursery  of  P.  van  Noordt  & 
Sons,  Boskoop,  from  seeds  collected  from  some  plants  introduced  from  Japan.  I 
can  find  no  difference  between  it  and  the  form  long  cultivated  in  Japan  under 
the  name  of  0-riukiu-tsutsuji  (large  Liukiu  Azalea).  It  is  considered  in  Europe 
to  be  a  very  hardy  form  of  the  type. 

Very  similar  to  the  last-named  form  is:  — 
Rhododendron  mucronatum  "Mattapan"  Wilson,  n.  f. 
Azalea  "Mattapan"  C.  M.  Hovey,  Mag.  Hort.  XXVII.  190  (1861). 

This  plant  was  exhibited  for  the  first  time  before  the  Massachusetts  Horticul- 
tural Society  on  March  23,  1861,  by  C.  M.  Hovey,  and  described  as  "  a  new  seed- 
ling, flowers  white  with  a  yellowish  blotch  on  the  upper  petals  which  are  fringed 
in  the  way  of  A.  crispiflora."  This  handsome  form  is  still  in  the  Holm  Lea  collec- 
tion and  in  other  gardens  round  Boston,  Mass.  In  some  gardens  this  Azalea  is 
known  by  the  name  of  "America." 

A  form  with  double  white  flowers  is :  — 

Rhododendron  mucronatum  f .  narcissiflorum  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Rhododendron  narcissiflorum  Planchon  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  IX.  82  (1854) ;  in  Rev. 

Hort.  1854,  67.  —  Hemsley  in  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  XXVI.  27  (1889).  —  Millais, 

Rhodod.  216  (1917). 
Azalea  narcissiflora  Fortune  apud  Planchon  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  IX.  82  (1854),  as 

a  synonym.  —  Hovey,  Mag.  Hort.  XXII.  9  (1856). 
Rhododendron  ledifolium  7.  narcissiflorum  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci. 

St.  Petersburg,  ser.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  36  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870),  in  part.  — 

Franchet  &  Savatier,  Enum.  PL  Jap.  I.  291  (1875).  —  Matsumura,  Ind. 

PI.  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  462  (1912).  —  Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl.  II.  366 

(1914).  —  Render  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.  Hort.  V.  2944  (1916). 
Azalea  rosmarinifolia  var.  narcissiflora  Render  in  Bailey,  Cycl.  Am.  Hort.  123 

(1900). 


72  THE   AZALEAS   OF   THE   OLD   WORLD 

Rhododendron   rosmarinifolium   var.   narcissifiorum   Schneider,   III.    Handb. 

Laubholzk.  II.  504  (1911). 
Rhododendron   rosmarinifolium  f.  narcissiflorum  a.  Shiromanyo  Komatsu  in 

Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [36]  (1918). 

Japan:  Kyushu,  prov.  Chikugo,  Kurume,  cultivated,  May  3,  1918, 
E.  H.  Wilson. 

Under  the  name  of  "  Shiro-manyo-tsutsuji  "  this  double-flowered  form  has  been 
cultivated  in  Japan  for  a  long  time  —  probably  centuries.  It  was  introduced  into 
England  by  Robert  Fortune  who  sent  plants  from  China  to  Messers  Standish  & 
Noble  about  1850  or  1851.  It  was  imported  into  this  country  by  C.  M.  Hovey  in 
1855.  Hovey  (Mag.  Hort.  V.  25  [1839])  speaks  of  an  Azalea  ledifolia  alba  pleno 
having  been  introduced  into  Boston  in  1838.  The  name  suggests  that  the  form  nar- 
cissiflorum may  have  been  in  gardens  prior  to  Fortune's  introduction  but  I  have 
been  unable  to  find  any  further  reference  to  the  plant  mentioned  by  Hovey.  Mil- 
lais  suggests  this  may  be  a  hybrid  R.  indicum  x  R.  linearifolium  ?  but  it  is 
difficult  to  understand  why  it  should  be  regarded  as  anything  but  the  common 
R.  mucronatum  G.  Don  (Azalea  ledifolia  Hook.)  with  double  flowers.  The  habit, 
fragrance,  calyx  and  pubescence  are  identical.  Maximowicz  refers  the  double  rose- 
colored  form  (f .  plenum  Wils.)  to  this  f .  narcissiflorum  and  Millais  does  the  same 
but  for  horticultural  purposes  it  is  best  kept  distinct. 

A  fine  garden  form  of  the  type  is:  — 

Rhododendron  mucronatum  f.  sekidera  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Rhododendron  rosmarinifolium  f.   Sekidera  Komatsu  in    Tokyo   Bot.   Mag. 
XXXII.  [35]  (1918). 

Rhododendron  Sekidera   (Rhod.  indicum    X   Rhod.   Kaempferi)  Komatsu  in 
Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [46]  (1918). 

Azalea  magniflca  Hort.  Yokohama  Nursery  Co.  Cat.  1918-19,  p.  19. 

Azalea  indica  roseum  Hort.  Andorra  Nurseries,  May,  1919. 

Azalea  japonica  grandiflora  superba  Hort.  Andorra  Nurseries,  May,  1919. 

Azalea  "  Damask  Rose  "  Hort.  Andorra  Nurseries,  May,  1919. 

Japan:  prov.  Musashi,  cultivated,  May  21,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson 
(No.  6670). 

This  very  handsome  plant  I  saw  cultivated  in  the  grounds  of  the  Yokohama 
Nursery  Company.  The  flowers  are  as  large  as  those  of  f.  Noordtianum,  pure 
white  with  the  dorsal  lobes  spotted  and  splashed  with  rose,  occasionally  a  flower  is 
rose-colored;  the  stamens  vary  in  number  from  6  to  10  but  are  usually  10.  Under 
the  names  Azalea  indica  roseum  and  Azalea  "Damask  Rose"  slightly  inferior 
forms  were  sent  to  us  for  determination  last  year.  The  true  variety  is  cultivated 
by  Mr.  John  S.  Ames,  North  Easton,  Mass.,  who  imported  it  in  1917.  In  1919  I 
brought  back  plants  from  Japan  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  This  most  desirable 
addition  to  our  gardens  will  probably  prove  to  be  as  hardy  as  the  typical  white- 
flowered  R.  mucronatum  G.  Don. 

A  spontaneous  variety  and  undoubtedly  the  phylogenetic  type  of 
the  species  is :  — 

Rhododendron  mucronatum  var.  ripense  Wilson,  n.  comb. 
Rhododendron  ripense  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXII.  55  (1908).  —  Schnei- 
der, III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  503  (1911).  —  Komatsu  in  Icon.  PI.  Koisi- 
kav.  II.  71,  t.  120  (1914);  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [12]  (1918). 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  73 

Japan:  Kyushu,  prov.  Hizen,  Nagasaki,  common  in  gardens, 
March  19,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6316);  prov.  Chikugo,  Kurume, 
cultivated,  May  3,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson. 

Cultivated:  Garden  of  Butler  Plantation,  West  Feliciana  Parish, 
Louisiana,  March  28,  1910,  C.  S.  Sargent. 

I  have  examined  the  type  of  Makino's  R.  ripense  and  can  find  no  character  by 
which  it  differs  from  R.  mucronatum  G.  Don,  except  in  the  rose-purple  color  of  its 
flowers,  and  as  is  well  known  a  branch  bearing  colored  flowers  is  often  found  in 
Don's  species.  Nevertheless,  Makino's  discovery  is  most  interesting  since  it 
enables  us  to  place  definitely  the  habitat  and  parentage  of  R.  mucronatum  G.  Don 
which  has  remained  obscure  for  over  a  century  and  a  half.  Makino  gives  two 
localities  and  says  that  it  is  found  wild  by  the  side  of  rivers  in  Tosa  and  lyo  prov- 
inces in  Shikoku,  and  also  that  it  is  frequently  cultivated.  I  have  seen  it  only 
as  a  cultivated  plant  in  Japan  where  it  is  not  by  any  means  such  a  general  favorite 
as  the  pure  white  form.  I  saw  more  plants  round  Nagasaki  than  elsewhere.  At 
Kurume  it  is  known  as  the  "  Momo-iro-yodogawa."  Makino  gives  the  vernacular 
name  in  Tosa  province  as  "  Iso-tsutsuji." 

There  is  in  cultivation  in  this  country  an  intermediate  and  very 
lovely  form  in  which  the  corolla  is  white,  delicately  flushed  with  pale 
lilac-purple  and  has  a  few  very  faint  rose-pink  spots.  As  a  garden 
plant  it  is  distinct  and  desirable  and  it  may  be  called: — 

R.  mucronatum  f.  amethystinum  Wilson,  n.  f. 

Cultivated:  Hort.  Farquhar  &  Co.,  Boston,  Mass.,  April  1, 1909, 
(type).  Hort.  Andorra  Nurseries,  Chestnut  Hill,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
May  20,  1920,  as  Azalea  japonica  alba. 

Rhododendron  mucronatum  f.  plenum  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Azalea  indica  var.  /S.  plena  Suns  in  Bot.  Mag.  LI.  t.  2509  (1824). 

Azalea  indica  7.  purpurea  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  264  (1827). 

Azalea  prolifera  Poiteau  in  Annal.  de  From.  I.  104  (1829). 

Rhododendron  phoeniceum  var.  p.flore  pleno  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  846  (1834). 

Azalea  purpurea  pleno  Hovey,  Mag.  Hort.  V.  115  (1839). 

Rhododendron  indicum  f .  incamatum  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  726  (1839). 

Rhododendron  ledifolium  7.  nartissiflorum  Maximowicz  in  Mim.  Acad.  Sci. 

St.  Petersburg,  se>.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  36  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870),  in  part. 
Rhododendron  ledifolium  var.  plena  purpurea  Regel  in  Gartenfl.  XXXV.  565, 

t.  1233,  fig.  c-d  (1886). 
Azalea  indica  purpurea  plena  Bretschneider,  Hist.  European  Bot.  Disc.  Chin. 

222  (1898). 
Rhododendron  rosmarinifolium  f.  narcissiflorum  /3.  Fujimanyo  Komatsu  in 

Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [36]  (1918). 

Japan:  Hondo,  prov.  Kawachi,  Ikeda,  cultivated,  May  8,  1918, 
E.  H.  Wilson. 
Cultivated:  Hort.  Holm  Lea,  Brookline,  Mass. 

Round  Tokyo  and  Yokohama  this  plant  is  known  as  Fujimanyo;  round  Osaka 
it  is  the  Murasaki-botan-tsutsuji  (purple  Paeony  Azalea).  It  is  an  old  plant  even 


74  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

in  western  gardens,  having  been  sent  by  Joseph  Poole  from  China  to  Samuel  Brookes, 
nurseryman,  Ball's  Pond,  Newington  Green,  England,  in  1819.  The  flower  is  rose- 
purple,  fragrant,  quite,  or  only  partially  double,  and  with  or  without  green  rudi- 
mentary leaves  showing  in  the  centre  of  the  flower.  Hovey  tells  us  that  this  plant 
was  cultivated  by  Mrs.  Hibbert  and  exhibited  before  the  Pennsylvania  Horticul- 
tural Society  on  February  19,  1839. 

Rhododendron  linearifolium  Siebold  &  Zuccarini  in  Abh.  Akad. 
Munch.  IV.  pt.  III.  131  (Fl.  Jap.  Nat.  II.  7)  (1846).— Miquel  in  Ann. 
Mus.  Lugd.-Bat.  I.  34  (1863);  II.  165  (1864-66);  Prol.  FL  Jap.  97 
(1866-67). — Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  Petersbourg,  se*r.  7, 
XVI.  No.  9,  34  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870).  —  Franchet  &  Savatier, 
Enum.  PL  Jap.  I.  290  (1875).  —  Boissier  in  Bull.  Herb.  Boiss.  V.  918 
(1897).  — Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  504,  figs.  330  g-k, 
331  f.  (1911).  —  Matsumura,  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  463  (1912).— 
Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl.  II.  366  (1914).  —  Millais,  Rhodod. 
203  (1917). 

Azalea  linearifolia  Hooker  f.  in  Bot.  Mag.  XCV.  t.  5769  (1869). 
Rhododendron  macrosepalum  var.  linearifolium  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag. 

XXII.  55  (1908).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [34]  (1918). 
Rhododendron   linearifolium  a.   linearifolium   Makino   in    Tokyo   Bot.  Mag. 

XXVII.  108  (1913). 

Cultivated:  November,  1867,  February,  1869,  ex  Hort.  Standish 
(Herb.  Kew);  1876,  ex  Hort.  Hunnewell  (Herb.  Gray). 

This  is  a  monstrous  garden  form  cultivated  in  Japan  but  rather  rare.  The  leaves 
are  narrow,  strap-shaped,  and  the  corolla  is  divided  into  narrow,  ligulate  segments. 
An  analogous  plant  is  R.  indicum  f .  polypetalum  Wils.  Maximowicz  says  it  was  in- 
troduced into  the  gardens  of  Tokyo  from  the  alpine  regions  of  Sendai  in  north- 
ern Japan.  This  is  a  mistake.  It  is  unknown  in  a  wild  state  and  was  first  known 
from  the  neighborhood  of  Nagasaki  in  Kyushu  the  southern  island  of  Japan.  Its 
Japanese  name  is  "  Seigai-tsutsuji."  It  was  introduced  into  England  by  Messers 
Standish  with  whom  it  flowered  in  November,  1867,  and  again  in  February,  1869. 
It  is  well  figured  in  the  Botanical  Magazine.  From  England  it  appears  to  have 
been  sent  to  this  country  for  it  flowered  in  the  garden  of  Mr.  H.  H.  Hunnewell, 
Wellesley,  Mass.,  in  1876.  According  to  Bean  it  is  quite  hardy  at  Kew.  It  is  not 
hardy  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum  and  I  do  not  know  whether  it  is  now  cultivated 
in  America. 

Rhododendron  linearifolium  var.  macrosepalum  Makino  in  Tokyo 
Bot.  Mag.  XXVII.  108  (1913). 

Rhododendron  macrosepalum  Maximowicz  in  Gartenfl.  XIX.  258,  t.  662  (1870) ; 
in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersburg,  s6r.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  31  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.) 
(1870) ;  in  Bull.  Acad.  St.  Petersburg,  se*r.  III.  XV.  227  (Mel  Biol  VII.  335) 
(1871).  — Franchet  &  Savatier,  Enum.  PL  Jap.  I.  290  (1875).  —  Dippel, 
Handb.  Laubholzk.  I.  420,  fig.  271  (1889).  —  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag. 
IV.  151  (1890);  XXII.  55  (1908).  — Boissier  in  Bull  Herb.  Boiss.  V.  918 
(1897).  — Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  503,  figs.  330  e,  331  a-b 


ENUMERATION   OF   THE   SPECIES  75 

(1911).  —  Matsumura,  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  463  (1912).  —  Millais,  Rho- 

dod.  205  (1917).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  BoL  Mag.  XXXII.  [13]  (1918). 
Azalea  macrosepala  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  II.  pt.  1,  180  (1872).  —  O.  Kuntze,  Rev. 

Gen.  II.  387  (1891). 
Rhododendron  linearifolium  /3.  macrosepalum  forma  a.  genuinum  Makino  in 

Tokyo  BoL  Mag.  XXVII.  108  (1913). 

Japan:  Kyushu,  prov.  Hizen,  roadside,  Nagasaki  to  Mogi,  No- 
vember 12,  1903,  C.  S.  Sargent.  Shikoku,  prov.  Tosa,  thickets  up  to 
300  m.  alt.  November  20,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  7794).  Hondo, 
prov.  Settsu,  near  Kobe,  April,  1875,  H.  N.  Moseley  (Herb.  Kew); 
prov.  Kawachi,  Yomomoto  and  Ikeda,  May  8,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson 
(No.  10,355);  prov.  Yamato,  Koyasan,  August  26,  1907,  U.  Faurie 
(No.  124);  Yoshino,  April  22,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6574,  in  part); 
prov.  Yamashiro,  Kyoto,  Temple  Garden,  October  16,  1892,  C.  S. 
Sargent;  Kyoto,  J.  Rein,  ex  Mus.  Bot.  Berol.  (Herb.  Bur.  Sci.  Manila) ; 
prov.  Omi,  mountains  round  Lake  Biwa,  April  30,  1892,  U.  Faurie 
(No.  7820,  Herb.  Kew) ;  prov.  Mino,  Pine-barrens  near  Gifu,  October 
20,  1892,  C.  S.  Sargent;  prov.  Mikawa,  Pine-woods,  Futagawa,  May  9, 
1918,  E.  H.  Wilson  (Nos.  10,346,  10,348,  10,349);  prov.  Shimotsuke 
"  alpe  Niko,"  1866-74,  L.  Savatier  (No.  766,  Herb.  Kew). 

This  is  the  Mochi-tsutsuji  (Glandular  Azalea)  of  Japan,  where  it  is  common  in 
central  Hondo  at  low  altitudes  from  near  Osaka  north  to  Hamamatsu  in  Totomi 
province;  also  in  Tosa  province,  Shikoku.  It  is  partial  to  gravelly  soil  and  dry 
situations  such  as  Pine- woods  and  open  thickets  afford.  A  social  plant  it  occurs 
in  great  numbers  either  alone  or  with  R.  obtusum  var.  Kaempferi  Wils.  At  Futa- 
gawa, for  instance,  in  Pine-woods  these  two  species  grow  in  thousands  and  in  early 
May  when  in  full  blossom  they  are  conspicuous  from  the  railway  carriage  windows. 
The  specimen  from  Nagasaki  is  probably  from  an  escaped  plant  and  there  is  no 
other  record  of  its  growing  in  Kyushu.  North  of  Totomi  province  I  have  not  seen 
it  wild,  and  I  think  there  is  some  mistake  about  it  being  indigenous  in  the  Nikko 
region,  Maximowicz's  statements  and  Savatier's  specimens  notwithstanding.  It  is 
not  mentioned  by  Matsumura  in  his  Plants  of  Nikko  nor  by  Hayata  in  his  Vege- 
tation of  Mt.  Fuji. 

As  usually  seen  R.  linearifolium  var.  macrosepalum  is  a  low,  rather  laxly  branched 
shrub  spreading  in  habit  and  less  than  one  metre  high  but  in  Shikoku  I  saw  it 
full  three  metres  tall.  It  has  the  usual  dimorphic  leaves  and  these  are  mostly 
deciduous.  The  shoots  are  terete  and  with  the  petioles  are  densely  clothed  with 
gray  to  gray-brown  pilose  (some  of  them  gland-tipped)  hairs  and  a  few  flattened, 
spreading  bristles  which  disappear  in  the  second  season;  the  winter-buds  are  ovoid, 
acute,  densely  covered  with  strigose,  yellow-brown  hairs.  The  leaves  are  mem- 
branous, scattered  on  the  free-growing  shoots  and  crowded  on  others,  short- 
petioled,  lanceolate-ovate  to  ovate-elliptic,  sometimes  lanceolate  or  ovate,  short 
acuminate,  acute  or  merely  mucronulate;  those  immediately  beneath  the  winter- 
buds  oblanceolate  to  oblanceolate-oblong  obtuse,  or  rounded,  usually  mucronulate, 
the  under  surface  clothed  with  soft,  spreading,  gray  to  gray-brown  glandular  hairs, 
the  upper  surface  sparsely  glandular  hairy,  slightly  rugulose  and  hispid;  dull  green 
during  summer  changing  to  rich  vinous  purple  in  the  autumn.  The  flowers  are 


76  THE   AZALEAS  OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

fragrant,  from  2  to  10  in  terminal  umbels,  very  variable  in  size  and  form.  The 
pedicels  are  from  2  to  4  cm.  long,  straight  or  spreading,  densely  glandular  and 
pilose.  The  calyx  is  green,  glandular-pubescent  and  very  variable  in  size,  the 
strap-shaped  segments  being  from  1  to  3  cm.  long  and  occasionally  exceeding  the 
rose-pink  to  red-purple  corolla,  which  is  broad  funnel-shape,  sometimes  5  cm.  but 
often  not  more  than  3  cm.  across;  it  is  glabrous  without,  and  normally  larger  than 
the  calyx.  Stamens  normally  5,  but  at  Ikeda  I  gathered  specimens  with  from  6  to 
10  stamens;  they  are  shorter  than  the  pistil  and  included  within  the  corolla  except 
in  abnormally  small  flowers.  The  fruit  is  narrow-ovoid,  about  1  cm.  long,  glandu- 
lar-pubescent, purplish-brown  in  color  and  subtended  by  the  persistent  calyx  the 
lobes  of  which  are  reflexed,  brown  without  and  wine-purple  on  the  inside.  There 
can  be  no  question  of  this  being  the  phylogenetic  type  of  the  species  and  it  is 
B  unfortunate  that  it  should  have  to  rank  as  a  variety.  Even  in  a  wild  state  it  is  a 
very  variable  plant,  and  a  number  of  forms  have  been  detected  and  are  cultivated 
in  Japanese  gardens;  these  are  dealt  with  hereafter.  The  calyx,  pedicels  and  inner- 
most scales  of  the  flower-buds  are  always  glandular,  usually  densely  so  and  com- 
monly sufficiently  viscid  to  hold  gnats  and  small  flies  captive,  but  this  viscosity 
like  everything  else  in  this  plant  is  variable.  The  flowers  are  pleasantly  fragrant 
and  some  of  the  color  forms  are  very  handsome.  When  the  flowers  have  a  com- 
paratively small  corolla  and  very  long  calyx-lobes  the  effect  is  curious.  This 
Azalea  was  introduced  into  Petrograd  by  Maximowicz  who  sent  seeds  in  1863.  It 
flowered  for  the  first  time  in  1870  and  is  well  figured  in  Gartenflora.  Maximowicz 
claims  that  the  seeds  and  his  two  plants  came  from  the  Nikko  alps  but  if  this  is 
not  a  mistake  it  is  strange  that  no  other  collector  has  seen  the  plant  in  this  locality 
which  is  fully  two  hundred  miles  north  of  where  it  has  been  seen  wild  by  subse- 
quent observers.  Further,  no  one  else  has  found  it  in  alpine  regions  anywhere  in 
Japan.  However,  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  plant  under  discussion  is  Maxi- 
mowicz's  species.  What  happened  to  the  original  introduction  I  do  not  know 
but  neither  Bean  nor  Millais  mention  its  cultivation  in  England.  In  1914  I  sent 
to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  seeds  of  this  plant  from  Shikoku  some  of  which  were 
sent  to  England.  Plants  raised  from  this  seed  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum  have  not 
proved  very  hardy. 

A  form  with  double  flowers  is:  — 

Rhododendron  linearifolium  var.  macrosepalum  f.  dianthiflorum 
Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Azalea  dianthiflora  Carriere  in  Rev.  Hort.  1889,  391;  1891,  60,  fig.  18,  t. 
Rhododendron  dianthiflorum  Millais,  Rhodod.  155  (1917). 

Japan:  Hondo,  prov.  Mikawa,  Pine-woods,  Futagawa,  May  9, 
1918,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  10,350). 

Cultivated:  ex  Hort.  James  Veitch  &  Sons,  June  28,  1904  (Herb. 
Kew). 

1  have  seen  at  Futagawa  one  or  two  plants  growing  wild  with  double  flowers. 
The  pedicels  are  more  spreading  than  in  the  type  and  the  calyx-lobes  are  variable 
in  length.  Carriere's  figures  give  a  good  idea  of  this  form  except  that  the  color  is 
brighter  and  more  pleasing  than  the  plate  shows.  According  to  Carriere  it  was 
introduced  into  France  from  Japan  in  1889  by  M.  Wiesener,  of  Fontenay-aux- 
Roses.  The  specimen  in  Herb.  Kew  shows  that  it  was  cultivated  by  Messers  Veitch 
in  1904.  Bean  does  not  mention  it  and  Millais's  account  is  abbreviated  from  Car- 
riere's description.  1  have  no  knowledge  of  its  being  in  the  gardens  of  this  country. 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  77 

Another  spontaneous  form  is:  — 

Rhododendron  linearifolium  var.  macrosepalum  f .  decandrum  Wil- 
son, n.  f. 

Japan:  Hondo,  prov.  Kawachi,  Yomomoto,  roadside,  Pine-woods, 
May  8,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  10,355a,  type);  Ikeda,  cultivated, 
May  8,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson;  prov.  Yamato,  near  Yoshino,  dry  woods, 
April  22,  1914,  (No.  6574,  in  part). 

This  differs  from  the  type  in  having  10  stamens;  the  Ikeda  specimens  have  from 
6  to  10  stamens  and  that  from  Yoshino  (a  fragment)  has  6  only.  The  typical  var, 
macrosepalum  is  common  round  Yomomoto  where  it  is  known  as  the  Yama-tsutsuji 
(Mountain  Azalea)  and  growing  with  it  I  found  occasional  plants  with  10  or 
from  6  to  10  stamens  in  each  flower.  I  have  seen  none  with  from  5  to  10  stamens 
and  I  do  not  remember  whether  the  fragment  from  near  Yoshino  came  from  a 
bush  of  the  ordinary  5-stamen  type. 

An  anomalous  form  is :  — 

Rhododendron  linearifolium  var.  macrosepalum  f.  rhodoroides 
Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXVII.  109  (1913). 

Rhododendron  macrosepalum  /3.  rhodoroides  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Set. 
St.  Petersburg,  ser.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  31  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870).  — Fran- 
chet  &  Savatier,  Enum.  PI.  Jap.  I.  290  (1875).  — Matsumura,  Ind.  PI 
Jap.  II.pt.  2, 463  (1912).— Komatsuin  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag. XXXII.  [34]  (1918). 

Rhododendron  ledifolium  var.  Kochozoroi  Komatsu  apud  Makino  in  Tokyo 
Bot.  Mag.  XXVII.  109  (1913),  as  a  synonym. 

Japan:  Hondo,  prov.  Kawachi,  cultivated,  Yamomoto  and  Ikeda, 
May  8, 19J.8,  E.  H.  Wilson;  prov.  Musashi,  Okbo,  cultivated,  May  18, 
1909,  K.  Onuma;  Hatagaya,  cultivated,  April  29,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson 
(No.  6596). 

This  is  a  curious  form  often  seen  in  Japanese  gardens.  It  has  a  deeply  cleft 
5-partite  corolla  only  slightly  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  and  greenish-white  shaded 
with  rose,  exserted  stamens  with  pale  purple  anthers  exceeded  in  length  by  the 
style.  Maximowicz  raised  seedlings  from  this  plant  and  states  that  in  every  in- 
stance they  reverted  to  typical  var.  macrosepalum.  Makino  gives  "  Kocho-zoroi  " 
as  the  Japanese  name  of  this  plant;  in  the  nursery  district  near  Osaka  it  is  known 
as  "  Seikan-tsutsuji." 

Another  anomalous  form  is:  — 

Rhododendron  linearifolium  var.  macrosepalum  f.  hanaguruma 
Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXVII.  109  (1913). 

Rhododendron   ledifolium  var.  leucanthum  f.    Hanaguruma  Komatsu   apud 

Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXVII.  109  (1913),  as  a  synonym. 
Rhododendron  macrosepalum  var.  Hanaguruma  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag. 

XXVII.  109  (1913),  as  a  synonym.  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII. 

[35]  (1918). 
Rhododendron   linearifolium   var.  macrosepalum  f.  polypetalum   Makino   in 

Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXVII.  109  (1913),  as  a  synonym. 


78  THE  AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

Japan :  Hondo,  prov.  Kawachi,  cultivated  at  Yomomoto  and  Ikeda, 
May  8,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson;  prov.  Rikuzen,  Sendai,  cultivated,  May 
27, 1888,  U.  Faurie  (No.  2300,  Herb.  Kew). 

Cultivated :  ex  Hort.  Ball,  March,  1879  (Herb.  Kew). 

In  this  form  the  corolla  is  rose-purple  in  color,  deeply  cleft  and  5-partite,  and 
the  stamens  are  usually  shorter  than  the  corolla-lobes  which  are  from  2.5  to  4  cm. 
long.  Makino  gives  "  Hana-guruma  "  as  the  Japanese  name;  in  the  nursery  dis- 
trict near  Osaka  it  is  known  as  "  Oyeyama-tsutsuji."  The  specimen  in  Herb. 
Kew  proves  that  at  one  time  it  was  in  cultivation  in  England. 

Komatsu  (in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [34]  [1918])  enumerates 
three  other  forms  ("  Usuyo,"  "Amaga-shita"  and  "  Suruga-momyo ") 
of  this  species,  but  these  are  unknown  to  me. 

These  are  all  the  species  of  the  section  Tsutsutsi  that  are  named  or  of  which  I 
have  seen  sufficient  material.  There  is,  however,  in  this  herbarium  specimens  (ex 
Herb.  Hongkong  Nos.  7030,  5612)  from  Taimo-shan,  Kowloon,  Kwangtung  prov- 
ince, of  a  curious  Azalea.  It  has  narrow,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  leaves  and 
inconspicuous  subsessile  flowers  with  the  corolla  deeply  divided  into  five  narrow 
segments.  It  is  in  every  way  anomalous,  and  probably  a  monstrous  condition  of 
some  species  not  yet  described,  or  possibly  of  the  widespread  R.  Simsii  Planch. 
We  have,  also,  a  leafy  fragment,  collected  in  Kweichou  province  by  Dr.  Handel- 
Mazzetti  (No.  221,  July  11,  [1917])  which  probably  belongs  to  a  new  species  re- 
lated to  R.  Oldhamii  Maxim. 


SECT.  II.    SCIADORHODION  REHD.  &  WILS.,  n.  sect.1 

Rhododendron  section  Tsutsutsi  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  847  (1834), 
as  to  species  nos.  30,  31.  —  Render  &  Wilson  in  Sargent,  PL  Wilson. 
I.  547  (1913),  in  part. 

Rhododendron  subgenus  Tsutsia  Planchon  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  XI.  75  (1854);  in 

Rev.  Hort.  1854,  43,  as  to  R.  Farrerae. 
Rhododendron  section  Azalea  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  P&ersbourg, 

s&r.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  24  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870),  in  part. 
Azalea  subgenus  Euazalea  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  II.  pt.  1,  179  (1872),  as  to  A. 

reticulata. 
Rhododendron  section  Rhodora  Dippel,  Handb.  Laubholzk.  I.  418  (1889),  in 

part. 

Shrubs  with  rigid,  usually  verticillate,  often  ascending-spreading  branches  and 
glabrous  or  villose  shoots  without  bristle-like  hairs.  Flowers  from  terminal  buds, 
with  leafy  shoots  from  axils  of  lower  scales  of  the  same  bud.  Leaves  deciduous, 
in  whorls  of  3  to  5  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets,  on  vigorous  shoots  scattered, 
not  dimorphic,  usually  rhombic  to  obovate,  rarely  ovate,  without  appressed 
bristle-like  hairs.  Corolla  rotate-campanulate,  rarely  rotate-funnel-form;  stamens 
from  6  to  10  (rarely  5  by  abortion),  unequal,  sometimes  declinate.  Fruit  oblong- 
ovoid  to  cylindric,  rarely  conic-ovoid,  often  furrowed,  villose  or  glandular,  never 
strigose. 

This  section  is  found  only  in  eastern  Asia,  where  it  is  represented  by  6  species. 

Rhododendron  Farrerae  Tate  apud  Sweet,  Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  ser.  2, 1. 
t.  95  (1831). —  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  846  (1834).— De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  VII.  725,  pt.  2  (1839).  —  Planchon  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  XIX.  80 
(1854);  in  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  64. —Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St. 
Petersburg,  se>.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,25  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870).  — Hance 
in  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  XIII.  110  (1873).  —  Hemsley  in  Jour.  Linn.  Soc. 

1  Sectio  inter  sect.  Tsutsutsi  et  Rhodoram  medium  tenens,  a  priori  indu- 
mento  piloso  vel  villoso  pallido,  non  strigoso  et  fusco,  foliis  semper  deciduis  satis 
magnis,  corolla  rotato  vel  rotato-campanulata,  ovario  villoso  vel  glabro,  non  stri- 
goso, a  posteriori  gemmis  terminalibus  flores  et  folia  simul  proferentibus  bene 
differt,  ab  utraque  sectione  foliis  in  apice  ramulorum  subverticillatim  congestis 
quasi  umbellam  vel  umbraculum  (graece  axids,  a/ctdSos,  unde  nomen)  formantibus 
satis  magnis  plerumque  late  obovatis  vel  rhombico-ovatis  distat. 

In  Sargent,  Plantae  Wilsonianae,  I.  548  (1913),  we  suggested  that  with  their 
whorled  leaves  the  species  here  enumerated  formed  a  well-marked  group  easily 
distinguished  from  Tsutsutsi,  although  agreeing  in  the  character  of  the  winter- 
buds.  Further  investigation  has  brought  to  light  other  differences  and  we  are  of 
the  opinion  that  it  is  best  to  place  them  in  a  distinct  section. 

A.  R.  &  E.  H.  W. 
79 


80  THE   AZALEAS   OF   THE   OLD   WORLD 

XXVI.  23  (1889);  in  Kew  Bull.  Misc.  Inform.  1907,  245. —  Dunn 
&  Tutcher  in  Kew  Bull.  Misc.  Inform,  add.  ser.  X.  155  (Fl.  Kwang- 
tung  and  Hongk.)  (1912).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  163  (1917). 

Azalea  squamata  Lindley  in  Jour.  Hart.  Soc.  Lond.  I.  152  (1846);  in  Bot.  Reg> 
XXXIII.  t.  3  (1847).  — Walpers,  Ann.  I.  481  (1848-49).  —  Bentham,  Fl> 
Hongk.  201  (1861). 

Azalea  Farrerae  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  II.  pt.  1,  178  (1872).  — O.  Kuntze,  Rev. 
Gen.  pt.  2,  387  (1891). 

Azalea  squamosa  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  pt.  2,  387  (1891),  as  a  synonym. 

Rhododendron  Farrerae  S.  typicum  Diels  in  Bot.  Jahrb.  XXIX.  514  (1900). 

China:  prov.  Kwangtung,  Loh-fau-san,  August  21,  1917,  C.  6. 
Levine  (ex  Canton  Christian  College  Herb.  No.  1533). 

This  species  seems  to  be  peculiar  to  Hongkong  and  the  neighboring  islands 
and  to  the  adjacent  parts  of  Kwangtung  province.  It  is  a  low,  densely  branched 
shrub  with  short,  rigid,  shining  brown,  verticillate  branchlets  clothed  with  ap- 
pressed,  straight  and  villose  hairs  when  young,  becoming  glabrous  and  gray  in 
their  second  year.  The  leaves  are  crowded,  usually  in  threes  at  the  end  of  the 
branches,  subcoriaceous,  deciduous  or  semi-persistent,  glabrescent,  ovate,  from 

2  to  3  cm.  long  and  from  1.2  to  2  cm.  wide,  acute  or  sub-acute,  with  a  short  mucro, 
and  a  rounded  base;  they  are  dark  green  above  and  pallid  below,  reticulate,  with 
the  principal  veins  impressed  above  and  raised  below.    The  petioles  are  from  1  to 

3  mm.  long  and  densely  villose.    The  winter-buds  are  small,  broadly  ovoid,  and 
are  densely  clothed  with  gray  or  rufous  pubescence.    The  flowers  appear  before 
the  leaves  unfold,  either  solitary  or  in  pairs  at  the  end  of  the  branches.    The  corolla 
is  pale  to  deep  rose-color  with  red-purple  spots,  from  4  to  5  cm.  in  diameter;  it  has 
a  short,  narrow,  funnel-shape  tube  and  spreacling,  undulate  lobes.    The  ring-like 
calyx  is  minutely  5-toothed,  and  pubescent;  and  the  pedicel  and  ovary  are  thickly 
clothed  with  appressed  and  villose,  ferrugineous  or  gray  hairs.    The  stamens  are 
from  8  to  10  of  unequal  length  and  shorter  than  the  corolla,  and  are  equalled  or 
slightly  overtopped  by  the  slender,  curved  style.    The  fruit  is  conic-ovoid,  from 
0.5  to  1.5  cm.  long  and  from  0.8  to  1  cm.  in  diameter  and  densely  villose,  and 
is  borne  on  a  stout,  curved,  villose  pedicel  about  1  cm.  long. 

I  have  seen  this  Azalea  growing  wild  in  Hongkong  and  as  Hemsley  has  pointed 
out  it  is  a  very  distinct  species.  It  is  characterized  by  its  small,  ovate  leaves,  its 
very  short  villose  petioles  and  by  its  relatively  large  fruit.  It  was  first  introduced 
into  England  in  1829,  by  Captain  Farrer  of  the  East  India  Company's  ship  "  Or- 
well." It  was  reintroduced  by  Robert  Fortune  who  in  1844  sent  it  to  the  garden 
of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  London  where  it  flowered  and  was  renamed  by 
Lindley.  I  have  no  knowledge  of  its  having  been  in  cultivation  in  America,  and 
Millais  states  that  it  is  a  rare  plant  in  English  gardens,  and  hardy  only  in  the 
south. 

Rhododendron  Mariesii  Hemsley  and  Wilson  in  Kew  Bull.  Misc. 
Inform.  1907,  244.  —  Hutchinson  in  Bot.  Mag.  CXXXIV.  t.  8206 
(1908).  —  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  496,  fig.  327  1-m 
(1909).  —  Render  &  Wilson  in  Sargent,  PL  Wilson.  I.  548  (1913).— 
Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs  Brit.  I  si.  II.  377  (1914).  —Millais,  Rhodod. 
207  (1917). 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  81 

Rhododendron  Weyrichii  Hemsley  in  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  XXVI.  32  (1889),  not 

Maximowicz. 
Rhododendron  Farrerae  a.  leucotrichum  Franchet  in  Jour,  de  Bot.  IX.  394 

( 1895).—  Diels  in  Bot.  Jahrb.  XXIX.  513  (1900).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  163 

(1917). 

Rhododendron  Farrerae  a.  Weyrichii  Diels  in  Bot.  Jahrb.  XXIX.  513  (1900). 
Rhododendron  Farrerae  y.  mediocre  Diels  in  Bot.  Jahrb.  XXIX.  514  (1900). 
Rhododendron  rhombicum  Diels  in  Bot.  Jahrb.  XXIX.  514  (1900),  not  Miquel. 
Rhododendron  Farrerae  Kawakami,  PI.  Formos.  64  (1910),  not  Tate. 
Rhododendron  shojoense  Hayata  in  Jour.  Coll.  Sci.  Tokyo,  XXX.  art.  1,  174 

(1911). 
Rhododendron  gnaphalocarpum  Hayata,  Icon.  PL  Formos.  III.  132  (1913). — 

Kanehira,  Formos.  Trees,  327,  fig.  14  (1917). 

China :  without  locality,  1845,  R.  Fortune  (No.  122  (2),  Herb.  Kew); 
prov.  Fokien,  April  to  June,  1905,  Dunn's  Exped.  (Hongk.  Herb.  No. 
2882);  prov.  Chekiang,  Taihu  Lake,  near  Huchau,  April,  1881,  W. 
R.  Carles  (No.  117,  Herb.  Kew);  prov.  Kiangsi,  Kuling,  1878,  C. 
Maries  (Herb.  Kew);  same  locality,  alt.  1300  m.  July  29,  1907,  E.  H. 
Wilson  (No.  1681) :  prov.  Hupeh,  Changyang  Hsien,  A.  Henry  (Nos. 
1422,  5274,  594p,Herb.  Kew,  Herb.  Gray) ;  Nanto  and  mountains  to 
northward,  A.  Henry  (No.  3829,  Herb.  Kew,  Herb.  Gray);  north  and 
south  of  Ichang,  alt.  300-1300  m.  May  and  November,  1907,  E.  H. 
Wilson  (No.  606,  in  part);  south  of  Ichang,  alt.  800  m.  April  and 
October,  1900,  E.  H.  Wilson  (Veitch  Exped.  No.  29.  type);  Hsing- 
shan  Hsien,  alt.  1300,  May  12,  1907,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  606, in  part); 
prov.  Szech'uan,  Nanch'uan,  A.  von  Rosthorn  (No.  2164,  Herb.  Chris- 
tiania). 

Cultivated:  ex  Hort.  Veitch,  April,  1907  (Herb.  Kew,  type  of 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  8206). 

This  species  is  distributed  from  Fokien  and  Chekiang  provinces  of  eastern 
China  westward  to  southeastern  Szech'uan.  On  the  Lushan  mountains  round 
Kuling  it  is  common  and  north  and  south  of  Ichang  it  is  very  plentiful  on  cliffs 
and  in  thickets  between  altitudes  of  300  and  1300  m.  Its  pleasing  pink  to  rose- 
colored  flowers  open  before  the  leaves  unfold  and  in  late  April  and  May  it  is  a 
conspicuous  wayside  shrub.  Curiously  this  and  R.  molle  G.  Don  are  the  only 
deciduous  leafed  species  in  the  whole  of  China  except  R.  Farrerae  Tate  from 
Hongkong  and  the  adjacent  territory.  Maries'  Azalea  is  an  upright  branching 
shrub  from  1  to  3  m.  tall,  rather  narrow,  with  verticillate,  twiggy,  ascending 
branches  which  are  shining,  yellow  or  chestnut-brown  during  the  first  year  and 
afterward  pale  gray.  When  young  the  shoots  and  leaves  are  covered  with  yellow- 
ish, appressed  silky  hairs  which  usually  fall  away  early  or  may  in  part  persist  on 
the  shoot  through  the  entire  season.  The  buds  are  conic,  gray-purple,  with  ciliate 
bud-scales  glabrescent  without  and  villose  on  the  inner  surface.  The  leaves  at 
maturity  are  chartaceous,  dark  green  above,  pallid  below,  prominently  reticulate, 
with  the  principal  veins  slightly  impressed  on  the  upper  side  and  raised  on  the 
lower  side;  they  vary  from  3.5  cm.  to  7.5  cm.  in  length  and  from  2  to  4  cm.  in 
width,  and  are  always  the  broadest  below  the  middle.  The  prevailing  shape  is 


82  THE  AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

ovate-lanceolate,  with  an  acute  mucronate  apex  and  cuneate  base,  but  occasion- 
ally they  are  broad-ovate  or  elliptic.  The  petioles  are  from  0.4  to  1.2  cm.  in  length, 
glabrescent,  purplish,  and  often  slightly  glaucescent  on  the  under-side.  The  flowers 
are  usually  in  pairs  at  the  end  of  the  naked  branchlets,  but  are  sometimes  soli- 
tary, and  occasionally  are  in  4-  or  5-flowered  clusters;  the  corolla  is  from  4  to 
5  cm.  across,  spotted  with  red-purple  on  the  posterior  lobes;  it  has  a  short,  narrow, 
funnel-shape  tube  and  deeply  cleft,  spreading  lobes.  The  pedicels  are  villose;  the 
minute,  5-lobed  calyx  and  the  ovary  are  clothed  with  gray  or  yellow-brown, 
straight  appressed  hairs.  The  10  stamens  are  of  nearly  equal  length  and  as  long 
as  the  corolla,  the  filaments  are  glabrous,  curved  and  the  anthers  purple.  The 
style  is  longer  than  the  stamens  and  is  curved  upward  and  has  a  capitate,  slightly 
lobed  stigma.  The  fruit  is  cylindric,  from  1  to  1.5  cm.  long,  slightly  furrowed, 
and  clothed  with  gray  or  yellow-brown,  villose  pubescence,  and  is  borne  on  a 
straight  pedicel. 

From  those  species  with  which  R.  Mariesii  has  been  confused  it  is  readily  dis- 
tinguished by  its  leaves.  The  flowers  are  of  a  different  color  from  those  of  the 
Japanese  species,  the  corolla  is  differently  shaped  and  there  are  other  distinctions 
of  importance.  In  Tokyo  I  saw  the  types  of  Hayata's  two  species  cited  and  could 
find  nothing  by  which  to  distinguish  them  from  R.  Mariesii. 

This  Chinese  plant  was  discovered  by  Fortune,  probably  in  Chekiang  province, 
and  afterward  by  Charles  Maries  on  the  Lushan  mountains  behind  Kiukiang  in 
the  spring  of  1878.  It  was  introduced  into  Kew  gardens  through  seeds  sent  from 
the  neighborhood  of  Ichang  in  1886  by  Augustine  Henry;  in  1900  I  sent  seeds 
to  Messers  Veitch  from  south  of  Ichang.  This  Azalea  flowered  for  the  first  time  in 
the  Temperate  House  at  Kew  in  April,  1907.  Bean  does  not  consider  it  to  be 
hardy.  I  have  not  heard  of  its  being  cultivated  in  America. 

Rhododendron  Weyrichii  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St. 
Petersbourg,  ser.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  26,  t.  2,  fig.  1-6  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.) 
(1870).  —  Franchet  &  Savatier,  Enum.  PI.  Jap.  I.  288  (1875). — 
Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XVIII.  48  (1904).  —  Schneider,  111. 
Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  495  (1909),  in  a  note.  —  Matsumura,  Ind.  PL 
Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  464  (1912).  —  Nakai,  Rep.  Fl.  Quelpaert  Isl  No.  999 
(1915);  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXI.  243  (1917);  Fl.  Syl.  Kor.  VIII. 
44,  t.  16  (1919).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  261  (1917),  excluding  the  Chinese 
plant.  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [10]  (1918). 

Azalea  Weyrichii  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  pt.  2,  387  (1891). 
Rhododendron  shikokianum  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  VI.  43  (1892);  in  IX. 
Ill  (1895). 

Japan :  Shikoku,  prov.  Tosa,  round  Kochi,  sea-level  to  800  m.  al- 
titude, November  17,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  7813).  Kyushu,  prov. 
Hizen,  near  Nagasaki,  1862,  R.  Oldham  (No.  511,  Herb.  Gray). 

Korea:  Quelpaert  Island,  between  Saishu  and  the  Monastery, 
400-650  m.  October  30,  1917,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  9411);  same  island, 
Hallai-san,  October,  1906,  May,  1907,  U.  Faurie  (Nos.  661,  1863  in 
part,  1864);  same  place,  May,  1909,  April  14,  June  6,  1908,  E.  Taquet 
(Nos.  2970,  4678,  108S). 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  83 

This  little  known  species  has  a  very  curious  distribution.  On  the  island  of 
Shikoku  it  is  common  round  Kochi  in  Tosa  province  but  does  not  grow  on  the 
mainland  of  Kyushu,  but  it  is  found  on  the  adjacent  islands  of  Amakusa  and  Goto 
south  and  west  of  Nagasaki.  I  do  not  know  whether  it  grows  on  the  island  of 
Tsushima  in  the  Japan  Sea  —  probably  it  does  —  but  it  is  common  on  the  Korean 
island  of  Quelpaert  although  unknown  on  the  mainland  of  Korea.  In  Shikoku  I 
found  it  to  be  fairly  plentiful  from  near  sea-level  up  to  an  altitude  of  800  m. 
growing  in  thickets  and  open  woods.  On  Hallai-san,  an  extinct  volcano  on  Quel- 
paert Island,  between  200  and  1000  m.  altitude,  and  especially  in  thickets  by  the 
sides  of  water-courses  and  on  old  lava  flows,  it  is  common. 

This  Azalea  is  a  vigorous  growing  shrub  from  1  to  5  m.  tall,  often  decidedly 
tree-like  in  habit,  with  moderately  stout  ascending  to  spreading  often  whorled 
branches.  These  are  yellow-brown,  clothed  with  ferrugineous  tomentum  when 
young,  becoming  glabrous,  gray  and  finally  dark  purple  in  color.  The  winter-buds 
are  characteristic,  being  conic  and  sub-acute  and  clothed  with  yellow-brown, 
matted  and  straight  hairs  and  are  unlike  those  of  other  species.  The  leaves  are 
distinctly  petiolate,  chartaceous,  shining  green  and  deciduous,  changing  to  vinous 
purple  in  the  autumn;  on  the  vigorous  shoots  the  leaves  are  scattered  and  in  pairs 
or  whorls  but  on  the  branchlets  they  are  clustered  in  whorls  of  3,  or  in  pairs; 
they  vary  from  broad-ovate  to  semiorbicular  or  to  rhombic,  and  in  size  from  3.5 
to  8  cm.  long  and  from  2  to  6  cm.  wide;  they  are  abruptly  subacute  or  obtuse  at  the 
apex  which  is  mucronate,  the  base  is  broadly  cuneate  or  rounded.  The  principal 
veins  are  impressed  above  and  slightly  raised  on  the  lower  surface  which  is 
venulose.  When  young  the  petioles  and  both  surfaces  of  the  leaf  are  covered 
with  rufous-brown  pilose  hairs  but  these  soon  disappear.  The  flowers  are  from 
2  to  4  in  terminal  umbels,  and  open  before  or  at  the  same  time  as  the  leaves 
unfold.  The  pedicels,  calyx  and  ovary  are  densely  clad  with  rufous-brown  pilose 
hairs.  The  corolla  is  red,  almost  brick-red,  from  3.5  to  6  cm.  across,  funnel- 
shape,  with  a  rather  narrow  expanding  tube  and  spreading  lobes.  The  calyx  is 
merely  a  ring  with  five  minute  teeth.  The  stamens  vary  from  6  to  10,  and  are 
of  unequal  length,  and  like  the  curved  style  and  its  capitate  stigma  are  in- 
cluded. The  fruit  is  cylindric  or  oblong-ovoid,  from  1.5  to  2  cm.  long,  oblique, 
furrowed  and  obtusely  angled  and  clothed  with  appressed,  villose  pubescence. 
This  species  was  discovered  on  the  Goto  Islands  in  1853  by  Dr.  Heinrich  Wey- 
rich,  a  surgeon  on  the  Russian  warship  "  Vostok  "  which  formed  part  of  Admiral 
Putiatin's  fleet.  On  Oldham's  specimen  the  locality  cited  is  Nagasaki  but  this  is 
a  mistake;  it  probably  came  from  the  Amakusa  Islands  south  by  west  of  that  city. 
Makino  first  found  it  in  Shikoku  and  Pere  Faurie  on  Quelpaert  Island.  It  was 
unknown  in  gardens  until  1914  when  I  sent  the  seeds  from  Shikoku  to  the  Arnold 
Arboretum  which  were  distributed  in  America  and  Europe.  Plants  raised  in  this 
Arboretum  have  not  proved  hardy  but  in  another  Massachusetts  garden  where 
they  have  received  the  protection  of  a  cold  frame  they  have  flowered.  In  1917 
I  collected  seeds  on  Quelpaert  and  hope  that  they  will  produce  a  hardier  type.  I 
have  never  seen  this  Rhododendron  in  flower  in  a  wild  state  and  only  a  late  flower 
or  two  on  cultivated  plants.  The  color  of  the  flowers  is  good  and  where  it  proves 
hardy  this  species  should  be  a  welcome  addition  to  gardens. 

Rhododendron  reticulatum  D.  Don  apud  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III. 
846  (1834).  -De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  pt.  2,  727  (1839). 

Rhododendron  dilatatum  Miquel  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.-Bat.  I.  34  (1863-64); 

in  II.  164  (1865-66);  Prol.  FL  Jap.  96  (1866-67). 
Rhododendron  rhombicum  Miquel  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.-Bat.  II.  164  (1865-66); 

Prol.  FL  Jap.  96  (1866-67).  —  Regel  in  Gartenfl.  X.  XVII.  225,  t.  586 


84  THE   AZALEAS   OF   THE   OLD   WORLD 

(1868).  — Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sri.  St.  Petersburg,  ser.  7  XVI. 
No.  9,  26  (Rhod.  As.  Or.)  (1870).  —  Franchet  &  Savatier,  Enum.  PL  Jap. 
I.  288.  (1875).  — Hooker  f.  in  Bot.  Mag.  CXIII.  t.  6972  (1887).  — Bean  in 
Gard.  Chron.  ser.  3,  XX.  38,  fig.  9  (1896);  Trees  and  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl.  II. 
375,  fig.  (1914).  —  Boissier  in  Bull.  Herb.  Boiss.  V.  918  (1897).  —  Dalli- 
more  in  Garden,  LXXII.  267,  fig.  (1908).  —  Mottet  in  Rev.  Hort.  1909,  79, 
fig.  28.  —  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  497,  figs.  327  f-g,  328  d-e 
(1911).  — W.  Watson,  Rhodod.  and  Azaleas,  111  (1911).  —  Matsumura, 
Ind.  PI.  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  463.  (1912).  —  Render  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.  Hort. 
V.  2943  (1916).  — Millais,  Rhodod.  235  (1917).  — Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot. 
Mag.  XXXII.  [10]  (1918). 

Azalea  reticulata  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  II.  pt.  1,  179  (1872). 

Azalea  dilatata  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  pt.  2,  387  (1891). 

Azalea  rhombica  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  pt.  2,  387  (1891).  —  Rehder  in  Bailey, 
Cycl  Am.  Hort.  I.  122  (1900). 

Rhododendron  dilatatum  /3.  decandrum  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  VII.  134 
(1893). 

Rhododendron  decandrum  Makino  in  Jour.  Jap.  Bot.  I.  21  (1917). 

Rhododendron  Wadanum  Makino  in  Jour.  Jap.  Bot.  I.  21  (1917). 

Japan :  Kyushu,  prov.  Satsuma,  Kagoshima  in  gardens,  March  4, 
1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6158);  Togo,  in  a  garden,  March  14,  1914, 
E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6266);  prov.Osumi,  Mt.  Kirishima,  alt.  100-1 000m. 
1917,  Z.  Tashiro;  Nishi-Kirishima,  alt.  1000  m.  March  11,  1914, 
E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6241);  prov.  Hizen,  Nagasaki,  Mt.  Yuwaja,  1863, 
C.  Maximowicz  (Herb.  Gray).  Shikoku,  prov.  Tosa,  Nano-kawa, 
May  12,  1889,  K.  Watanabe  (Herb.  Gray).  Hondo,  prov.  Choshu, 
between  Habu  and  Asa,  May  7,  1918,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  10,369); 
prov.  Aki,  Miyajima,  November  28,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  7842); 
prov.  Yamato,  Yoshino,  April  22, 1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6573);  prov. 
Yamashiro,  Kyoto,  April  22,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6568);  prov. 
Shinano,  Ogawa,  September  5,  1905,  J.  G.  Jack;  Nojiri  to  Nakatsu- 
gawa,  September  6,  1905,  J.  G.  Jack;  slopes  of  Mt.  Komaga-take, 
October  24,  1892,  C.  S.  Sargent;  prov.  Suruga,  lower  slopes  of 
Mt.  Fuji,  alt.  800-1000  m.  May  8,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6640); 
prov.  Sagami,  Hakone  Mts.  Kintoki,  May,  1876,  James  Bissett  (No. 
237,  Herb.  Kew);  prov.  Shimotsuke,  Nikko  region,  alt.  1000-1800  m. 
May  18,  October  24,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (Nos.  6705,  7694),  shores  of 
Lake  Chuzenji,  September  3,  November  7,  1892,  C.  S.  Sargent;  same 
locality,  October  25,  1905,  J.  G.  Jack.  Hokkaido,  prov.  Hidaka,  Shoya 
village,  August  17,  E.  Tokubuchi.  Province  unknown,  "  Mimasaka," 
May  10,  1904,  S.  Arimoto  (Herb.  Gray). 

Cultivated:  Arnold  Arboretum  (No.  3427-1). 

This  is  a  common  plant  throughout  the  greater  part  of  Japan.  In  Kyushu, 
Shikoku  and  Hondo  it  is  everywhere  abundant;  in  Hokkaido  it  is  rather  rare  and 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE    SPECIES  85 

finds  the  northern  limits  of  its  range  in  Hidaka  province.  On  volcanic  ash,  lava- 
flows  and  on  cliffs  in  many  places,  as  in  the  Nikko  region,  lower  slopes  of  Mt.  Fuji  and 
on  the  Hakone  mountains  for  example,  it  is  extraordinarily  abundant  both  in  open 
country,  in  thickets,  on  the  margins  of  woods  and  as  undergrowth  in  thin  forests. 
It  is  in  flower  from  early  in  March  to  late  in  June  according  to  latitude  and  altitude 
and  produces  in  great  abundance  its  rose-  to  red-purple  or  rich  magenta-colored 
blossoms.  The  richest  colors  are  on  plants  in  the  open,  and  in  dense  shade  the 
color  is  quite  pale.  Nowadays  magenta  is  not  a  popular  color  in  the  west  but 
massed  and  alone  save  for  the  varying  shades  of  green  the  flowers  of  this  Azalea 
are  impressive.  The  plant  forms  a  much-branched  bush  or  bushy  tree  from  1  to 
8  metres  tall,  with  numerous  erect  or  erect-spreading  verticillate,  slender  but 
rigid  branches,  yellow-brown  and  sparsely  or  densely  hairy  when  young,  usually 
soon  becoming  glabrous,  and  in  the  second  year  pale  gray.  In  the  shade  the 
branches  are  more  sparse  and  the  plants  less  compact  and  shapely  in  habit. 
The  winter-buds  are  conic  and  acute,  with  rufous-  or  gray-brown,  villose  and  ciliate 
scales,  the  inner  ones  being  viscid.  The  leaves  unfold  as  the  corollas  fall,  and  are 
clustered  in  threes  or  in  pairs  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets,  and  vary  in  shape  from 
broad-ovate  to  rhombic  or  occasionally  to  ovate,  and  terminate  in  a  short  mucro. 
In  size  they  vary  from  3  to  6  cm.  in  length  and  from  2.5  to  5.5.  cm.  in  width,  with 
petioles  from  0.5  to  1.5  long.  In  the  shade  the  leaves  are  membranous  but  in  the 
open  they  are  firm  and  the  reticulation  is  more  prominent;  they  are  dark  green 
above,  pale  even  sub-glaucous  below,  and  in  the  autumn  change  to  vinous  or 
blackish  purple  or  occasionally  to  yellow  with  splashes  of  red-purple.  The 
principal  veins  are  impressed  above  and  raised  and  usually  more  or  less  villose 
on  the  under  surface.  When  young  the  leaves  are  densely  clothed  with  long, 
or  with  short  and  long,  appressed,  gray  to  yellow-brown  pilose  hairs  which  dis- 
appear early  from  the  upper  and  entirely  or  partially  from  the  lower  surface.  The 
petiole  is  flattened  and  usually  villose,  but  may  be  glabrous  and  glaucescent.  The 
flowers  are  borne  at  the  end  of  the  shoots  in  pairs  or  solitary  or  in  clusters 
of  three  or  four.  The  corolla  is  from  3.5  to  5  cm.  across  usually  unspotted, 
with  a  short  tube  and  spreading  lobes  which  are  often  divergent  and  give  the 
corolla  a  two-lipped  appearance.  The  pedicels  are  clothed  with  gray  or  brownish 
appressed  hairs,  and  the  minute,  5-toothed  calyx  is  ciliate,  villose  or  glabrescent. 
The  stamens  are  normally  10,  in  two  series,  the  longer  equalling  the  corolla  in 
length,  the  shorter  half  as  long,  the  filaments  curving  upward;  the  anthers  are 
purple.  The  ovary  is  covered  with  short  straight  hairs,  or  is  lepidote,  or  lepidote  and 
hairy,  and  the  style  is  hairy  or  glabrous;  the  stigma  capitate  and  minutely  5-lobed. 
The  fruit  is  curved,  cylindric,  from  1  to  1.5  cm.  long,  furrowed,  lepidote,  glabrous, 
or  clothed  with  gray  or  brown  soft  hairs. 

I  have  gone  very  minutely  into  the  degree  of  variation  exhibited  by  this  plant 
for  I  realize  that  those  who  compare  the  two  figures  in  the  Botanical  Magazine 
will  find  it  difficult  to  appreciate  that  they  represent  the  same  species  and  really 
only  differ  in  the  number  of  stamens.  In  the  array  of  specimens  before  me  and 
cited  above  the  variations  mentioned  are  all  shown  and  neither  among  them  nor 
in  the  field  have  I  been  able  to  distinguish  two  species.  The  distinguishing  char- 
acters emphasized  by  Maximowicz  are  inconstant  except  the  number  of  stamens 
and  I  am  doubtful  if  careful  examination  among  many  plants  would  not  reveal 
flowers  with  five  and  others  with  ten  stamens  on  the  same  plant.  I  have  10- 
stamened  flowers  with  a  lepidote  ovary  and  style,  with  a  hirsute  and  lepidote 
ovary  and  glabrous  style;  I  have  5-stamened  flowers  which  show  exactly  the  same 
variation.  On  both  forms  I  find  glabrous  leaves  and  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent 
below  especially  on  the  principal  veins. 

Miquel  had  only  leaf  specimens  and  founded  his  two  species  chiefly  on  the 
difference  in  shape  of  the  leaves.  On  every  plant  of  this  species  as  here  understood 


86  THE   AZALEAS   OF   THE   OLD   WORLD 

the  leaves  tend  toward  a  rhombic  shape,  in  fact  this  predominates  and  from  this 
they  vary  to  broad-ovate  and  occasionally  to  ovate.  An  attempt  to  make  leaf- 
distinctions  in  this  plant  of  specific  value  breaks  down  on  the  first  bush  examined. 
Maximowicz  who  had  flowering  specimens  and  young  leaves  added  to  Miquel's 
description  of  R.  dilatatum  the  5  stamens  and  glandular  ovary  which  subsequent 
authors  have  used  to  distinguish  Miquel's  two  species.  That  Maximowicz  was 
not  justified  in  this  is  abundantly  proved  by  the  material  before  me.  As  to 
Makino's  R.  Wadanum  I  have  specimens  from  Shikoku  with  slightly  spotted 
flowers  but  can  find  no  other  difference  and  do  not  consider  that  they  can  be 
separated  even  as  a  variety.  It  is  unfortunate  that  both  Miquel's  names  should 
have  to  be  dropped  but  G.  Don's  description,  brief  as  it  is,  leaves  no  doubt  that 
the  plant  he  had  was  the  same  as  that  later  described  by  Miquel.  It  has  long  been 
accepted  that  Don's  name  belonged  to  one  of  Miquel's  species  but  the  question 
remained  to  which?  With  the  acceptance  of  the  view  first  suggested  by  K.  Koch 
that  both  represent  one  species  the  question  disappears  and  Don's  name  becomes 
the  valid,  as  it  is  the  oldest,  name.  1  have  taken  the  form  with  ten  stamens  as 
representing  the  type  since  it  is  by  far  the  more  common. 

According  to  G.  Don  this  Azalea  was  first  introduced  into  England  from  Japan 
by  Messers  Knight  of  Chelsea  and  evidently  about  1832-33,  but  it  must  have  been 
lost.  It  was  introduced  by  Maximowicz  into  the  Petrograd  Botanic  Gardens  in 
1865,  and  is  figured  in  the  Gartenflora  for  1868  but  the  color  is  poor.  It  was  in- 
troduced into  the  Arnold  Arboretum  by  Professor  Sargent  who  sent  seeds  from  the 
Nikko  region  in  the  autumn  of  1892.  The  plants  have  grown  slowly  but  have 
proved  perfectly  hardy  and  each  spring  for  a  number  of  years  past  have  flowered 
profusely.  Apparently  it  is  rare  in  Europe  and  is  one  of  the  plants  which  will 
probably  thrive  better  in  eastern  North  America  than  in  England. 

The  specimen  cited  from  Kintoki  on  the  Hakone  mountains  is  simply  an  ab- 
normal condition  of  typical  R.  reticulatum  G.  Don  in  which  the  flowers  have 
been  retarded  and  are  open  when  the  leaves  are  well  grown.  There  are  two 
flowers  and  the  pistil  of  a  third,  and  a  small  deformed  flower  on  the  specimen,  and 
one  flower  with  two  unfolding  leaves.  The  leaves  have  the  characteristic  rhombic 
shape  and  the  flowers  have  from  8  to  10  stamens.  Branches  bearing  late  flowers 
and  leaves  together  may  be  found  occasionally  on  any  species  of  precocious 
flowering  Rhododendron. 

A  variety  with  white  flowers  is :  — 

Rhododendron  reticulatum  var.  albiflorum  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Rhododendron  rhombicum  var.  albiflorum  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XVIII. 
66  (1904).  —  Render  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.  Hort.  V.  2943  (1916). 

Makino  describes  this  plant  from  Tosa  province  in  Shikoku  and  states  that  it 
is  very  rare.  It  is  unknown  to  me  and  is  not  cultivated  in  western  gardens. 

The  form  adopted  by  Maximowicz  as  the  typical  R.  dilatatum 
Miquel,  and  so  considered  by  subsequent  authors,  and  which  is  char- 
acterised by  having  5  stamens  only  may  be  distinguished  as:  — 

Rhododendron  reticulatum  f .  pentandrum  Wilson,  n.  nom. 

Rhododendron  dilatatum  Maximowicz  in  M6m.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersbourg, 
se~r.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  27  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870),  in  part,  not  Miquel.  — 
Franchet  &  Savatier,  Enum.  PL  Jap.  I.  289  (1875).  —  Matsumura,  PI. 
Nikko  71  (1894);  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  459  (1912).  —  Boissier  in  Bull. 


ENUMERATION   OF   THE   SPECIES  87 

Herb.  Boiss.  V.  918  (1897) .  —  Hooker  f .  in  Bot.  Mag.  CXXV.  t.  7681  (1899) .  — 
J.  H.  Veitch,  Hortus  Veitchii,  373  (1906).  —  Shirisawa,  Icon.  Ess.  For. 
Jap.  II.  t.  61,  figs.  23-32  (1908). —  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II. 
497,  figs.  327  h,  328  a-b  (1911). —  Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl.  II. 
353  (1914).  — Millais,  Rhodod.  155  (1917).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot. 
Mag.  XXXII.  [9]  (1918). 
Rhododendron  dilatatum  a.  typicum  Makino  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  VII.  134  (1893). 

Japan:  Hondo,  prov.  Shinano,  1864,  Tschonoski  (Herb.  Gray); 
prov.  Suruga,  Mt.  Fuji,  May  12,  1907,  (flowers),  August  15,  1905, 
(leaves);  prov.  Sagami,  Hakone  Mts.,  alt.  600-1000 m.  April  16,  1914, 
E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6448);  in  a  garden,  Miyanoshita,  April  17,  1914, 
E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6429). 

Cultivated:  Royal  Gardens,  Kew,  May,  1880,  G.  Nicholson. 

Of  the  characters  proposed  by  Maximowicz  only  that  of  the  5  stamens  seems 
to  hold  and,  as  I  have  already  mentioned,  I  am  not  convinced  that  this  is  con- 
stant. This  form  is  believed  to  have  been  introduced  to  England  by  Messers 
Veitch  in  1883,  but  that  it  was  in  cultivation  in  Kew  as  early  as  1880  is  shown  by 
Nicholson's  specimens  preserved  in  this  herbarium.  I  have  no  record  of  its  being 
cultivated  in  America  though  it  will  probably  appear  among  the  seedlings  raised 
from  Japanese  seeds  collected  by  me  in  1914  and  distributed  by  the  Arnold 
Arboretum. 

Rhododendron  quinquefolium  Bisset  &  Moore  in  Jour.  Bot.  XV 
292  (1877).  —  Franchet  &  Savatier,  Enum.  PI.  Jap.  II.  653  (1879).  — 
Matsumura,  PI.  Nikko,  71  (1894);  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XIV.  69 
(1900);  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  463  (1912). —  Komatsu  in  Icon.  PL 
Koisikav.  I.  59,  t.  30  (1912);  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [8]  (1918).  — 
Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl.  II.  374  (1914).  —  Rehder  in 
Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.  Hort.  V.  2947  (1916).  — Millais,  Rhodod.  233 
(1917). 

Japan :  Hondo,  prov.  Shimotsuke,  Nikko  region,  alt.  600-1600  m. 
May  14,  May  18,  October  20,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6683,  type, 
6683A,  7676);  Lake  Chuzenji,  October  21,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No. 
7676A);  same  locality,  August  11,  October  25,  1905,  J.  G.  Jack. 

This  very  distinct  species  is  well  characterised  by  its  corky,  brown  bark,  its 
broad-elliptic  to  obovate  verticillate  leaves  and  by  its  snow  white,  rotate-cam- 
panulate  corolla.  In  habit  of  growth,  arrangement  and  shape  of  leaves  and  in 
the  shape  of  the  flowers  it  superficially  resembles  R.  pentaphyllum  Maxim,  but 
the  two  belong  to  different  sections.  In  Maximowicz's  species  the  flowers  and 
leafy  shoots  originate  from  different  buds,  the  flower-bud  being  terminal  and  the 
leaf-buds  lateral  below  it.  In  this  new  species  both  flowers  and  leafy  shoots 
issue  from  the  same  bud.  This  Azalea  is  abundant  in  shady,  rocky  ravines  in  the 
Nikko  region  but  is  elsewhere  unknown  to  me.  It  is  a  bush  or  small  tree  from  1.5 
to  8  m.  tall  with  gray-brown,  corky  bark,  fissured  into  thick  irregular  plates;  the 
shoots  are  glabrous,  terete,  shining  brown  the  first  year  and  arranged  partly  in 
verticils  and  partly  alternate.  The  winter-buds  are  narrow-ovoid,  acute,  with 


88  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

purple-brown  ciliate  scales,  the  basal  ones  having  long  aristate  points.  The  leaves 
are  deciduous  and  unfold  at  the  same  time  as  the  flowers  open;  they  are  clustered  4  or 
5  together  at  the  end  of  the  shoots  and  vary  from  broad-elliptic  to  obovate,  the  apex 
is  mucronate  and  the  base  cuneate,  the  edges  are  ciliate  and  often  margined  with 
red-purple;  they  are  more  or  less  villose,  especially  the  lower  half  of  the  midrib; 
the  petiole  is  very  short  and  villose.  The  flowers  are  either  solitary,  or  two  or 
three  together  on  slender,  glandular-hairy  pedicels;  the  corolla  is  pure  white  with 
green  spots  within,  rotate-campanulate,  and  the  calyx  is  membranous,  with  5 
lanceolate  or  deltoid,  glandular-ciliolate  segments.  The  stamens  are  ten,  with 
greenish  filaments  of  unequal  length,  dilated  and  villose  at  the  base.  The  pistil 
much  exceeds  the  stamens  and  is  glabrous  except  at  the  summit  of  the  ovary.  The 
fruit  is  stout,  cylindric,  and  from  1  to  1.5  cm.  long. 

According  to  Bean,  this  Azalea  was  introduced  into  English  gardens  by  Lord 
Redesdale  about  1896,  but  it  appears  to  be  rare  in  gardens.  To  America  it  has 
been  sent  by  the  Yokohama  Nursery  Company  under  the  name  of  "  Azalea  quin- 
quefolia  white  "  and  I  have  seen  it  growing  fairly  well  in  the  garden  of  Mr. 
T.  A.  Havemeyer,  on  Long  Island.  It  is  a  woodland  plant  and  needs  shade  and 
a  cool  situation  if  it  is  to  thrive.  In  1905  Mr.  J.  G.  Jack  sent  seeds  from  Lake 
Chuzenji  to  this  Arboretum  but  the  resultant  plants  failed  to  prove  hardy.  The 
plants  raised  from  seeds  sent  from  the  same  locality  in  1914  have  also  proved 
tender.  Like  many  other  woodland  plants  this  Azalea  is  difficult  to  manage  when 
young. 

Rhododendron  Schlippenbachii  Maximowicz  in  Bull.  Acad.  Sri. 
St.  Petersbourg,  se>.  3,  XV.  226  (Mel.  Biol  VII,  333)  (1870);  in  Mem. 
Acad.  Sri.  St.  Petersbourg,  se>.  7,  XVI.  No.  9,  29,  t.  2,  figs.  7-13 
(Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870).— Herder  in  Act.  Hort.  Petrop.  1.347  (1871).— 
Franchet  &  Savatier,  Enum.  PL  Jap.  289  (1875). .—  Hemsley  in 
Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  XXVI.  30  (1889). —  Hooker  f.  in  Bot.  Mag.  CXX. 
t.  7373  (1894).—  Gard.  Chron.  ser.  3,  XV.  462,  fig.  58  (1894);  XIX. 
561,  fig.  87  (1896);  LV.  9,  t.  (1914).  —  W.  Watson  in  Garden  XL VI. 
80,  t.  972  (1894);  Rhodod.  and  Azaleas,  112  (1911).  —  Palibin  in  Act. 
Hort.  Petrop.  XVIII.  150  (Consp.  Fl.  Kor.  II.)  (1900).  —  J.  H.  Veitch, 
Hortus  Vritchii,  408  (1906).  —  Komarov  in  Act.  Hort.  Petrop.  XXIV. 
206  (Fl  Mandsh.  III.)  (1907).  —  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk. 
II.  494,  figs.  325  i-1  327  a-b  (1909).  —  Nakai  in  Jour.  Coll.  Sri. 
Tokyo,  XXXI.  75  (Fl.  Kor.  pt.  2)  (1911);  Fl.  Syl  Kor.  VIII.  43, 
t.  15  (1919).  — Matsumura,  Ind.  PI  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  464  (1912).— 
W.  Taylor  in  Garden,  LXXVII.  136,  fig.  (1913).  —  Bean,  Trees  and 
Shrubs  Brit.  Isl.  II.  378  (1914).  —  Rehder  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl. 
Hort.  V.  2943  (1916).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  239  (1917).  —  Komatsu  in 
Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [9]  (1918). 

Azalea  Schlippenbachii  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  pt.  2,  387  (1891). 

Korea:  prov.  South  Keisho,  Herschel  Island,  1863,  R.  Oldham 
(No.  510,  Herb.  Gray);  Chirisan,  alt.  600-1845  m.  November  16, 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  89 

1917,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  9592);  Fusan,  September  11,  1905,  J.  G- 
Jack;  prov.  Keiki,  East  Park  palace,  Seoul,  September  24,  1905, 
J.  G.  Jack;  Government  Forestry  Garden,  Seoul,  cultivated,  May  21, 
1917,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  8431);  Kazan,  near  Suigen,  May  24,  1917, 
E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  8472);  prov.  Kogen,  Diamond  Mts.,  July  7,  1918, 
E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  10,493);  prov.  South  Kankyo,  hills  round  Gensan 
(Wonsan),  September  5,  1903,  C.  S.  Sargent;  between  Shinkori  and 
Eiko,  September  20,  23,  1917,  E.  H.  Wilson  (Nos.  9201,  9223);  prov. 
North  Heian,  altitude  300-1000  m.  June  16,  1917,  E.  H.  Wilson 
(No.  8603);  province  unknown,  "  Pomasa,"  altitude  800  m.  May  21, 
1906,  U.  Faurie  (No.  66^) ;  "  Hoangheito,"  August,  1906,  U.  Faurie 
(No.  668);  northeast  coast,  1854,  Baron  A.  Schlippenbach  (Herb.  Gray). 

Northeast  Manchuria:  shores  of  Possiet  Bay,  1860,  C.  Maxi- 
mowicz  (Herb.  Gray). 

Japan:  Hondo,  prov.  Ugo,  Chokai-san,  June  15,  1903,  K.  Sakurai. 

Cultivated:  Arnold  Arboretum  (No.  7258). 

This  is  one  of  the  commonest  shrubs  in  Korea  and  in  thin  woods  is  often  the 
dominant  undergrowth.  It  just  crosses  the  border  into  northeast  Manchuria  on 
the  shores  of  Possiet  Bay  and  in  Japan  is  known  from  only  two  localities  in  north 
Hondo.  In  Korea  the  southern  limit  of  its  range  appears  to  be  the  Chiri-san  range, 
and  Herschel  Island  in  about  the  same  latitude.  Curiously  it  does  not  grow  on 
Quelpaert  Island  where  the  representative  species  is  R.  Weyrichii  Maxim.  On  the 
lower-middle  slopes  of  Chiri-san  and  the  lower  slopes  of  the  Diamond  Mountains 
R.  Schlippenbachii  is  extraordinarily  abundant.  In  June  these  regions  are  a 
wonderful  sight  with  literally  miles  and  miles  of  the  purest  pink  from  the  millions 
of  flowers  of  this  Azalea.  The  plant  grows  from  1  to  5  m.  tall  and  in  open  places 
is  sturdy  and  densely  branched  but  in  shade  the  branching  is  lax.  The  branches 
are  rigid,  erect,  verticillate  or  irregular,  covered  with  curled  glandular  hairs  when 
young;  pale  brown  the  first  year,  becoming  gray  and  glabrous  the  second.  The 
leaves  are  deciduous,  thin,  clustered  in  whorls  of  five  at  the  end  of  the  branches; 
on  strong  shoots  the  whorl  may  be  subtended  by  a  pair  of  leaves  and  these  by  odd, 
scattered  leaves  of  small  size;  in  shape  they  are  all  uniform  being  more  or  less 
obovate  (often  broadly  so),  from  5  to  9  cm.  long  and  from  3  to  7  cm.  wide,  the 
apex  is  truncate  or  rounded,  emarginate,  with  a  glandular  mucro,  and  the  base  is 
narrowed  to  a  short,  broad  petiole;  the  margins  are  slightly  undulate,  and  both 
surfaces  are  at  first  sparsely  pubescent  but  later  are  glabrous  except  on  the  under- 
side of  the  principal  nerves.  The  leaves  are  dark  green  above,  pale  below  and 
in  autumn  change  to  yellow,  orange  and  crimson.  The  flowers  are  fragrant,  borne 
in  terminal  3-  to  6-flowered  umbellate  clusters,  and  usually  open  as  the  leaves  be- 
gin to  unfold.  The  corolla  is  pale-  to  rose-pink,  broad-rotate,  funnel-shape,  from 
6  to  8  cm.  in  diameter,  with  spreading,  rounded  lobes,  the  posterior  marked  with 
red-brown  spots.  The  pedicels  and  calyx  are  clothed  with  glandular  hairs,  and 
the  calyx-lobes  are  green,  ovoid,  about  5  mm.  long  and  persistent.  The  stamens, 
always  10  in  number,  are  of  unequal  length,  the  longest  equalling  the  corolla 
but  shorter  than  the  style.  The  fruit  is  erect,  oblong-ovoid,  about  1.5  cm.  long, 
slightly  oblique  and  covered  with  sessile  glands;  the  seeds  are  angular,  shining  dark 
brown. 


90  THE   AZALEAS   OF   THE   OLD   WORLD 

This  species  was  discovered  by  Baron  A.  von  Schlippenbach  of  the  Russian 
navy  on  the  shores  of  northeast  Korea  in  1854,  and  appears  to  have  been  culti- 
vated sparingly  in  Japan  for  many  years  under  the  name  of  "  Kurofune-tsutsuji." 
James  H.  Veitch  in  1893  saw  it  in  a  garden  in  Japan  and  sent  it  to  England  and 
this  was  its  first  appearance  in  the  west.  Since  then  Japanese  nurserymen  have 
exported  it  in  small  quantities  to  Europe  and  America  but  to  this  time  it  is  by 
no  means  so  well  known  as  its  beauty  warrants.  The  plants  in  this  Arboretum 
were  raised  from  seeds  collected  in  Korea  in  1905  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Jack;  they  have 
grown  slowly  but  have  been  unaffected  by  winter-cold  and  summer-drought. 
For  two  to  three  years  past  they  have  flowered  freely  and  their  large,  pure  pink 
blossoms  are  lovely.  This  species  has  the  second  largest  leaves  and  the  most 
beautiful  flowers  of  its  group  and  is  worthy  of  a  place  in  every  garden.  I  collected 
a  quantity  of  seed  in  Korea  in  the  autumns  of  1917  and  1918,  and  this  has  been 
widely  distributed  by  the  Arnold  Arboretum  and  in  a  few  years  this  Azalea  should 
be  a  prominent  feature  in  New  England  gardens. 


SECT.  III.   RHODORA  G.  DON* 

Flowers  from  a  terminal  bud,  the  leafy  shoots  arising  from  separate,  lower, 
lateral  buds;  corolla  rotate-campanulate,  rarely  campanulate  or  two-lipped; 
stamens  10,  rarely  from  5  to  7.  Leaves  deciduous,  scattered  or  whorled.  Fruit 
more  or  less  cylindric,  rarely  conic-ovoid.  Shrubs  often  of  large  size,  usually  with 
rigid  ascending  or  spreading  branches;  shoots  glabrous  or  hairy. 

This  section  contains  5  species;  three  of  these  grow  in  eastern  Asia  and  two 
(R.  canadense  Zabel  and  R.  Vaseyi  A.  Gray)  in  eastern  North  America. 

Rhododendron  Albrechtii  Maximowicz  in  Bull.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Peters- 
burg, se>.  3,  XV.  227  (Mel.  Biol.  VII.  335)  (1870);  in  Mem.  Acad. 
Sci.  St.  Petersburg,  se>.  7.  XVI.  No.  9,  30,  t.  2,  figs.  14-20  (Rhodod. 
As.  Or.)  (1870).  — Franchet  &  Savatier,  Enum.  PL  Jap.  I.  290 
(1875).  —  Matsumura,  PL  Nikko,  71  (1894);  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II.  pt.  2, 
458  (1912).  —  Boissier  in  Bull.  Herb.  Boiss.  V.  917  (1897).  —  Schnei- 
der, III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  496,  figs.  325  m-n,  327  e  (1909).  — 
Millais,  Rhodod.  112  (1917).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII. 
[8]  (1918). 

Azalea  Albrechtii  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  pt.  2,  387  (1892).  —  Rehder  in  Bailey, 
Cycl  Am.  Hort.  I.  122  (1900). 

Japan:  Hondo,  prov.  Shinano,  1864,  Tschonoski  (Herb.  Gray); 
prov.  Musashi,  cultivated,  Bot.  Gard.  Tokyo,  April  2,  1914,  E.  H. 
Wilson  (No.  6363);  prov.  Shimotsuke,  Nikko  region,  alt.  1600-2000  m., 
June  23,  October  15, 1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (Nos.  6858,  7638);  prov.  Uzen, 
lower  slopes  of  Adzuma-san,  alt.  800-1100  m.,  July  19,  October  24, 
1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (Nos.  7208,  7721);  prov.  Mutsu,  Hirosaki,  May, 
1905,  U.  Faurie  (No.  6785);  Hakkoda-yama,  alt.  1000-1600  m., 
July  5,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  7083);  same  locality,  October  2,  1892, 
C.  S.  Sargent.  Hokkaido,  prov.  Oshima,  Fuku-yama,  June  3,  1889, 
U.  Faurie  (No.  3831,  Herb.  Kew) ;  Kakumi  Hot  Springs,  September  29, 
1892,  C.  S.  Sargent;  prov.  Iburi,  Nobori-betsu,  July  2,  1914,  E.  H. 
Wilson;  prov.  Ishikari,  Sapporo,  May  17,  October  10,  1903,  S.  Ari- 
moto  (Herb.  Gray);  same  locality,  May  29,  1890,  E.  Tokubuchi  (Herb. 
Gray);  Moiwa-dake,  June  15,  1885,  K.  Miyabe  (Herb.  Gray);  same 
locality,  June  23,  1891,  E.  Tokubuchi;  cultivated,  Bot.  Gard.  Sapporo, 
August  22,  1905,  J.  G.  Jack. 

1  For  synonyms  and  further  details  see  page  119. 
91 


92  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

On  the  margin  of  forests  and  in  thickets  this  species  is  widely  distributed  in 
northern  Japan  from  the  mountains  round  Sapporo  in  central  Hokkaido  south- 
ward to  those  of  Shinano  in  central  Hondo.  I  am  familiar  with  it  from  the  Nikko 
region  northward,  but  do  not  consider  it  a  common  plant.  It  is  scattered  here 
and  there  and  is  partial  to  dense  thickets  on  steep  slopes  of  loose  soil.  It  is  a 
shrub  of  loose  and  sparse  habit,  from  1  to  1.5  m.  tall,  with  slender,  smooth,  purple- 
brown  branches  which  are  brown  and  furnished  when  young  with  curled,  partly 
viscid,  gray  hairs.  The  leaves  are  deciduous,  membranous,  dark  green  and 
change  to  yellow  before  they  fall;  they  are  scattered  on  the  vigorous  shoots,  and 
crowded,  forming  false  whorls  of  fives,  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets;  they  are  obo- 
vate  to  oblanceolate,  from  4  to  12  cm.  long  and  from  1.5  to  6  cm.  wide,  acute  or 
subacute,  with  a  glandular  mucro;  the  base  is  narrowed  to  a  short,  winged  petiole; 
the  margins  are  serrulate  and  ciliate,  the  upper  surface  is  sparsely  clad  with  ap- 
pressed,  flattened,  hispid  hairs  and  the  under  surface  is  more  or  less  densely 
clothed  with  short,  pale  gray  tomentum.  The  flowers  are  about  5  cm.  across,  and 
open  in  June  and  early  July,  according  to  climate,  and  immediately  before  or  as 
the  leaves  unfold;  they  are  borne  in  terminal  umbels,  each  containing  from  3  to  5 
flowers.  The  pedicels  are  moderately  stout,  from  1  to  2  cm.  long,  and  are 
clothed  with  curled,  glandular,  yellowish  hairs;  the  calyx  is  small,  with  5 
purple  and  ciliate  lobes;  the  corolla  is  rich  red-purple,  rotate-campanulate,  with 
a  short,  wide  tube  and  spreading,  rounded  lobes;  the  stamens  are  10  in  number 
in  two  series  of  unequal  length,  the  longest  equalling  the  corolla  and  over- 
topped by  the  curved  style,  which  has  a  bifid  stigma.  The  fruit  is  erect,  conic- 
ovoid,  from  1  to  1.2  cm.  long,  purple-brown,  and  clothed  with  yellow,  viscid, 
pilose  hairs. 

This  species  was  discovered  about  1860  by  Dr.  Michael  Albrecht  of  the  Russian 
Consulate  in  Hakodate,  and  was  found  by  Maximowicz  also  in  the  vicinity  of 
Hakodate  in  1861.  However,  it  does  not  appear  to  have  been  introduced  into 
western  gardens  until  1892,  when  Professor  Sargent  sent  seeds  to  the  Arnold 
Arboretum  from  two  localities  in  Hokkaido.  Plants  raised  from  these  seeds  grew 
for  several  years  in  this  Arboretum,  but  never  really  flourished.  I  sent  seeds  from 
northern  Hondo  in  1914,  and  these  were  distributed  by  the  Arboretum.  Plants 
raised  from  these  seeds  have  grown  fairly  well,  but  it  is  too  early  to  say  whether 
they  will  make  themselves  at  home  here.  There  is  no  apparent  reason  why  this 
Azalea  should  not  thrive  here.  The  habit  is  sparse  and  the  flowers  are  not  large, 
but  the  color  is  intense  and  the  plant  is  graceful  and  attractive. 

Rhododendron  pentaphyllum  Maximowicz  in  Bull.  Acad.  Sd.  St. 
Petersburg,  ser.  3,  XXXI.  65  (MeT  Biol.  XII.  491)  (1887).— Mat- 
sumura,  Ind.  PI.  Jap.  II.  pt.  2,  463  (1912).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  225 
(1917).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [8]  (1918). 

Rhododendron  pentaphyllum  var.  nikoense  Komatsu  in  Icon.  PL   Koisikav. 

III.  45,  t.  168  (1916). 
Rhododendron  quinquefoliwn  var.  roseum  Render  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.  Hort. 

V.  2947  (1916). 

Japan:  Kyushu,  prov.  Osumi,  Tarumizu  village,  April  and  May, 
1911,  S.  Kawagoe.  Hondo,  prov.  Kozuki,  Mt.  Akagi,  June  13,  1911, 
as  to  flowers,  May  17,  1921,  K.  Sakurai;  prov.  Musashi,  Yokohama, 
cultivated,  April  11,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6396);  prov.  Shimot- 


ENUMERATION   OF   THE   SPECIES  93 

suki,  Nikko  region,  alt.  1000-2000  m.,  May  18,  May  25,  May  31, 
October  20,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (Nos.  6698,  7683);  same  region, 
shores  of  Lake  Chuzenji,  November,  1892,  C.  S.  Sargent. 

Cultivated:  Hort.  T.  A.  Havemeyer,  Glenhead,  Long  Island, 
New  York,  April  23,  1919. 

This  species  is  distributed  in  Japan  from  the  extreme  south  of  Kyushu  through 
Shikoku  and  Hondo  to  the  Nikko  region  and  beyond  to  Adzuma-san  in  Iwashiro 
province  but  is  nowhere  abundant.  I  have  seen  it  wild  in  the  Nikko  region 
only  and  there,  near  the  Hashimoto  Tea  House  and  on  the  mountain  behind  the 
Lakeside  Hotel  at  Chuzenji,  it  is  common.  It  grows  chiefly  among  deciduous  trees 
and  shrubs  and,  flowering  early,  its  pure  rose-pink  blossoms  are  conspicuous 
from  a  long  distance.  My  first  view  of  it  was  across  a  deep  ravine  and  I  shall 
never  forget  the  charm  of  that  splash  of  lovely  color  among  the  leafless  plants  of  a 
well-wooded  steep  slope.  This  Azalea  is  a  large  bush  or  small  tree  from  2  to  8  m. 
tall,  with  a  dense  crown  of  twiggy  ascending  and  spreading  branches  which  are 
arranged  partly  in  verticils  and  partly  in  an  alternate  manner,  and  are  sparsely 
pilose  when  young  but  soon  become  glabrous;  they  are  red-brown  and  more  or  less 
angular  the  first  year,  later  terete  and  gray.  The  trunk  is  clothed  with  pale  gray- 
brown  bark.  The  winter-buds  are  short  or  elongated,  acute,  with  shining  purplish 
brown,  ciliolate,  rather  paleaceous  scales.  The  leaves  are  clustered  in  a  whorl  of  5 
at  the  end  of  the  branchlet  and  are  deciduous,  chartaceous  in  texture,  lustrous 
green  in  the  summer,  changing  to  rich  tints  of  orange  and  crimson  in  the  autumn; 
they  are  oval  to  elliptic-lanceolate  in  shape,  from  3  to  6  cm.  long  and  from  1.5  to  3  cm. 
wide,  acute  and  mucronulate,  with  a  narrowed  cuneate  base;  the  margins  are  ciliate 
and  finely  serrulate;  they  are  reticulately  veined  with  the  midrib  villose  on  both 
surfaces,  especially  along  the  basal  half.  The  petioles  are  from  3  to  8  mm.  long, 
usually  sparsely  bearded  and  glandular.  The  flowers  are  solitary  or  in  pairs  at 
the  end  of  the  branchlets,  and  as  the  flower-buds  expand  the  bud-scales  fall.  The 
corolla  is  unspotted,  bright  rose-pink  in  color,  about  4  to  5  cm.  in  diameter, 
rotate-campanulate,  with  spreading,  rounded,  often  emarginate  lobes.  The  pedicels 
are  sparsely  or  densely  glandularly  pilose  or  quite  glabrous  and  from  1  to  1.5  cm. 
long.  The  calyx  is  glabrous,  membranous,  with  5  triangular  or  deltoid  teeth 
which  are  ciliate  and  from  1  to  5  mm.  long.  The  stamens  are  unequal,  10  in 
number,  included;  the  base  of  the  filaments  is  villose  and  the  anthers  are  yellow. 
The  pistil  slightly  overtops  the  stamens  and  is  glabrous.  The  fruit  is  spindle- 
shaped,  swollen  about  the  middle,  about  1.5  cm.  long  and  0.8  cm.  wide,  verruculose, 
and  subtended  by  the  persistent  calyx. 

This  lovely  plant  is  very  rare  in  gardens  and  appears  to  have  been  introduced 
to  Europe  and  America  by  the  Yokohama  Nursery  Company,  who  list  it  under 
the  name  of  "  Azalea  quinquefolia  pink."  It  is  essentially  a  woodland  species, 
fond  of  partial  shade.  Where  it  grows  at  Nikko  the  soil  is  volcanic  ash  and  lava 
overlain  with  black  leaf-mould.  I  collected  seeds  in  1914  for  the  Arnold  Arbo- 
retum  and  part  of  them  were  distributed.  The  plants  raised  in  this  Arboretum 
have  proved  tender  and  difficult  to  manage,  but  older  plants  given  a  shady  wood- 
land site  would  probably  thrive  here  as  well  as  they  do  on  Long  Island,  New  York. 
In  Japan  its  autumn  tints  are  singularly  vivid  and  beautiful. 

Rhododendron  nipponicum  Matsumura  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XIII. 
17  (1899);  in  Icon.  PL  Koisikav.  I.  9,  t.  5  (1911);  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II. 
pt.  2,  463  (1912).  —  Komatsu  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [8]  (1918). 


94  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

Japan:  Hondo,  prov.  Uzen,  near  Toge,  alt.  1000  m.,  July  20, 
October  23,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (Nos.  7219,  7191). 

This  little  known  Japanese  species  is  confined  to  the  mountains  of  north-central 
Hondo.  It  is  very  distinct  in  its  flowers  and  fruit  and  also  in  its  papery,  cinnamon- 
brown  bark  which  shreds  off  and  leaves  polished  brown  stems  and  branches.  No 
other  species  with  deciduous  leaves  has  such  attractive  bark.  In  habit  it  forms  an 
upright,  bushy  shrub  from  1  to  2  m.  high,  with  rigid,  red-brown  branches  clothed 
with  pilose  and  glandular  hairs.  The  winter-buds  are  pale  straw-color  tinged 
with  purple,  large,  ovoid,  with  ciliate,  eglandular  bud-scales.  The  leaves  are 
scattered,  sessile,  membranous  and  deciduous;  they  have  appressed,  hispid  hairs 
on  both  surfaces  and  the  margins  are  ciliate;  in  shape  they  are  panduriform,  from 
6  to  18  cm.  long  and  from  3.5  to  8.5  cm.  wide,  with  the  apex  rounded  or  truncate, 
usually  emarginate,  rarely  obtuse,  and  are  narrowed  to  the  base,  which  is  firmly 
appressed  to  the  stem  and  often  has  a  curious  shield-like  protuberance  continued 
below  the  point  of  insertion;  the  veins  are  prominent  and  reticulate  on  the  under 
side  and  many  are  furnished  with  strigose  hairs.  In  the  autumn  the  leaves  are 
tinted  from  orange  to  crimson.  The  flowers  are  small  and  not  conspicuous,  and 
open  in  late  June  and  July  with,  or  even  after,  the  leaves.  They  are  borne  from 
6  to  15  together  in  terminal,  umbellate  corymbs.  The  corolla  is  white,  tubular  or 
campanulate,  from  1.5  to  2  cm.  long  and  from  0.8  to  1  cm.  broad,  with  5  short, 
very  slightly  spreading  lobes.  The  calyx  is  small,  membranous,  with  lobes  of 
unequal  size,  and  like  the  slender  pedicel  is  covered  with  viscid  hairs.  The 
stamens  are  of  unequal  length,  10  in  number  and  are  included,  as  is  the  style, 
which  is  straight  and  slightly  thickened  below  the  capitate  stigma.  The  fruit  is 
pendent,  oval,  from  8  to  10  mm.  long,  and  has  thin  walls  which  open  to  the  base 
and  have  wavy  margins. 

This  species  in  foliage  suggests  R.  Schlippenbachii  Maxim.,  but  otherwise  is 
very  distinct.  On  the  hills  round  Toge,  near  the  base  of  Adzuma-san,  in  1914,  I 
found  this  species  to  be  common  in  rather  open  country.  The  season  of  flowering 
was  almost  past.  In  the  autumn  I  gathered  seeds  for  the  Arnold  Arboretum, 
which  distributed  them  in  America  and  Europe.  The  plants  raised  from  these 
seeds  have  not  yet  flowered  in  the  Arboretum.  This  Azalea  was  unknown  to 
Japanese  nurserymen  until  I  gave  plants  to  the  Yokohama  Nursery  Company  in 
1914.  Its  bark  and  foliage  is  striking,  but  the  size  of  the  flowers  and  the  manner 
in  which  they  are  hidden  by  the  leaves  and  young  shoots  detracts  from  the  plant. 
As  a  flowering  shrub  it  is  one  of  the  least  desirable  of  Japanese  Azaleas. 


SECT.  IV.    PENTANTHERA  G.  DoN1 

Flowers  from  a  terminal  bud,  the  leafy  shoots  from  separate,  lower,  lateral  buds; 
corolla  funnel-form-campanulate  to  funnel-form;  stamens  5.  Leaves  deciduous, 
scattered  on  the  shoots.  Fruit  more  or  less  cylindric.  Shrubs  usually  with  stiff, 
ascending  branches.  Shoots  villose  or  glabrous. 

This  section  contains  some  15  species  and  is  the  most  widely  distributed  of  the 
four  sections  which  we  are  discussing.  Two  species  grow  in  eastern  Asia,  one  in 
Japan  and  the  other  in  China;  one  species,  R.  luteum  Sweet,  grows  on  the  Caucasus, 
in  the  Pontus  region  in  Asia  Minor  and  in  parts  of  eastern  Europe.  The  others  are 
confined  to  North  America,  where  they  are  widely  distributed. 

Rhododendron  molle  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  846  (1834). 

Azalea  mollis  Blume,  Cat.  Gewass.  Buitenz.  44  (1823);  Bijd.  Fl.  Ned.  Ind. 
853  (1825). 

Azalea  sinensis  Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  IX.  t.  885  (1824).  —  De  Candolle,  Prodr. 
VII.pt.  2,  718  (1839).— Fortune,  Wanderings  in  China,  154  (1847);  Tea  Coun- 
tries of  China  154  (1852) ;  Residence  among  Chinese,  28  (1857) ;  Suringar  in 
Gartenfl.  LVII.  505  (1908). 

Rhododendron  sinense  p.  flavescens  Sweet,  Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  ser.  1,  III.  t.  290 
(1829). 

Rhododendron  sinense  Sweet,  Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  ser.  1,  III.  sub.  t.  290  (1829).  — 
Hovey,  Am.  Gard.  Mag.  II.  142,  179  (1836).  —  Hance  in  Journ.  Bot.  XVI. 
109  (1878).  — Hemsley  in  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  XXVI.  30  (1889),  as  to  the 
Chinese  plant.  —  Suringar  in  Gartenfl.  LVII.  516  (1908).  — W.  Watson, 
Rhodod.  and  Azaleas,  112  (1911),  in  part.  —  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laub- 
holzk.  II.  497,  figs.  328  g-h,  329  a-b  (1911).  —  Render  &  Wilson  in  Sargent, 
PL  Wilson.  I.  549  (1913).  —  Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl.  II.  379 
(1914).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  (1917),  in  part. 

Rhododendron  sinense  a.  flammeum  Sweet,  Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  ser.  1,  III.  sub.  t. 
290  (1829). 

Azalea  pontica  var.  sinensis  Lindley  in  Bot.  Reg.  XV.  t.  1253  (1829),  poor 
figure. 

Azalea  sinensis  a.  genuina  Maximowicz  in  Suppl.  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petrop. 
1869,  11. 

China:  prov.  Hupeh,  stony  hills  and  Pine-woods  15  miles  below 
Ichang  on  right  bank  of  Yangtsze  River,  alt.  30-300  m.,  April  24,  1907 
(flowers),  January  18,  1908  (fruit),  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  800);  same 
locality,  A.  Henry  (No.  268);  prov.  Hunan,  near  Changsha,  among 
shrubs,  alt.  70-400  m.,  April  7,  1918,  Dr.  Handel-Mazzetti  (No.  2342); 
prov.  Chekiang,  vicinity  of  Ningpo,  1908,  D.  MacGregor;  near  Chang- 
hua,  rocky  banks,  alt.  300  m.,  July  12, 1915,  F.  N.  Meyer  (No.  1543); 

1  For  synonyms  and  further  details  see  page  124. 
95 


96  THE    AZALEAS   OF   THE    OLD   WORLD 

prov.  Kiangsii,  Nanking,  April  23,  1914,  Mary  Strong  Clemens  (4226, 
Herb.  Bur.  Sci.  Manila). 

This  species  is  abundant  in  eastern  China,  especially  on  the  mountains  of  the 
Chekiang  province,  and  appears  to  have  the  western  limits  of  its  range  on  the 
conglomerate  hills  a  little  to  the  east  of  the  city  of  Ichang  where  Henry  and  I  col- 
lected it.  The  plant  is  evidently  common  in  the  neighborhood  of  Ningpo,  where 
every  collector  since  Fortune  has  gathered  it.  It  grows  among  coarse  grasses  and 
shrubs  and  in  thin  pine-woods.  It  is  a  sturdy,  sparingly  branched  shrub  from 
half  a  metre  to  a  metre  and  a  half  high,  taller  than  broad,  and  has  rich  golden- 
yellow  flowers  produced  in  large  trusses  before  the  leaves  unfold.  In  habit  and 
floral  characters  in  general  it  closely  resembles  its  Japanese  relative  (R.  japonicum 
Suring.),  but  it  has  a  smaller  and  less  bristly  calyx,  flower-stalks  without  or  with 
few  bristles,  stamens  as  long  or  longer  than  the  corolla  and  winter-buds  densely 
clothed  with  a  short,  nearly  white,  velvety  pubescence.  The  leaves  of  the  two 
species  are  conspicuously  different.  Those  of  the  Chinese  plant  are  densely  clothed 
on  the  lower  surface  with  soft,  nearly  white,  matted  pubescence  which  persists 
through  the  life  of  the  leaf;  the  upper  surface  is  also  softly  pubescent  but  much  of 
this  disappears  before  autumn.  In  late  summer  and  autumn  the  leaves  appear 
glaucous  below  on  account  of  the  density  of  the  pale  gray  pubescence.  The  leaves 
of  the  Chinese  species  are  also  larger,  up  to  15  cm.  long  and  5.5  cm.  wide,  more  de- 
cidedly oblong-lanceolate,  and  only  occasionally  broadest  above  the  middle.  Sweet's 
figure  (Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  ser.  1,  III.  t.  290  [1892])  clearly  shows  these  essential 
characters,  and  if  it  is  compared  with  Hegel's  figure  (Gartenfl.  XVI.  299,  t.  556 
[1867])  of  the  Japanese  species  the  two  plants  cannot  be  confused.  Since  the  two 
may  easily  be  distinguished  by  the  leaves  and  other  characters,  behave  differently 
under  cultivation  and  grow  wild  in  widely  separated  geographical  areas,  I  consider 
that  they  are  best  kept  under  separate  names  without  discussing  the  vexed  question 
of  what  constitutes  a  species. 

I  have  not  seen  this  Azalea  in  Chinese  gardens  but  it  must  long  ago  have  been 
grown  in  those  of  Canton,  Hanchow  and  Soochow.  Loddiges  received  the  plant 
from  China  in  1823  and  figured  it  in  the  Botanical  Cabinet,  IX.  t.  885  (1824).  This 
plant  in  all  probability  was  brought  by  some  ship  of  the  East  India  Company  from 
Canton.  Others  were  introduced  through  the  same  agency  during  the  succeeding 
years  but  the  species  appears  to  have  been  lost,  or  nearly  so,  when  it  was  sent  to 
the  gardens  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  London  by  Robert  Fortune  in  1845. 
Fortune  found  it  in  gardens  at  Canton  and  wild  on  the  hills  near  Ningpo,  and  in 
his  books  he  mentions  this  Azalea  several  times.  According  to  Blume  (Cat.  Gewass. 
Buitenz.  44  [1823])  it  was  introduced  into  gardens  in  Java  before  1823.  Of  its 
first  introduction  into  America  I  can  find  no  record,  but  Hovey  tells  us  that  it 
flowered  with  him,  and  also  in  the  garden  of  Mr.  J.  P.  Gushing,  Watertown,  Mass., 
in  April,  1836.  Later  it  became  lost  and  it  was  not  cultivated  in  America  when 
in  January,  1908, 1  sent  seeds  from  China  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  Some  of  these 
seeds  were  sent  to  England,  where  the  species  appears  again  to  have  been  lost.  In- 
deed, in  western  gardens  the  pure  species  never  seems  to  have  established  itself, 
and  like  its  Japanese  relative  soon  got  lost  under  a  mass  of  hybrid  and  seminal 
forms.  In  this  Arboretum  the  Chinese  Azalea  is  doubtfully  hardy,  but  it  is  an  ex- 
cellent pot  plant  and  forces  well.  This  tenderness,  which  is  to  be  expected  when 
the  climate  of  the  region  in  which  it  grows  is  taken  into  consideration,  explains  its 
frequent  disappearance  from  gardens.  The  habit  and  fine  yellow  flowers  make  it 
a  very  decorative  garden  plant  but  it  lacks  stamina.  Its  great  use  has  been  in 
hybridising,  notably  with  the  Japanese  speqies,  from  which  has  sprung  a  race  of 
hybrids  popularly  known  as  "  Mollis  Azaleas,"  correctly  X  R.  Kosterianum* 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  97 

It  is  a  pity  to  have  to  discontinue  the  use  of  Sweet's  name  R.  sinense  in  favor 
of  one  which  has  been  so  much  misused,  but  this  cannot  be  avoided.  Blume's 
description  is  perfectly  good,  but  this  publication  seems  to  have  been  entirely  over- 
looked, all  authors  quoting  him  in  his  Bijdragen  Flora  Nederlandsch  Indie,  which 
was  published  two  years  later.  Siebold  and  Zuccarini  in  1846  were  the  first  to  apply 
Blume's  name  to  the  Japanese  plant  and  initiated  the  confusion  which  has  existed 
ever  since. 

X  Rhododendron  Kosterianum  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubhohk. 
II.  499  (1911). 

Azalea  mollis  x  sinensis  Pynaert  &  van  Geertin  Rev.  Hort.  Belg.  XVII.  121,  fig. 
18  (1891);  XX,  277,  t.  (1894).  —  Rodigas  in  Tijd.  Boomt.  1893, 183,  fig.  25. 

Rhododendron  sinense  W.  Watson,  Rhodod.  and  Azaleas,  77  (1911),  in  part, 
not  Sweet. 

Rhododendron  sinense  X  R.  molle  Schneider,  III.   Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  499 
(1911),  as  a  synonym. 

Rhododendron  molle  Millais,  Rhodod.  211  (1917),  in  part,  not  G.  Don,  nor 
Miquel. 

Rhododendron  molle  X  sinense  Millais,  Rhodod.  212  (1917). 
It  appears  to  be  the  concensus  of  opinion  that  Anthony  Koster  &  Sons  of  Bos- 
koop,  Holland,  began  to  cross  R.  sinense  Sweet  and  R.  japonicum  Suring.  about 
1880  and  to  raise  hybrids  in  commercial  quantities.  They  were  closely  followed  by 
Anthony  Waterer,  Knap  Hill,  Surrey.  But  apparently  neither  were  the  first  in 
this  field,  for  in  the  Florist  and  Pomologist  for  1875,  p.  282,  William  Tillery  writes: 
"  In  1872 1  had  six  varieties  of  the  showy  hardy  Azalea  mollis  from  M.  van  Houtte 
named  as  follows:  —  'Isabellevan  Houtte, 'dark  nankeen  color,  'Madame  Camille 
van  Langenhone,'  white  striped  with  rose  and  carmine,  'Nonpareil,'  white  bordered 
with  rose,  'Ebenezer  Pyke,'  half  yellow,  'Centi  Striatella'  and  'Baroness  Roth- 
schild.' I  find  that  all  the  varieties  cross  very  readily  with  Azalea  sinensis —  the 
yellow  and  white  varieties,  and  I  have  many  healthy  seedlings  this  year  from  these 
crosses."  This  would  appear  to  be  the  beginning  of  the  race.  The  work  of  these 
pioneers  has  been  emulated  by  others  in  Holland,  Belgium  and  England  and  the  re- 
sult is  a  wealth  of  popular  Azaleas  with  lovely  flowers  in  exquisite  shades  of  color. 
For  indoor  decoration  they  are,  in  normal  times,  forced  by  the  million  hi  Europe 
and  America.  As  garden  plants  out-of-doors  they  thrive  hi  many  parts  of  England 
and  Millais  is  loud  in  their  praise.  While  hardy  in  the  gardens  of  New  England  the 
plants  are  usually  short  lived,  lack  constitution  and  are  even  less  satisfactory  than 
the  "  Gandavensis  hybrids."  The  tender  strain  derived  from  the  Chinese  species 
(R.  molle)  is  unfortunately  too  potent,  and  though  the  plants  struggle  along  for 
a  few  years  they  are  rarely  satisfactory  and  generally  at  the  end  of  a  few  years  die. 
It  is  a  pity,  for  they  are  beautiful  plants.  In  Horticulture,  XXX.  71  (1919),  there 
is  described  a  hybrid  ("  Miss  Louisa  Hunnewell ")  raised  in  1913  by  Mr.  T.  D. 
Hatfield,  superintendent  of  the  estate  of  Walter  Hunnewell,  Esq.,  Wellesley,  Mass., 
which  is  a  cross  between  the  pure  species  R.  japonicum  Suring.  and  R.  molle  G. 
Don  obtained  from  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  It  first  flowered  in  1917,  and  has  an 
orange-yellow  corolla  similar  to  that  of  "Anthony  Koster"  but  even  richer  in 
color;  it  proved  "bud  hardy  "  in  the  exceptionally  severe  winters  of  1917-18  and 
1919-20,  and  is  a  free  grower.  If  this  new  Azalea  fulfils  expectations  it  will  be  a 
most  valuable  addition  to  New  England  gardens. 

Another  hybrid  is :  — 

X  Rhododendron  albicans  Waterer  apud  Zabel  in  Mitt.  Deutsch. 


98  THE  AZALEAS  OF  THE   OLD  WORLD 

Dendr.  Ges.  XI.  30  (1902).  — Schneider,  III  Handb.  Laulholzk.il. 
499  (1911). 

Rhododendron  occidental*  X  sinense  Zabel  in  Beissner,  Schelle  &  Zabel,  Handb. 

Laubholzk-Ben.  380  (1903),  as  a  synonym. 
Rhododendron  motte  x  ocddentale  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  499 

(1911),  as  a  synonym. 

Azalea  occidental™  "Hybrids"  Hort.  Wezelenburg,  Cat.  9  (1915). 
Rhododendron  occidentak  X  R.  molle  x  " Ghent  Azaleas"  Millais,  Rhodod.  220, 

fig.  (1917). 

Many  varieties  of  this  hybrid  have  been  raised  by  Anthony  Waterer  and  by 
Koster  &  Sons,  among  the  best  being  "Superba,"  "Graciosa,"  "Exquisite"  and 
"Magnifica."  The  parentage  is,  apparently,  very  mixed;  a  majority  have  large 
white  flowers  with  the  usual  yellow  blotch  characteristic  of  the  flowers  of  the 
American  species,  but  some  have  cream  and  others  yellow  flowers  with  a  darker 
blotch.  They  flower  between  early  June  and  mid-July  and  are  very  hardy. 

In  quite  recent  years  X  R.  Kosterianum  has  been  hybridised  with  a 
variety  of  forms  of  X  R.  gandavense  and  the  result  is  a  race  with 
double  flowers,  for  which  I  propose  the  name  of:  — 

X  Rhododendron  mixtum  Wilson,  n.  nom. 

Azalea  rustica  flore-pleno  Hort.  ex  Vandervoorde  in  Rev.  Hort.  Belg.  XIX. 
232,  t.  (1893),  not  Van  Houtte.  —  Cat.  A.  Waterer,  10  (1911-12.)  —  Cat. 
Wezelenburg,  10  (1915).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  213  (1917). 

It  appears  to  be  safer  to  give  a  new  name  to  this  race  than  to  risk  confusing  it 
with  the  double-flowered  "  Gandavensis  hybrids  "  (Azaleas  rustique  de  Gand) 
first  raised  by  Louis  van  Houtte,  who  figures  four  varieties  in  Flore  des  Serres  XIX. 
tt.  2021-2024  (1873),  and  of  which  "  Graf  von  Meran,"  "  Narcissiflora "  and 
"Louis  A.  van  Houtte,"  may  be  considered  types.  Typical  forms  of  x  R.  mixtum 
are  "  Murillo  "  with  rose-colored  flowers,  "  Virgile "  with  yellow  flowers,  "  II 
Tasso  "  with  red  flowers,  "  Milton  "  with  white  flowers,  and  "  Racine  "  with  pale 
pink  flowers.  According  to  Millais  (Rhodod.  213  [1917])  there  are  hybrids  raised 
by  Vuylsteke  between  R.  molle  and  Azalea  altaclarense.  These  are  unknown 
to  me. 

Rhododendron  molle  G.  Don  has  been  crossed  with  one  or  more 
of  the  broad-leafed  Rhododendrons  and  the  oldest  of  these  is :  — 

X  Rhododendron  "Smithii  aureum"  Paxton,  Mag.  of  Bot.  IX.  79, 
t.  and  fig.  (1842).—  Gard.  Chron.  II.  352  (1842).  —  Robinson,  Fl 
and  Sylva  II.  152,  t.  (1904).  —  Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl. 
II.  346  (1914). 

Rhododendron  "Hardy  Seedling"  X  Azalea  sinensis  Paxton,  Mag.  of  Bot.  IX.  79 

(1842.) 
"  Norbiton  hybrids  "  Hort.  ex  Masters  in  Gard.  Chron.  ser.  3,  XIII.  665 

(1893). 
Rhododendron  sinense  X  Eurhododendron  spec.  Zabel  in  Beissner,  Schelle  & 

Zabel,  Handb.  Laubholz.-Ben.  379  (1903). 

I  have  given  the  parentage  as  set  down  by  Paxton  but  Robinson  says  "  between 
a  yellow  form  of  the  Chinese  Azalea  and  Rhododendron  caucasicwn,  the  latter  of 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  99 

which  it  resembles  in  habit."  This  interesting  Azaleodendron  was  raised  by  a 
nurseryman  at  Norbiton,  Surrey,  named  W.  Smith,  and  exhibited  before  the  Horti- 
cultural Society  of  London  in  the  spring  of  1842.  It  is  not  now  in  cultivation  in 
this  Arboretum,  not  being  sufficiently  hardy  to  withstand  the  winter's  cold.  A 
specimen  in  this  herbarium  under  the  name  of  Rhododendron  "  Victoria  regina  " 
and  from  an  exhibition  held  by  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  on  April 
19,  1889,  evidently  belongs  here,  but  whether  the  name  it  was  exhibited  under  has 
any  standing  I  do  not  know. 

Another  hybrid  between  a  broad-leaf  evergreen  Rhododendron 
and  R.  molle  G.  Don  is:  — 

X  Rhododendron  "broughtonii  aureum"  Hort.  apud  W.  Watson, 
Rhodod.  and  Azaleas  93  (1911).  —  Osborne  in  Gard.  Chron.  ser.  3, 
LI.  53.  fig.  29  (1912).  — Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs  Brit.  I  si.  II.  345, 
fig.  (1914). 

Osborne  in  his  account  of  this  plant  says  it  "  obtains  its  name  from  the  village 
of  Broughton  in  Peebleshire,  where  it  was  raised  by  crossing  a  yellow  Azalea  and 
a  seedling  evergreen  Rhododendron."  Both  Osborne  and  Bean  regard  this  as  the 
best  of  its  class.  It  has  been  in  cultivation  in  this  Arboretum  since  1910  but  does 
not  thrive.  More  recently  M.  G.  Vander  Meulen  has  raised  hybrids  between  R. 
molle  and  the  evergreen  Rhododendrons  "  Prince  Camille  de  Rohan  "  and  "  Leo- 
pard "  which  he  names  "  Edouard  AndrS,"  "Director  Rodigas"  and  "Dr. 
Masters."  Mr.  White  of  Sunningdale  has  raised  similar  hybrids.  Millais  (Rhodod. 
214  [1917])  says  that  they  retain  their  leaves  in  winter,  and  are  quite  hardy  and 
very  floriferous. 

Rhododendron  japonicum  Suringar  in  Gartenfl.  LVII.  516  (1908).  — 
Schneider,  III  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  1046  (1912).  —  Rehder  &  Wil- 
son in  Sargent,  PL  Wilson.  I.  549  (1913),  in  a  note.  —  Rehder  in 
Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.  Hort.  V.  2942  (1916).  —  Arnold  Arb.  Bull.  Pop- 
ular Inform,  n.  ser.  III.  26  (1917);  IV.  20,  28  (1918).  —  Komatsu  in 
Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXII.  [6]  (1918).  —  E.  G.  Loder  in  Rhodod.  Soc. 
Notes,  I.  No.  4,  197  (1918). 

Rhododendron  molle  Siebold  and  Zuccarini  in  Abh.  Akad.  Munch.  IV.  pt.  3, 
131  (Fl.  Jap.  Fam.  Nat.  II.  7)  (1846),  not  G.  Don.  —  Miquel  in  Ann.  Mus. 
Lugd.-Bat.  1. 33  (1864);  II.  164  (1865-66);  Prol.  Fl.  Jap.  96  (1866-67).— 
Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  III.  499,  figs.  328  i-k,  329  c-d  (1911).— 
Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl.  II.  368  (1914).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  211 
(1917),  in  part. 

Azalea  japonica  A.  Gray  in  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  n.  ser.  VI.  400  (1858-59). — 
Hemsley  in  Garden,  XI.  420,  t.  (1877),  in  part. 

Rhododendron  molle  var.  glabrior  Miquel  in  Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.-Bat.  I.  33  (1864). 

Azalea  mollis  /3.  glabrior  Regel  in  Gartenfl.  XVI.  289,  t.  556  (1867).— Van 
Houtte  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  XIX.  177  tt.  2034-2035  (1873). 

Azalea  sinensis  0.  glabrior  Maximowicz  in  Suppl.  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petrop. 
(1869)  11. 

Rhododendron  Sinense  Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersbourg,  se'r.  7, 
XVI.  No.  9,  28  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870),  not  Sweet.  —  Hooker  f.  in 


100  THE   AZALEAS   OF   THE   OLD   WOULD 

Bot.  Mag.  XCVII.  t.  5905  (1871).  —  Franchet  &  Savatier,  Enum.  PL  Jap. 
I.  289  (1875).  —  Matsumura  &  Yatabe,  Nippon  Shokub.  163  (1884).— 
Matsumura,  PL  Nikko,  71  (1894);  Shokub.  250  (1895);  Ind.  PL  Jap.  II. 
pt.  2,  464  (1912).  —  Shirasawa,  Icon.  Ess.  For.  Jap.  II.  t.  62,  figs.  19-27 
(1908).— Hayata,  Veget.  Mt.  Fuji,  66  (1911).  — Ito,  Icon.  PL  Jap.  I.  No. 
5,  1,  t.  17  (1913).  — W.  Watson,  Rhodod.  and  Azaleas,  112  (1911),  in 
part. 

Azalea  mollis  Andr6  in  III.   Hort.  XVIII.  132,  t.  68  (1871),  not  Blume.  — 
Suringar  in  Gartenfl.  LVII.  505  (1908). 

Japan:  Hondo,  prov.  Suruga,  Mt.  Fuji,  alt.  600-1000  m.,  open 
country,  May  8,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6657);  same  locality,  July 
28,  1891,  K.  Watanabe  (Herb.  Gray);  prov.  Shinano,  Karuizawa, 
alt.  1000  m.  May,  1903,  B.  Hayata;  prov.  Shimotsuke,  between  Lake 
Chuzenji  and  Yumoto,  open  country,  alt.  1600-1800  m.,  June  24, 
1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  6872);  same  locality,  September  5,  1892, 
C.  S.  Sargent;  same  locality,  August  11,  1905,  J.  G.  Jack;  Nikko  re- 
gion, alt.  500-18QO  m.,  May  22,  flowers,  October  19,  fruit,  1914,  E. 
H.  Wilson  (Nos.  6727,  7670) ;  prov.  Uzen,  foot  of  Adzuma-san,  grassy 
slopes,  alt.  1000  m.,  October  23,  1914,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  7192); 
without  locality,  June  7,  1913,  K.  Sakurai;  prov.  Rikuchu,  round  base 
of  Hayachine-san,  June  4,  1905,  U.  Faurie  (No.  6784).  Hokkaido, 
prov.  Oshima,  Hakodate,  cultivated,  1855,  C.  Wright  (Herb.  Gray). 

Cultivated:  Arnold  Arboretum  (Nos.  861-1,  861-4,  861-5, 
861-6);  Hort.  Kew,  May  18  (flowers),  August  7  (leaves),  1880, 
G.  Nicholson  (No.  807,  Herb.  Arnold  Arboretum). 

This  handsome  species  is  common  over  a  great  part  of  Hondo,  the  main  island 
of  Japan.  I  am  familiar  with  it  from  the  neighborhood  of  Kamo,  on  the  Kwan-sai 
railroad  beyond  Nara,  northward  to  the  foot-hills  of  Hayachine-san.  It  is  a  special 
feature  of  the  moorlands  round  the  base  of  sacred  Fuji-san  and  of  Ontake-san,  and 
of  open  grass  and  scrub-clad  places  in  the  Nikko  region  and  elsewhere.  Matsu- 
mura reports  it  from  Higo  province  in  Kyushu  but  I  have  not  seen  it  wild  anywhere 
in  this  southern  island.  It  is  cultivated  in  and  around  Hakodate  in  Hokkaido  but 
I  can  find  no  record  of  its  growing  wild  in  that  island.  Wherever  I  have  seen  this 
Azalea  wild  it  was  scattered  in  open  grass  and  scrub-clad  country,  never  in  woods 
or  dense  thickets  and  obviously  it  is  sun-loving.  It  is  a  sturdy-growing  plant,  with 
fairly  stout,  erect  shoots,  as  much  as  two  metres  high  and  a  metre  through;  usually, 
however,  it  is  less  than  a  metre  high  and  broad.  The  flowering  season  is  from 
about  the  last  week  in  April  to  the  end  of  June,  according  to  locality.  The  flowers 
appear  before  the  leaves,  and  the  corolla  varies  in  color  from  orange-red  to  flame- 
red  or  almost  red;  they  are  broad  funnel-shape,  from  5  to  6  cm.  across  and  the 
flowers  are  produced  6  to  12  together  in  umbellate  corymbs  at  the  end  of  shoots. 
The  calyx  is  small,  obtusely  5-lobed  with  many  (rarely  few)  straight,  bristle-like 
gray  hairs;  the  flower-stalk  and  annual  shoot  are  also  clothed  with  similar  bristles, 
though  occasionally  these  are  wanting  on  the  foot-stalks.  The  outside  of  the 
corolla  is  velutinous.  The  stamens,  five  in  number  and  of  unequal  length,  are 
shorter  than  the  corolla,  with  pilose  filaments  and  dark  brown  anthers.  The 
ovary  is  villose,  and  the  fruit  is  erect,  oblong-ovoid  to  cylindric,  from  2  to  2.5 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  101 

cm.  long,  grooved,  shining  brown,  often  bloomy  in  color,  pilose  and  villose 
with  scattered  hairs,  and  is  subtended  by  the  persistent  calyx.  The  winter-buds 
are  ovoid,  acute  or  subacute,  gray-brown  and  very  slightly  puberulous,  but 
the  scales  are  margined  with  a  row  of  white,  nearly  straight  hairs.  The  leaves 
are  more  or  less  spatulate  to  oblanceolate,  from  5  to  10  cm.  long  and  from 
1.5  to  3  cm.  broad;  when  mature  they  are  green  on  both  surfaces,  strongly  veined 
and  have  scattered,  appressed,  bristly  hairs  pointing  toward  the  apex  of  the 
leaf  on  the  upper  surface  and  on  the  under-surface  of  the  primary  and  secondary 
veins;  the  margins  are  ciliate,  the  apex  is  tipped  by  a  glandular  mucro  and  the 
base  is  narrowed  to  the  short  petiole.  When  unfolding,  both  surfaces  of  the  leaf, 
but  more  especially  the  lower,  are  often  sparsely  covered  with  a  short,  soft  pubes- 
cence, but  this  is  soon  thrown  off.  In  late  autumn  the  leaves  are  quite  glabrous 
except  for  the  appressed  bristles  and  the  cilia  on  the  margins,  and  change  to  red 
and  red-purple.  The  character  of  the  leaves  is  important,  since  it  affords  an 
easy  and  accurate  means  of  distinguishing  the  species  from  its  Chinese  relative 
(R.  molle  G.  Don). 

The  history  of  the  introduction  of  this  Japanese  Azalea  into  western  gardens  is 
considerably  involved.  A  Hollander,  J.  B.  Groenewegen,  in  Sempervirens,  XIX. 
532  (1890),  states  that  he  received  seeds  of  this  plant  direct  from  Japan  in  1861, 
and  raised  many  plants  which  he  afterward  sold  to  a  Belgian  friend,  by  whom  they 
were  distributed  among  Belgian  nurserymen,  including  Louis  van  Houtte.  Later 
these  plants  were  hybridised  with  other  cultivated  species  and  varieties  and  many 
beautiful  plants  were  raised.  In  1863  Maximowicz  introduced  seeds  to  Petrograd, 
where  plants  were  raised  which  flowered  and  were  figured  by  Regel  in  the  Garten- 
flora,  XVI.  289,  t.  556  (1867).  In  1869  seeds  were  distributed  from  Petrograd. 
Hooker  in  figuring  it  in  the  Botanical  Magazine,  XCVII.  t.  5905  (1871),  states  that 
the  specimens  were  communicated  by  William  Bull,  nurseryman,  Chelsea,  with 
whom  it  flowered  for  the  first  time  in  March,  1870.  Seeds  were  received  at  the 
Arnold  Arboretum  on  April  3,  1876,  from  the  Jardin  des  Plantes,  Paris,  and  plants 
flowered  in  Professor  Sargent's  garden  in  the  spring  of  1880.  Seedlings  raised  from 
this  stock  flowered  in  the  Arboretum  in  1884.  In  1890  Dr.  W.  S.  Bigelow  sent 
seeds  from  Japan  to  this  Arboretum,  and  in  1892  Professor  Sargent  also  sent  seeds 
of  it  in  quantity.  Plants  raised  from  this  latter  source  have  for  many  years  been 
well  established  here  and  seeds  from  them  have  been  widely  distributed.  In  the 
Arnold  Arboretum  R.  japonicum  is  perfectly  hardy,  grows  freely  and  vigorously 
and  flowers  profusely  every  season.  With  its  large  trusses  of  bright  to  dull  flame- 
colored  flowers  it  is  strikingly  handsome  and  is  worthy  of  a  place  in  every  garden. 
That  in  the  past  it  has  been  neglected  is  undoubtedly  due  to  its  having  been  con- 
fused with  its  less  hardy  Chinese  relative  and  with  hybrid  and  seminal  forms  of 
both  species.  The  error  was  started  by  Siebold  and  Zuccarini  in  1846  and  Miquel 
followed  them;  Gray  was  first  to  give  the  Japanese  plant  specific  rank  under  a  new 
name.  Miquel,  Regel  and  Maximowicz  in  the  60's  all  recognised  it  as  distinct  from 
the  Chinese  plant  and  ranked  it  as  a  variety.  After  this  for  about  forty  years 
botanists  merged  it  under  the  Chinese  species  and  until  Suringar  in  a  critical, 
painstaking  account  in  the  Gartenflora,  LVII.  516  (1908)  established  its  right  to  be 
considered  a  good  species.  From  even  a  cursory  glance  at  the  literature  it  is  evi- 
dent that  the  nurserymen  of  Belgium  and  Holland,  at  any  rate,  all  along  recognised 
the  two  plants  as  distinct. 

The  Japanese  name  for  R.  japonicum  is  "  Renge-tsutsuji,"  and  a  form  with 
slightly  different  colored  flowers  is  "  Beni-renge-tsutsuji."  To  the  latter  the 
name  var.  rosea  has  been  given  by  Ito  (Icon.  PL  Jap.  I.  No.  5,  4  [1913]).  The 
colors  indicated  by  the  two  Japanese  names  are  merely  extremes  and  merge  in- 
extricably into  each  other.  Though  this  Azalea  is  now  grown  in  some  quantity  in 


102  THE   AZALEAS   OF  THE   OLD   WORLD 

the  nurseries  round  Tokyo  and  Osaka  for  export  it  is  but  little  used  by  the  Japanese 
in  their  own  gardens,  probably  because  it  is  not  amenable  to  clipping. 

In  western  gardens  the  first  to  raise  and  name  varieties  of  R.  japonicum  from 
seed  was  Louis  van  Houtte  of  Ghent,  Belgium,  who  published  (in  the  FL  des  Serr. 
XIX.  177  [1873])  an  article,  accompanied  by  four  plates.  Enthusiastic  on  the  future 
possibilities  of  this  plant,  he  named  and  described  twenty  kinds.  Among  these  are 
some  of  the  best  seminal  kinds  of  this  Azalea  yet  produced.  The  first  of  them  to 
attain  popularity  was  "  Comte  de  Gomer,"  which  is  figured  in  the  Revue  Horti- 
culture Beige,  I.  97,  t.  (1875),  by  Kerchove  de  Denterghen  under  the  name  of  Azalea 
mollis  "  Comte  de  Gomer."  In  1879,  Messers  James  Veitch  &  Sons  exhibited  it  be- 
fore the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  under  the  same  name  and  it  received  a  First 
Class  certificate.  It  is  figured  by  Richard  Dean  in  the  Floral  Magazine,  XVIII.  t. 
367  (1879),  and  is  still  among  the  best  kinds  raised.  Others  of  the  same  stock  are 
"  Alphonse  Lavalle"e,"  "  Baron  Edmond  de  Rothschild,"  "  Comte  Papadopoli," 
"  Consul  Pdcher  "  and  "  Charles  KSkuleV'  In  his  article  Van  Houtte  makes  no 
mention  of  using  the  Chinese  plant  but  his  figure  2033  suggests  that  plant.  His 
t.  2035,  depicting  white  flowers  with  yellow  blotch  on  upper  petal  is  presumably  the 
variety  "  Chevalier  A.  de  R6ali,"  and  suggests  an  albino  form  of  the  Chinese  plant 
rather  than  of  the  Japanese  species.  I  have  seen  no  specimen  of  this,  but  the  leaves 
should  tell  its  origin.  In  this  connection,  however,  it  is  well  to  remember  that 
although  only  recently  definitely  known,  the  yellow-flowered  form  (f .  aureum)  of 
the  Japanese  species  might  have  been  raised  from  the  seedlings  distributed  by 
Groenewegen  or  from  the  Petrograd  stock.  I  saw  the  f .  aureum  in  the  British  Con- 
sulate garden  in  Hakodate  in  1914  and  the  plant  might  well  have  been  growing 
somewhere  in  the  town  when  Maximowicz  was  there  in  1861.  In  reading  Van 
Houtte's  account  the  inference  certainly  is  that  all  the  forms  he  mentions  and 
figures  are  of  the  Japanese  plant,  and  Van  Houtte,  of  course,  knew  the  Chinese 
plant  well.  At  this  late  date  it  is  not  possible  to  be  sure,  but  I  incline  to  the  belief 
that  the  yellow-flowered  form  of  the  Japanese  species  appeared  among  the  seed- 
lings raised  from  Groenewegen's  or  Maximowicz's  seeds. 

Rhododendron  japonicum  f.  aureum  Wilson,  n.  f . 

Rhododendron  sinense  Tanaka,  Useful  PL  Japan,  74,  No.  652,  fig.  (1891),  not 

Sweet. 
Rhododendron  sinense  var.  flavescens  Ito,  Icon.  PI.  Jap.  I.  No.  5,  p.  4  (1913), 

not  Sweet. 

Japan :  Hondo,  prov.  Musashi,  brought  from  Chichibu  mountains, 
cultivated,  Botanic  Gardens,  Tokyo,  May  11,  1917,  E.  H.  Wilson 
(No.  8414,  type);  prov.  Kawachi,  between  Yomomoto  and  Ikedo, 
cultivated,  said  to  have  been  brought  from  round  Tokyo,  May  8, 
1918,  E.  H.  Wilson  (No.  10,351). 

Except  for  its  rich,  deep  yellow  flowers  there  is  nothing  to  distinguish  this* form 
from  the  typical  R.  japonicum.  I  was  informed  by  Dr.  Nakai  that  this  form  grows 
wild  mixed  with  the  type  on  Chichibu  mountains  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Mu- 
sashi province  and  that  the  plant  my  specimens  are  from  came  from  there.  I  did 
not  see  it  wild  but  Dr.  Nakai' s  statement  was  confirmed  to  me  by  various  horti- 
culturists. I  saw  it  in  gardens  in  Hakodate  in  1914,  and  in  nurseries  not  far  from 
Osaka  in  1918.  The  winter-buds  are  pale  colored  and  afford  an  easy  means  of  dis- 
tinguishing it  from  the  type.  The  Japanese  name  for  this  plant  is  "  Ki-tsutsuji  " 
or  "  Ki-renge-tsutsuji  "  and  Tanaka's  figure  cited  above  is  quite  good.  As  far  as  I 


ENUMERATION  OF  THE   SPECIES  103 

can  discover  it  was  first  introduced  to  America  in  the  spring  of  1917  among  plants  of 
the  type  imported  from  the  Yokohama  Nursery  Company  by  Mr.  J.  S.  Ames,  North 
Easton,  Mass.  In  1919  I  brought  back  plants  from  Japan  to  the  Arnold  Arbore- 
tum. Whether  this  plant  has  reached  Europe  I  do  not  know,  but  there  is  no  men- 
tion of  it  in  Millais's  recent  work  on  Rhododendrons.  In  this  connection  it  should 
be  mentioned  that  Maximowicz  (in  Mem.  Acad.  Sri.  St.  Petersbourg,  s6r.  7,  XVI. 
No.  9,  29  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  [1870])  speaks  of  the  form  with  yellow  flowers  as  rare, 
but  it  must  be  remembered  that  he  confuses  the  Japanese  and  Chinese  species  and 
calls  both  R.  sinense.  Maximowicz  identifies  this  plant  with  the  "  Rjuku  Tsutsusi, 
lillifera  Insulae  Luconiae,  flore  languide  luteo,  petalis,  surrectis,  punctis  satura- 
tioribus  variegatis  "  and  with  "  Rjuku  Tsutsusi  flore  igneo,  punctis  petalorum 
croceis,  apicibus  rufis  "  (Kaempfer,  Amoen.  Exot.  848  [1712]).  What  the  first 
named  of  Kaempfer' s  plant  is  I  do  not  know,  neither  can  I  find  out  the  "  Insulae 
Luconiae;"  the  description,  however,  would  fit  our  new  form  (aureum)  or  the 
Chinese  species.  The  "  Rjuku  Tsutsusi  fl.  igneo  "  is  R.  scabrum  G.  Don  (R.  sub- 
lanceolatum  Miquel).  Personally  I  doubt  if  Kaempfer  saw  or  heard  of  R.  japoni- 
cum  or  its  form  aureum,  since  they  are  not  favorite  garden  plants  in  Japan,  neither 
do  they  grow  wild  by  the  road  he  traversed  from  Nagasaki  to  Tokyo. 

A  recently  raised  hybrid  between  R.  japonicum  Suring.  and  R. 
canadense  Zabel  is :  — 

X  Rhododendron  Fraseri  W.  Watson  in  Gard.  Chron.  ser.  3,  LXVII. 
225  (1920). l 

Rhododendron  luteum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830),  not 
Azalea  lutea  L.  —  Schneider,  III  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  1046  (1912),  not 
II.  500  (1911).  —  Render  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl  Hort.  V.  2942  (1916). 

Azalea  pontica  Linnaeus,  Spec.  150  (1753),  not  R.  ponticum  Linnaeus,  — 

Pallas,  Fl.  Ross.  II.  51, 1. 19  (1788).  —  Andrews,  Bot.  Rep.  1. 1. 16  (1797).  — 

Schmidt,  Qster.  Baumz.  III.  44,  t.  169  (1800).  —  Marschall  a  Bieberstein, 

Fl.  Taur.-Caucas.  I.  144  (1808);  111.  136  (1819).  — -Hovey,  Mag.  Hort.  IV. 

276,  367  (1838).  —  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  pt.  2,  718  (1839). 
t  Azalea  flava  Hoffmannsegg,  Verz.  Pflanzenkult.  61  (1826). 
Anthodendron  ponticum  Reichenbach  in  Mosseler,  Handb.  Gewachsk.  II.  aufl. 

1.  309  (1827);  Fl.  Germ.  Excur.  I.  416  (1830). 
Rhododendron  flavum  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  847  (1834),  not  Pallas.  —  Nyman, 

Consp.  Fl.  Europ.  491  (1878-82).  — Schneider,  III  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II. 

499,  figs.  328  n-q,  329  e-h  (1911).  —  Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl  II. 

356  (1914).  — Millais,  Rhodod.  165  t.  (1917).  —  Boissier,  Fl.  Or.  III.  972 

(1875).  —  Kuzentzof,  Fl.  Caucas.  Crit.  IV.  pt.  1,  31,  488  (1901,  1906). 
Rhododendron  flavum  var.  coronarium  Sweet,  Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  ser.  2,  IV.  t. 

331  (1836). 
Azalea  arborea  Linnaeus  apud  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  pt.  2,  718  (1839),  as  a 

synonym. 
Rhododendron  ponticum  Schreber  apud  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  pt.  2,  718 

(1839),  not  Linnaeus,  as  a  synonym. 

Azalea  Pontica  a.  flava  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  pt.  2,  718  (1839). 
Azalea  pontica  var.  autumnalis  K.  Koch  in  Linnaea  XVII.  281  (1843). 
Anthodendron  flavum  Reichenbach  apud  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  II.  pt.  2,  184  (1872), 

as  a  synonym.  —  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  499  (1911). 
Azalea  pontica  "Goldlack"  Hesse  in  Gartenfl.  LII.  48  (1903). 

1  See  page  185. 


104  THE   AZALEAS   OF   THE   OLD   WORLD 

Caucasus,  near  summit  of  Dariel  Pass,  south  side  2000  m.  alt., 
July  24,  1903,  C.  S.  Sargent;  Vladikavkaz,  April  22,  1902,  A.  Famine; 
Mt.  Beschtau,  June,  July,  R.  F.  Hohenacker;  prov.  Ossetia,  Alagir, 
swamps,  May  10,  Sept.  12,  1901,  R.  Marcowicz.  Pontus  region,  "Ci- 
ganadagh,"  July  20,  1889,  P.  Sintenis  (No.  1357);  Sumila,  in  woods, 
July  31,  1889,  P.  Sintenis  (No.  2017). 

Cultivated:  Arnold  Arboretum  (No.  3159-1)  from  seeds  collected 
on  the  Caucasus  by  C.  Schneider,  June,  August  28,  1917,  A. 
Rehder;  Hort.  Holm  Lea,  May  and  September,  1880;  Bot.  Gard. 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  May  31,  1916,  A.  Rehder;  Hort.  Kew,  May  19, 
August  9,  1880,  G.  Nicholson  (No.  835);  Breslau,  Schneitniger  Park, 
June  13,  July  23,  1902,  C.  Baenitz;  Hort.  Bot.  Gottingen,  May  22, 
1893,  A.  Rehder  (No.  1574). 

This  well-known  species  is  geographically  isolated  from  its  relatives  and  has  a 
rather  remarkable  distribution.  It  is  native  of  the  Caucasus  Mountains,  the  Pontus 
region  of  the  Black  Sea,  of  Cilicia,  and  also  of  eastern  Europe  (Lithuania,  south- 
eastern Poland,  Volhynia  and  in  southwestern  Russia).  It  is  a  broad,  densely 
branched  shrub  from  2.5  to  4  m.  high  and  as  much  as  6  m.  in  diameter.  The 
branches  are  twiggy  and  clothed  when  young  with  glandular,  villose  hairs.  The 
leaves  are  scattered,  oblong-lanceolate  often  broadest  above  the  middle,  from  4  to 
12  cm.  long  and  from  1.5  to  3.5  cm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse,  mucronate,  narrowed  to 
the  base,  the  margin  is  serrulate  and  ciliate,  and  on  both  surfaces  are  scattered, 
appressed,  short  glandular  bristles  and  short  curled  pale  gray  pubescence  which 
later  disappears.  The  petioles,  calyx  and  outside  of  the  corolla  tube  are  glandular. 
The  richly  fragrant  flowers  are  borne  from  10  to  12  together  in  clusters  at  the  end 
of  the  naked  shoots.  The  calyx  is  green,  deeply  divided  into  5  oblong  or  ovate, 
glandular-ciliate  lobes  from  2  to  5  mm.  long.  The  corolla  is  yellow,  from  4.5  cm. 
in  diameter  with  a  narrow,  cylindric  tube  from  1.5  to  2  cm.  long.  The  stamens  are 
long  exserted  but  overtopped  by  the  pistil  which  has  a  glandular  ovary,  slender 
style  and  capitate  stigma.  The  fruit  is  cylindric,  from  2  to  2.5  cm.  long  and  from 
0.5  to  0.8  cm.  wide,  furrowed  and  glabrescent. 

This  Azalea  was  discovered  by  Tournefort  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Black  Sea 
during  his  voyage  to  the  Levant  (1700-02)  and  is  described  in  his  Corollarium  In- 
stitutionum  rei  herbariae,  p.  42  (1703),  as  "  Chamaerhododendros  Pontica,  maxima, 
Mespili  folio,  flore  luteo  ";  he  also  figures  it  in  Mimoires  de  VAcademie  royale  des 
sciences,  348  (1704).  A  long  account  of  it  is  given  in  his  Voyage  du  Levant,  II.  99 
(1718).  Buxbaum  in  his  Plantarum  minus  cognitarum  ceniuria  V.  36,  fig.  69  (1740) 
gives  a  crude  figure  of  it  under  Tournef ort's  name.  It  was  on  this  description  and 
figure  that  Linnaeus  based  his  Azalea  pontica.  The  plant  was  introduced  into 
England  from  the  Caucasus  by  Pallas,  who  sent  seeds  to  Messers  Lee  &  Kennedy 
of  Hammersmith  in  1792,  with  whom  they  germinated  the  following  year.  In  1796, 
Mr.  Anthony  Hove  of  Warsaw  found  this  Azalea  on  the  north  side  of  the  Black 
Sea  near  Oczakow  in  marshy  places,  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers  Dnieper  and  Dniester, 
and  on  the  Asia  Minor  side  of  the  Black  Sea  round  Trebizond.  Mr.  Hove  sent 
seeds  to  Watson,  a  nurseryman  of  Islington,  and  plants  flowered  in  a  greenhouse  in 
1798.  According  to  Schmidt  it  was  found  in  Volhynia  by  Dr.  Besser,  and  was  in- 
troduced to  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Vienna  before  1800.  I  have  not  been  able  to 
ascertain  exactly  when  it  was  introduced  into  this  country,  but  according  to  Hovey 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  105 

it  was  a  familiar  plant  in  gardens  round  Boston,  Mass.,  in  1838.  In  this  Arboretum 
the  Pontic  Azalea  is  not  properly  hardy.  This  Azalea  has  been  much  used  in 
hybridising  and  crosses  between  it  and  various  American  species  have  originated 
the  popular  "  Ghent  Azaleas  "  of  gardens  which  should  be  known  as  x  R.  ganda- 
vense  Render.1  According  to  Millais  (Rhodod.  [1917])  A.  Waterer  has  crossed  R. 
luteum  and  R.  molle  and  such  a  hybrid  is  figured  by  Millais  opposite  page  198. 

A  variety  with  large  flowers  is :  — 

Rhododendron  luteum  var.  macranthum  Wilson,  n.  comb. 

Rhododendron  flavum  var.  macranthum  Bean,  Trees  and  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl.  II.  357 
(1914).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  165  (1917). 

The  flowers  of  this  variety  are  described  as  being  6.5  cm.  wide. 

There  is  also  the  obscure:  — 

KHODODENDRON  LouREiRiANA  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  846  (1834).  — 
Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersbourg,  se*r.  7,  XVI.  No.  9, 
49  (Rhodod.  As.  Or.)  (1870). —  Millais,  Rhodod.  204  (1917). 
Azalea  punctata  Loureiro  Fl.  Cochinch.  113  (1790). 

This  is  said  to  be  native  of  Cochinchina  and  was  described  with  lanceolate, 
glabrous  leaves  scabrous  at  the  margin  and  with  a  white  corolla  dotted  with  red, 
as  are  also  the  calyx,  anthers  and  ovary.  No  Azalea  answering  this  description  has 
since  been  found,  and  very  probably  Loureiro  made  a  mistake  in  referring  his  plant 
to  that  genus. 

These  are  all  the  Azaleas  at  present  known  from  the  Old  World  but  Dumont 
de  Courset  (Bot.  Cult.  ed.  2,  III.  337  [1811])  mentions  Azalea  fimbriata,  A.  lugens 
and  A.  vittata.  He  gives  no  descriptions  but  says  the  first  two  are  from  China, 
the  third  from  the  Indies,  and  that  they  are  growing  in  English  gardens.  Probably 
they  are  referable  to  R.  Simsii  or  R.  indicum  but  it  is  impossible  to  identify  them 
with  certainty.  In  Iwasaki's  Japanese  Herbal,  Phonzo  Zoufou,  issued  in  1828,  a 
number  of  colored  pictures  of  Azaleas  are  given.  These  figures  are  so  crudely 
drawn  that  I  find  it  impossible  to  determine,  with  any  degree  of  certainty,  what 
species  and  forms  they  represent.  However,  in  the  new  edition,  now  being  issued 
under  the  editorship  of  Messers  Shirai  &  Onuma,  technical  names  are  given,  and 
in  Volume  XX  (Poisonous  Plants,  pt.  3)  K.  Onuma  makes  three  new  combina- 
tions. If  his  determinations  are  correct  his  R.  macranthum  var.  polypetalum  should 
be  referred  as  a  synonym  to  R.  indicum  f .  polypetalum  Wile.,  his  R.  macranthum 
f .  semperflorens  to  R.  indicum  f .  variegatum  DC.,  and  his  R.  Nakaharai  var.  line- 
arifolium  to  R.  linearifolium  S.  &  Z. 


1  See  page  178. 


THE  AZALEAS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

BY 

ALFRED  REHDER 


THE  AZALEAS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


INTRODUCTION 

THE  Azaleas,  as  the  term  is  generally  understood,  are  the 
deciduous  species  of  the  genus  Rhododendron,  which,  as  far  as 
concerns  the  American  species,  seem  well  separated  from  the 
evergreen  Rhododendrons;  this  explains  to  some  extent  the  tend- 
ency of  many  recent  American  botanists  to  consider  the  two 
groups  generically  distinct,  but  if  we  take  into  consideration 
the  Asiatic  species,  the  differences  become  less  pronounced,  and 
therefore  it  seems  better  to  limit  the  genus  as  proposed  by 
Salisbury,  D.  and  G.  Don,  Maximowicz  and  most  recent  authors. 
In  dealing  with  the  American  Azaleas  we  restrict  the  term  to  the 
species  of  the  sections  Pentanthera  and  Rhodora  which  both 
belong  to  the  same  subgenus  and  exclude  Azaleastrum  and 
Therorhodion,  though  they,  too,  have  deciduous  leaves,  but  they 
differ  considerably  in  their  inflorescence  and  are  best  considered 
distinct  subgenera;  they  are,  moreover,  not  Azaleas  in  the  usual 
sense  of  the  word.  The  subgenus  Azaleastrum  differs  chiefly  in 
its  usually  one-flowered  lateral  inflorescences,  and  Therorhodion 
in  the  flowers  being  borne  in  terminal  racemes  at  the  end  of 
leafy  shoots,  while  in  the  subgenus  Anthodendron  to  which 
Pentanthera  and  Rhodora  belong  the  flowers  are  borne  in  leaf- 
less umbel-like  racemes,  or  rarely  solitary,  at  the  end  of  the 
shoots  of  the  previous  season.  I  prefer  to  use  the  name  Antho- 
dendron first  proposed  by  Reichenbach  as  a  generic  name  and 
later  used  by  Endlicher  as  a  subgeneric  name  instead  of  Azalea, 
as  it  is  an  older  subgeneric  name  and  as,  moreover,  Azalea  of 
Linnaeus  upon  which  that  subgeneric  name  is  based  does  not 
belong  here  but  to  another  genus,  as  explained  on  page  116 
under  Anthodendron. 

A  short  history  of  the  genus,  as  far  as  it  concerns  the  American 
species  with  which  we  are  dealing,  may  be  given  here;  more 
detailed  accounts  will  be  found  under  the  different  species.  The 

109 


110  THE  AZALEAS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

first  American  species  recorded  is  Rhododendronviscosum,  of  which 
we  find  a  figure  published  in  1691  by  Plukenet  (Phytogr.  1. t. 161, 
fig.  4)  under  the  name  Cistus  virginiana  flore  et  odore  Peri- 
clymeni  after  a  drawing  made  from  nature  by  John  Banister,  an 
English  missionary  in  Virginia  who  took  great  interest  in  botany 
and  sent  in  1680  a  catalogue  of  Virginian  plants  to  Ray.  A  few 
years  later  Plukenet  (Mant.  49)  mentioned  the  plant  now  known 
as  R.  nudiflorum  under  the  name  Cistus  virginiana  Periclymeni 
flore  ampliore  minus  odorato.  Both  species  were  introduced  into 
England  by  Peter  Collinson  before  1730  and  of  R.  nudiflorum  a 
good  colored  plate  was  published  by  Trew  in  1750  (PL  Select. 
Ehret.  t.  48),  while  the  first  colored  plate  of  R.  viscosum  was  pub- 
lished by  Meerburgh  in  1798  (PL  Select.  Icon.  t.  9).  Linnaeus 
when  publishing  his  Species  plantarum  in  1753  knew  only  these 
two  species  which  he  referred  to  the  genus  Azalea  and  named 
A.  viscosa  and  A.  lutea,  changing  the  latter  name  to  A.  nudiflora 
in  the  second  edition  of  his  work.  In  the  same  edition,  in  1762, 
he  described  Rhodora  canadensis  introduced  some  time  before 
the  year  1756  from  Canada  to  Paris  and  figured  first  by  Duhamel 
in  1760  (Sem.  PL  Add.  10,  t.  27,  fig.  2).  In  1763  Adanson  (Fam. 
PL  164)  proposed  the  name  Tsutsusi  based  on  Kaempfer's  t.  846 
which  is  R.  obtusum  var.  Kaempferi,  and  cites  "  Azalea  L."  as 
a  synonym;  though  not  an  American  plant,  this  is  mentioned 
here,  because  Small  in  the  North  American  Flora  considers 
A.  indica  L.,  under  which  Linnaeus  cites  Kaempfer's  tab.  846,  the 
type  of  the  genus  Azalea.  In  1766  Crantz  (Inst.  II.  468)  pro- 
posed the  new  name  Hochenwartia  for  Rhodora,  because  it  was 
not  the  Rhodora  of  Pliny.  Gmelin  (Syst.  Nat.  II.  pt.  1,  694)  in 
1791  united  Rhodora  with  Rhododendron,  and  Salisbury  in 
1796  (Prodr.  286)  first  recognized  the  close  relationship  of  most 
Azaleas  to  the  genus  Rhododendron;  he  referred  the  American 
Azaleas  and  Rhodora  to  the  genus  Rhododendron,  retaining  the 
name  Azalea  for  A.  procumbensj  one  of  the  two  species  upon 
which  Linnaeus  founded  the  genus.  In  1803  Michaux  (FL 
EOT. -Am.  I.  150)  described  two  new  species,  A.  calendulacea  and 
A.  canescens;  the  former  had  been  mentioned  as  long  before  as 
1749  by  Golden  but  without  sufficient  description.  It  was  men- 
tioned again  hi  1791  by  W.  Bartram,  who  discovered  it  in  1776 
and  describes  its  beauty  in  glowing  terms.  The  second  species 
is  possibly  identical  with  one  of  Aiton's  varieties  of  A.  nudiflora 


INTRODUCTION  111 

and  its  introduction  would  be  in  that  case  prior  to  1789.  In  1811 
Willdenow  (Berl.  Baumz.  ed.  2,  49)  described  from  cultivated 
plants  A.  speciosa  identical  with  one  of  Aiton's  varieties  of 
A.  nudi flora  and  the  following  year  Loiseleur  Deslongchamps 
(Nouv.  Duhamel.  V.  224)  described  A.  rosea  also  from  culti- 
vated plants.  Pursh  in  1814  describes  as  a  new  species  A. 
arborescens  and  raises  three  of  Aiton's  varieties  of  A.  viscosa 
and  one  of  A.  nudiflora  to  specific  rank.  In  1822  D.  Don  (in 
Edinb.  Philos.  Jour.  VI.  47)  transferred,  like  Salisbury  twenty- 
six  years  before,  the  species  of  Azalea  except  A.  procumbens  to 
Rhododendron.  In  this  he  was  followed  by  Torrey,  G.  Don, 
Endlicher,  Maximo wicz,  Bentham  &  Hooker  and  most  recent 
authors,  except  that  Maximowicz,  Bentham  &  Hooker  and 
later  authors  took  up  Desvaux's  name  Loiseleuria  for  Azalea 
procumbens.  In  1827  Reichenbach,  who  like  the  two  Dons  and 
Endlicher  retained  the  name  Azalea  for  A.  procumbens,  proposed 
the  genus  Anthodendron  (in  Moessler,  Handb.  Gewachsk. 
I.  244)  for  A.  pontica,  A.  nudiflora  and  A.  viscosa.  G.  Don  (Gen. 
Syst.  III.  84)  in  1834  was  the  first  botanist  to  subdivide  the 
genus  Rhododendron  into  sections  and  he  proposed  the  sections 
Pentanthera  and  Rhodora  with  which  we  are  here  concerned. 
After  1814  no  new  species  were  added  until  the  year  1855, 
when  A.  calif ornica  Torr.  &  Gray  (Rh.  occidentale  Gray)  from 
California  was  described;  it  was  introduced  by  Lobb  about  1850. 
The  very  distinct  R.  Vaseyi  was  discovered  in  1878  by  George 
Vasey  and  described  the  following  year  by  A.  Gray;  it  was  in- 
troduced into  cultivation  about  the  same  time.  In  1891  Greene 
(m.Pittonia,  II.  172)  described  R.  sonomense  as  a  new  species, 
but  this  is  only  a  form  of  R.  occidentale.  In  1892  Otto  Kuntze, 
who  took  the  year  1737  as  the  starting  point  for  generic  nomen- 
clature and  consequently  considered  Azalea  the  older  generic 
name,  transferred  all  the  species  of  Rhododendron  known  to  him 
to  Azalea.  In  1901  Small  (in  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  XXVIII. 
360)  described  as  a  new  species  A.  Candida  now  referred  to 
R.  canescens  as  a  variety,  and  in  1903  (Fl.  S.  E.  U.  S.  883)  he 
described  A.  oblongifolia  and  A.  serrulata  and  separated  R. 
Vaseyi  as  a  distinct  genus  under  the  name  Biltia.  In  1913  (I.  c. 
ed.  2,  1356)  he  adds  two  new  species  A.  austrina  and  A.  pruni- 
folia,  and  in  1914  (in  N.  Am.  Fl.  XXIX.  42)  A.  prinophylla 
identical  with  A.  rosea  Loisel.  (R.  roseum  Rehd.).  In  1917  Ashe 


112  THE   AZALEAS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

(in  Bull.  Charleston  Mus.  XIII.  26)  published  A.  atlantica  as  a 
new  species  and  three  years  later  A.  neglecta  (in  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club,  XLVII.  581  [1920])  here  referred  to  R.  atlanticum 
as  a  form.  One  new  species  and  several  new  varieties  are 
described  in  this  paper.  Of  these  recent  species  R.  austrinum  was 
introduced  into  cultivation  in  1914,  R.  oblongifolium  in  1917  and 
R.  serrulatum  and  R.  prunifolium  in  1918,  all  through  the  agency 
of  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  Rhododendron  atlanticum  has  been 
cultivated  for  several  years  by  W.  W.  Ashe  in  Washington  and 
by  Professor  Coker  in  the  Arboretum  of  the  University  of 
North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill.  Rhododendron  alabamense  is  the 
only  species  not  yet  in  cultivation. 

Soon  after  the  introduction  of  the  first  American  Azaleas  to 
England  about  1730  they  become  favorite  garden  plants  and  at 
the  beginning  of  the  last  century  there  were  already  several 
species  and  many  varieties  in  cultivation  which  played  an 
important  part  among  the  so-called  American  plants.  By 
hybridization  between  themselves  and  with  the  Rhododendron 
luteum  introduced  at  the  end  of  the  18th  century  and  also  with 
evergreen  Rhododendrons  the  garden  forms  began  rapidly  to 
increase  in  numbers  and  in  1836  Loddiges  cultivated  in  his 
nursery  near  London,  according  to  his  catalogue,  107  varieties 
and  hybrids  of  R.  viscosum  and  43  varieties  of  R.  nudiflorum  and 
several  other  species  and  varieties.  The  delicate  coloring  of  some 
and  the  brilliancy  of 'others,  combined  with  a  delicate  fragrance  in 
several  species  and  the  hardiness  of  almost  all  these  Azaleas, 
made  them  very  desirable  and  favorite  garden  plants  both  in 
England  and  on  the  Continent.  Hybridization  in  the  seventies 
with  R.  japonicum  added  a  new  race  of  hybrids  which  are  per- 
haps even  more  showy  in  some  respects  but  weaker  in  constitu- 
tion than  the  older  hybrids  generally  known  as  Ghent  Azaleas. 
It  is,  however,  doubtful  if  any  of  these  hybrids  surpass  in  the 
brilliancy  of  their  flowers  the  true  species  like  R.  calendulaceum 
and  R.  speciosum  which  had  almost  disappeared  from  European 
gardens  until  recently  reintroduced. 

The  American  Azaleas  are  chiefly  confined  to  the  Appalachian 
Mountains  and  the  adjoining  regions  and  to  the  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  coast  region;  only  one  species,  Rhododendron  occidentale,is 
found  in  the  Pacific  states  from  southern  Oregon  to  southern 
California.  No  Azalea  occurs  south  of  the  United  States  bound- 


INTRODUCTION  113 

ary;  the  most  southern  species  are  R.  serrulatum  which  reaches 
middle  Florida  and  R.  canescens  which  extends  in  Texas  nearly  as 
far  south.  In  the  North  R.  canadense  is  found  as  far  north  as 
Labrador.  The  western  limit  of  the  Atlantic  Azaleas  runs  from 
southern  Quebec  to  northeastern  Ohio,  then  through  southeast- 
ern Indiana,  extreme  southeastern  Missouri,  central  Arkansas  and 
extreme  eastern  Oklahoma  to  the  coast  of  eastern  Texas.  The 
greatest  development  of  the  group  is  on  the  Appalachian 
Mountains  and  as  the  centre  of  segregation  we  must  consider 
Georgia,  where  eight  species,  half  of  all  American  species,  occur. 
The  Azaleas  are  shrubs  from  one  half  to  two  metres  or  rarely 
to  7  metres  in  height  and  are  essentially  inhabitants  of  the 
temperate  deciduous  forest;  they  are  mostly  moisture  and  shade 
loving  shrubs  and  most  species  are  found  on  the  wooded  slopes 
of  hills  and  mountains  growing  in  scattered  individuals  inter- 
mingled with  other  shrubs  and  trees.  Like  most  Ericaceae  they 
are  calciphobous  and  therefore  are  absent  from  limestone 
regions,  although  R.  roseum  is  found  in  western  New  York  and 
R.  oblongifolium  in  Oklahoma  on  limestone  soil.  In  spring  when 
in  bloom  they  form  a  most  conspicuous  feature  of  the  woods, 
particularly  species  like  R.  calendulaceum  on  the  mountains 
from  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia  with  its  brilliant  orange  or  scarlet 
flowers  and  R.  speciosum  in  Georgia  with  bright  red  or  scarlet 
flowers;  also  R.  nudiflorum,  R.  roseum  and  R.  canescens  with 
white  to  pink  flowers  are  conspicuous,  the  latter  being  widely 
distributed  in  the  woods  of  the  southern  coastal  plain.  The  late 
flowering  species,  as  R.  viscosum  and  R.  serrulatum,  are  less  showy 
but  deliciously  fragrant  and  inhabit  chiefly  swamps  and  moist 
woods  of  the  coastal  plains  from  New  England  to  Louisiana, 
though  the  northern  species  R.  viscosum  also  grows  on  the 
mountains.  The  related  R.  arbor escens  with  white  and  fra- 
grant flowers  is  likewise  a  mountain  plant.  Only  R.  atlanticum 
is  a  predominant  feature  over  large  areas  as  it  grows  in  open 
pine  woods  of  the  coastal  plain  chiefly  in  North  and  South 
Carolina.  Most  species  have  a  wide  distribution,  particularly 
R.  nudiflorum,  R.  canescens,  R.  viscosum  and  R.  serrulatum', 
others,  like  R.  speciosum,  R.  oblongifolium  and  R.  atlanticum, 
occupy  an  area  not  more  than  about  two  to  three  hundred 
miles  in  length  and  R.  Vaseyi,  R.  alabamense  and  R.  pruni- 
folium  are  more  limited  in  distribution. 


114  THE  AZALEAS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

The  present  study  of  American  Azaleas  is  based  chiefly  on  the 
collections  of  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  For  many  years  Professor 
Sargent  has  taken  special  interest  in  Azaleas  and  has  succeeded 
in  assembling  a  large  amount  of  material,  particularly  from  the 
southern  states  usually  poorly  represented  in  most  herbaria. 
Besides  having  this  material  at  my  disposal,  I  have  consulted 
the  collections  of  the  Gray  Herbarium  at  Cambridge  and  of  the 
National  Herbarium  at  Washington  and  the  herbaria  of  the 
New  York  Botanic  Garden,  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia,  and  of  the  New  England  Botanical  Club ;  specimens 
for  further  study  were  kindly  loaned  to  me  from  most  of  these 
institutions  and  from  the  herbaria  of  the  State  University  of 
Ohio,  of  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden  and  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  at  Rochester.  I  also  am  under  obligation  for  specimens 
to  Professor  W.  C.  Coker  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  to 
Dr.  K.  M.  Wiegand  of  Cornell,  Mr.  W.  W.  Ashe  of  Washington 
and  Mr.  John  Dunbar  of  Rochester.  I  have  further  had  the  op- 
portunity to  see  most  of  the  species  in  their  native  habitats  dur- 
ing various  journeys,  and  the  living  collections  of  Azaleas  of  this 
Arboretum  supplied  me  with  material  to  study  many  of  the 
species  and  a  large  number  of  garden  forms  and  hybrids  in  the 
living  state.  The  great  variability  of  most  species  together  with 
the  absence  of  strong  morphological  characters  within  this  group 
makes  it  difficult  to  assemble  the  numerous  forms  into  well 
defined  species  and  varieties.  The  difficulty  is  considerably  in- 
creased if  one  tries  to  elucidate  the  innumerable  garden  forms 
and  hybrids,  as  few  of  these  forms  are  adequately  described 
or  figured  and  herbarium  or  living  material  of  only  a  small  per- 
centage of  them  is  available. 

The  Azaleas  form  a  distinct  subgenus  of  the  Rhododendron 
for  which  we  propose  to  use  Endlicher's  subgeneric  name  Antho- 
dendron,  as  we  do  not  believe  that  the  name  Azalea  used  for  it 
by  most  authors  can  be  correctly  applied  to  this  subgenus,  as 
will  be  seen  from  the  following  enumeration  of  synonyms  and 
the  appended  remarks. 


THE  SUBGENUS  ANTHODENDRON  ENDL. 

Rhododendron  subgen.  Anthodendron  Endlicher,  Gen.  759  (1839), 
emended. 

Azalea  Linnaeus,  Spec.  150  (1753),  as  to  species  1-4.  —  Desvaux  in  Jour. 
Bot.  Appl.  I.  35  (1813).  — Roemer  &  Schultes,  Syst.  IV.  374  (1819),  ex- 
cluding species  12  and  13.  —  Gray,  Man.  268  (1848).  —  K.  Koch,  Dendr. 
II.  1,  171  (1872).  —  Render  in  Bailey,  Cycl.  Am.  Hort.  I.  119  (1900),  ex- 
cluding A.  albiflora,  semibarbata,  kamschatica.  —  Britton  &  Brown,  III.  Fl. 
11.558  (1897).  —  Britton,  M an.  698  (1901).  — Small  in  N.  Am.  Fl.  XXIX. 
41  (1914). 

Anthodendron  Reichenbach  in  Moessler,  Handb.  Gew&chsk.  I.  244,  308  (1827); 
FL  Germ.  Exc.  416  (1831). 

Rhododendron  sect.  Pentanthera  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  846  (1834).  — See 
also  page  124. 

Rhododendron  a.  Anthodendron,  Endlicher,  Gen.  759  (1839). 

Rhododendron  subgen.  Azalea  Planchon  in  Rev.  Hort.  1854,  43;  with  Tsusia  as 
distinct  subgenus.  —  Maximowicz  in  Bull.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  PStersbourg,  XV. 
229  (1870);  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Pttersbourg,  s<§r.  7,  XVI.  9,  24  (1870), 
as  section,  with  Tsusia  as  distinct  section.  —  Bentham  &  Hooker,  Gen. 
II.  601  (1876),  as  series,  with  Tsusia  as  distinct  group.  —  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
N.  Am.  II.  1,  40  (1878).  — Dippel,  Handb.  Laubholzk.  I.  410  (1889),  with 
Tsusia  as  distinct  subgenus.  —  Drude  in  Engler  &  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflan- 
zenfam.IV.  1,37  (1889).  — Koehne,  Deutsch.  Dendr.  454  (1893),  exclud- 
ing Azaleastrum  and  Therorhodion.  —  Rehder  &  Wilson  in  Sargent,  PI. 
Wilson.  I.  516  (1913),  excluding  Chionastrum  and  Azaleastrum.  —  Rehder 
in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.  Hort.  V.  2937  (1916),  excluding  Azaleastrum. 

Shrubs  or  occasionally  small  trees  with  deciduous  or  half  evergreen  rarely 
evergreen  leaves,  usually  more  or  less  strigose-  or  villose-pubescent,  sometimes 
glabrous,  never  lepidote-glandular.  Flowers  from  a  terminal  bud,  one  or  several 
to  many  in  umbel-like  racemes.  Corolla  funnel-form  to  rotate,  rarely  campanu- 
late,  usually  with  a  distinct  often  long  and  slender  tube,  rarely  two-lipped  and 
divided  partly  almost  to  the  base.  Stamens  5  to  10,  of  unequal  length.  Ovary 
5-celled,  usually  strigose  and  pubescent,  rarely  glabrous,  never  lepidote. 

The  type  section  of  the  subgenus  is  Pentanthera  and  the  type  species  Rhodo- 
dendron luteum  Sweet  (Azalea  pontica  Linnaeus).  In  North  America  this  subgenus 
is  represented  by  sixteen  species. 

Our  conception  of  the  subgenus  coincides  exactly  with  that  of  Drude  (I.  c.), 
while  all  other  authors  draw  its  limits  narrower  or  wider,  as  shown  in  the  syn- 
onomy  given  above.  In  former  publications  I  had  included  Azaleastrum  and 
Therorhodion  in  this  subgenus,  but  as  the  inflorescens  of  these  two  groups  is  en- 
tirely different  from  that  of  the  type  of  this  subgenus,  I  prefer  to  consider  these 
two  groups  as  coordinate  subgenera  and  restrict  the  sections  belonging  to  Antho- 
dendron to  Tsutsutsi  G.  Don,  Sciadorhodion  Rehd.  &  Wils.,  Rhodora  G.  Don 
and  Pentanthera  G.  Don,  of  which  the  first  two  are  exclusively  Asiatic,  while  the 
last  two  contain  American  and  Asiatic  species.  It  does  not  seem  advisable  to 

115 


THE  AZALEAS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

maintain  Tsutsutsi  as  a  distinct  subgenus,  since  it  is  closely  connected  with  Rho- 
dora  by  the  new  section  Sciadorhodion. 

As  the  name  Azalea  used  first  by  Planchon  as  a  subgeneric  name  is  not  the 
oldest  subgeneric  name  for  the  group,  and  as,  moreover,  the  generic  name  Azalea 
upon  which  the  name  of  the  subgenus  is  based  properly  belongs  as  a  synonym  to 
Loiseleuria,1  either  Don's  Penthanthera  or  Endlicher's  Anthodendron  must  take  its 
place.  As  Pentanthera  has  been  proposed  originally  as  a  sectional  name  and  used 
as  such  by  later  authors  it  may  be  retained  as  the  name  for  the  section  to  which  it 
should  apparently  be  restricted  by  the  meaning  of  its  name,  and  Anthodendron 
first  published  in  1827  as  a  genus  may  be  adopted  in  an  enlarged  sense  as  the 
proper  name  for  the  subgenus. 


See  Jour.  Arnold  Arboretum,  II.  156  (1921). 


KEY  TO  THE  AMERICAN  SPECIES  OF   THE   SUBGENUS 
ANTHODENDRON 

Corolla  rotate  or  rotate-campanulate,  more  or  less  two-lipped;  stamens  7  to  10, 

rarely  5  or  6.     (Sect.  Rhodora). 

Stamens  10;  corolla  two-lipped  with  the  two  lower  lobes  divided  to  the  base, 
rose-purple;  leaves  tomentulose  beneath,  glaucous. 

R.  canadense,  p.  120. 
Stamens  5  to  7;  corolla  with  short  tube,  slightly  two-lipped,  pink  or  whitish, 

spotted;  leaves  glabrous  and  green  beneath R.  Vaseyi,  p.  122. 

Corolla  funnel-form,  subregular,  the  tube  longer  or  little  shorter  than  the  lobes; 

stamens  5.    (Sect.  Pentantherd). 
Color  of  corolla  yellow  or  orange  to  scarlet  and  red,  rarely  white  or  pinkish  with 

a  large  yellow  blotch. 

Corolla  white  or  pinkish  with  large  yellow  blotch,  the  tube  gradually  dilated 
above  the  middle;  flowers  with  or  after  the  leaves. 

R.  occidentale,  p.  125. 
Corolla  orange  or  yellow  to  scarlet  or  red. 
Flowers  with  or  shortly  after  the  leaves;  winter-buds  glabrous. 

Corolla-tube  more  or  less  glandular  outside,  about  as  long  or  shorter 

than  the  lobes,  yellow  to  scarlet R.  calendulaceum,  p.  127. 

Corolla- tube  finely  pubescent  and  glandless  outside,  longer  than  the  lobes, 

red  to  scarlet R.  spedosum,  p.  131. 

Flowers  before  the  leaves;  winter-buds  pubescent;  corolla  yellow,  the  tube 

often  reddish R.  austrinum,  p.  146. 

Color  of  corolla  white  to  deep  pink  or  carmine,  crimson  in  R.  prunifolium,  with- 
out a  conspicuous  yellow  blotch. 
Flowers  before  or  with  the  leaves. 
Flower-buds  without  prominent  rows  of  stipitate  glands  at  apex;  much 

branched  shrubs  usually  more  than  0.5  m.  tall,  rarely  low. 
Corolla-tube  more  or  less  pilose,  glandular  or  eglandular,  gradually  dilated 

near  the  apex. 
Corolla-tube  about  as  long  as  the  lobes,  dilated  above  the  middle; 

stamens  declinate;  corolla  usually  pink. 

Leaves  glabrous  beneath  except  the  strigose  midrib,  bright  green; 
corolla  hirsute  and  glandless  or  glandular-pilose  outside;  winter- 
buds  glabrous  rarely  thinly  pubescent  .  .  R.  nudiflorum,  p.  134. 
Leaves  pubescent  beneath,  sometimes  nearly  glabrous  except  along 
the  midrib  beneath,  often  bluish  green;  corolla  glandular  out- 
side; winter-buds  pubescent R.  roseum,  p.  138. 

Corolla-tube  distinctly  longer  than  the  lobe,  glandular  or  eglandular; 
corolla  white;  winter-buds  glabrous;  leaves  pubescent  and  glauces- 

cent  beneath R.  alabamense,  p.  141. 

Corolla-tube  densely  and  finely  villose  and  sparingly  stipitate-glandu- 
lar  or  eglandular,  slender  and  abruptly  expanded  at  apex;  winter- 
buds  pubescent;  leaves  usually  pubescent  beneath. 

R.  canescens,  p.  143. 
117 


118  THE  AZALEAS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

Flower-buds  with  prominent  rows  of  conspicuous  long-stipitate  glands  at 
apex;  corolla  glandular-pilose,  not  or  slightly  villose  outside,  the  tube 
abruptly  expanded  at  apex;  low  stoloniferous  shrub  with  simple  or 

little  branched  stems R.  atlanticum,  p.  147. 

Flowers  expanding  after  the  leaves  are  fully  developed;  the  flower-buds  with 

prominent  rows  of  stipitate  glands  at  apex,  rarely  quite  glabrous. 
Branchlets  and  leaves  more  or  less  strigose  or  pubescent;  style  usually 

pubescent. 

Calyx-lobes  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  rarely  short;  corolla  finely 
villose;  leaves  usually  large,  4  to  10  cm.  long;  winter-buds  pubescent; 
flowers  appearing  before  the  terminal  buds  are  formed. 

R.  oblongifolium,  p.  150. 

Calyx-lobes  short,  semi-orbicular  to  ovate;  corolla  villose  and  glandular- 
pilose;  leaves  usually  2  to  6  cm.  long;  winter-buds  glabrous  or 
pubescent;  flowers  appearing  usually  when  the  terminal  buds  are 
forming. 

Winter-buds  with  many  (usually  more  than  15)  aristate-mucronate 
scales,  usually  pale  with  conspicuous  dark  margin;  branchlets 
bright  red-brown,  usually  densely  strigose,  specially  toward  the 
apex;  leaves  often  pubescent  beneath,  particularly  at  the  end  of 

shoots,  serrulate-ciliate R.  serrulatum,  p.  153. 

Winter-buds  with  fewer  (usually  less  than  15)  obtusish  or  acutish, 
usually  pale  brown  scales;  branchlets  usually  pale,  strigillose,  his- 
pid or  glabrescent;  leaves  glabrous,  strigose  on  midrib  beneath, 
pubescent  only  in  one  rare  variety     ....     JR.  viscosum,  p.  157. 
Branchlets  and  leaves  glabrous  or  the  leaves  sometimes  strigillose  on  mid- 
rib beneath;  style  usually  glabrous;  winter-buds  glabrous. 
Corolla  white  or  pinkish,  tube  glandular-pilose  outside;  leaves  glaucous 
beneath,  generally  obovate,  acute  or  obtusish. 

R.  arborescens,  p.  166. 

Corolla  crimson,  tube  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous  outside;  leaves  light 
green  beneath,  elliptic  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate. 

R.  prunifolium,  p.  169.  ** 


ENUMERATION  OF  THE  SPECIES 
SECT.  I.    RHODORA  G.  DoN1 

Rhododendron  sect.  Rhodora  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  848  (1834).— 
Endlicher,  Gen.  759  (1839).  —  Dippel,  Handb.  Laubholzk.  I.  417 
(1889),  as  section  of  subgenus  Azalea,  excluding  his  Nos.  29  and  31.  — 
Koehne,  Deutsch.  Dendr.  455  (1893),  as  section  of  subgenus  Azalea, 
excluding  his  No.  36.  —  Zabel  in  Mitt.  Deutsch.  Dendr.  Ges.  XI.  26 
(1902),  in  part. 

Rhodora  Linnaeus,  Spec.  ed.  2,  561  (1762);  Gen.  ed.  6,  218  (1764).  —  Will- 
denow,  Spec.  I.  pt.  2,  866  (1798).  —  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  719  (1839).  — 
Gray,  Man.  267  (1848);  ed.  5,  309  (1867).  —  Britton  &  Brown,  III.  Fl.  II. 
560  (1897).  —  Britton,  Man.  699  (1901).  —  Small  in  N.  Am.  Fl.  XXIX.  44 
(1914). 

Hochenwartia  Crantz,  Inst.  II.  468  (1766). 

Rhododendron  sect.  Azalea,  ser.  2,  [subser.J  b,  Maximowicz  in  M6m.  Acad. 
Sci.  St.  Petersb.,  se"r.  7,  XVI.  No.  IX.  28  (1870).  —  Bentham  &  Hooker, 
Gen.  PI.  II.  601  (1876),  as  subser.  2,  in  part.  —  Drude  in  Engler  &  Prantl, 
Nat.  Pflanzenfam.  IV.  1,  37  (1889),  as  subgenus  Azalea,  §  4. 

Biltia  Small,  Fl.  S.  E.  U.  S.  884  (1903);  in  N.  Am.  Fl.  XXIX.  48  (1914). 

Deciduous  upright  shrubs  without  strigose  pubescence,  densely  or  loosely 
branched,  sometimes  irregularly  dichotomous,  but  not  whorled;  branchlets  gla- 
brous or  pilose  to  hirsute,  winter-buds  of  many  imbricate  scales,  glabrous  or  pu- 
berulous.  Leaves  scattered  or  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets.  Flowers 
from  a  terminal  bud,  the  leafy  shoots  from  separate  lateral  buds;  corolla  two- 
Lipped,  or  rotate-campanulate,  rarely  campanulate;  stamens  10,  or  in  one  species 
7  or  occasionally  5  or  6,  not  or  jonly  little  longer  than  the  corolla,  usually  declinate; 
ovary  pubescent  or  glabrous  and  stipitate-glandular.  Capsule  usually  with  rather 
thin  valves. 

The  type  species  of  this  section  is  R.  canadense  Torr.  The  section  contains  five 
species,  of  which  two  are  native  of  eastern  North  America  and  three  are  Japanese. 
All  these  species  are  very  distinct  from  each  other  and  may  be  divided  into  three 
groups.  The  first  group,  containing  only  R.  canadense,  is  characterized  by  the 
deeply  two-lipped  corolla,  the  lower  lip  divided  nearly  to  the  base,  the  glandular- 
pubescent  and  sparingly  setose  ovary,  the  puberulous  branchlets  and  the  to- 
mentulose  under  side  of  the  usually  oblong  leaves  and  the  glandular-puberulous 
narrowly  oblong  capsule.  The  second  group  with  three  species,  of  which  R.  Vaseyi 
is  one,  has  a  rotate-campanulate  slightly  two-lipped  corolla,  a  stipitate-glandular 
but  otherwise  glabrous  or  sometimes  quite  glabrous  ovary,  an  ovoid  to  oblong 
glandular-hirsute  or  stipitate-glandular  or  glabrous  capsule,  and  glabrous  or  pilose 
leaves  and  branchlets.  The  third  group,  consisting  only  of  R.  nipponicum,  has  a 
campanulate  nearly  regular  corolla,  with  the  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube,  a  glandu- 

1  See  page  91  for  the  Old  World  species  of  this  section. 
119 


120  THE   AZALEAS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA 

lar-pilose  but  otherwise  glabrous  ovary,  hirsute  branchlets  and  hirsute  large  obo- 
vate  leaves,  a  very  thin-valved  oblong-ovoid  capsule  almost  destitute  of  glands  at 
maturity;  its  flowers  appear  after  the  full  development  of  the  leaves,  while  in  all 
the  other  species  of  this  group  they  open  before  the  leaves  unfold.  The  petiole 
of  the  shoot-leaves  in  R.  Vaseyi,  R.  nipponicum  and  R.  Albrechtii  is  somewhat  de- 
current  on  the  stem,  leaving  an  elongated  scar  distinctly  longer  than  broad. 

In  the  section  Rhodora  I  have  included  R.  Vaseyi  as  suggested  by  Gray  and 
as  done  by  Dippel  and  by  Koehne;  by  Small  this  has  been  made  the  type  of  a  new 
genus  Biltia,  chiefly  distinguished  by  the  exterior  aestivation  of  the  middle  lobe  of 
the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla.  This  position  of  the  posterior  lobe  is  without  doubt 
unusual  in  the  genus,  but  can  be  observed  at  least  occasionally  in  species  related 
to  R.  Vaseyi.  Among  flowers  of  R.  canadense  I  have  found  a  small  percentage 
with  the  middle  lobe  of  the  upper  Up  exterior  and  in  R.  Schlippenbachii,  which 
belongs  to  the  section  nearest  to  Rhodora  and  is  very  similar  in  its  flowers  to 
R.  Albrechtii  and  R.  quinquefolium,  both  closely  related  to  R.  Vaseyi,  I  have  found 
after  examining  numerous  fresh  flowers  just  before  opening  that  about  15  per  cent 
of  the  flowers  had  the  middle  lobe  of  the  upper  lip  completely  exterior  and  25  to 
30  per  cent  had  one  side  exterior  and  the  other  side  covered.  This  shows  that  the 
position  of  the  upper  lobe  cannot  be  used  as  a  reliable  character  to  separate  Biltia 
generically.  As  there  is  no  other  character  to  separate  R.  Vaseyi  from  the  other 
species  of  the  section  Rhodora  except  the  number  of  stamens,  which  also  cannot 
be  considered  a  reliable  character  in  the  genus  Rhododendron,  it  seems  best  to 
retain  it  in  this  section. 

Rhododendron  canadense  Torrey,  Cat.  PL  151  (in  Geol.  Surv.  New 
York  Assembly,  No.  50)  (1839).  —  Oakes,  Cat.  Vermont  PL  190  (in 
Thompson,  Hist.  Vermont)  (1842).— Wood,  Classb.  Bot.  235  (1845).— 
Zabel,  Syst.  Verz.  Muenden,  26  (1878).  —  Britton,  Sterns,  Poggenburg, 
Prelim.  Cat.  New  York,  33  (1888).  —  Britton,  Cat.  PL  N.  Jersey,  162 
(1889).  — Dippel,  Handb.  Laubhokk.  I.  418  (1889).  —  Robinson  & 
Fernald,  Gray's  New  Man.  ed.  7,  631  (1908).  —  Schneider,  III.  Handb. 
Laubholzk.  I.  494,  fig.  327  i-k,  328  f  (1909).  —  Jackson,  Cat.  FL  Worces- 
ter Co.,  Mass.  76  (1909).  —  Graves  &  others,  Cat.  Flow.  PL  Conn.  308 
(1910).  —  Twining,  FL  N.  E.  Pennsylv.  56  (1917). 

Rhodora  canadensis  Linnaeus,  Spec.  ed.  2,  561  (1762).  —  Willdenow,  Spec.  I. 
pt.  2,  866  (1798).  —  Michaux,  FL  Bor.-Am.  I.  259  (1803).  —  Pursh,  FL  Am. 
Sept.  I.  298  (1814).  — Bigelow,  FL  Boston,  104  (1814).  — De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  VII.  719  (1839).  —  Gray,  Man.  267  (1848);  ed.  5,  309  (1867).— 
Tracy,  Stud.  Essex  FL  49  (1858).  —  Britton  &  Brown,  III.  FL  560,  fig.  2748 
(1897).  — Clute,  FL  Upp.  Susquehanna,  70  (1898).  —  Britton,  Man.  699 
(1901).  —  Small,  Fl.  Pennsylv.  238  (1903);  in  N.  Am.  FL  XXIX.  44  (1914). 

Hochenwartia  canadensis  Crantz,  Inst.  II.  469  (1766). 

Rhododendron  Rhodora  G.  F.  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.  II.  pt.  1,  694  (1791).— 
Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830).  — G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  848  (1834).— 
Gray,  Syn.  FL  II.  1,  41  (1878).  — J.  Robinson,  FL  Essex  Co.,  Mass.  73 
(1880).  —  Macoun,  Cat.  Canad.  PL  II.  302  (1884).  —  Dame  &  Collins,  FL 
Middlesex  Co.,  Mass.  63  (1888).  —  Perkins,  Cat.  FL  Vermont,  33  (1888).  — 
Bennett,  PL  Rhode  Isl.  26  (1888).  —  Coulter  &  Watson,  Gray's  Man. 
ed.  6,  321  (1890).  — Rand  &  Redfield,  FL  Mt.  Desert  Isl.  127  (1894).— 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  121 

Deane,  Fl.  Metrop.  Park,  Mass.  53  (1896);  in  Rhodora,  I.  94  (1899). — 
Millais,  Rhodod.  235,  pi.  (1917). 

Azalea  canadensis  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II.  386  (1891).  —  Rehder  in  Bailey, 
Cycl.  Am.  Hort.  I.  122  (1900)  .* 

A  much-branched  shrub  1  m.  tall  or  lees,  with  slender  upright  or  ascending 
branches;  young  branchlets  puberulous  when  young,  bright  yellowish  red  or 
pinkish  and  often  slightly  bloomy  at  the  end  of  the  first  season,  becoming  light 
yellowish  gray  or  gray  the  second  year,  later  grayish  brown;  floral  winter-buds 
with  about  10  ovate,  acuminate  to  acute  pinkish,  finely  pubescent  and  ciliolate 
scales.  Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  cuneate  at  base,  2  to  4.5  rarely 
to  6  cm.  long  and  0.8  to  1.8  cm.  broad,  ciliate  and  revolute  at  the  margin,  dull 
bluish  green  above,  usually  somewhat  strigillose  and  finely  villose  on  the  midrib, 
thinly  grayish  tomentulose  beneath  and  usually  with  scattered  fulvous  hairs  and 
scattered  glands,  and  sparingly  strigose  on  the  midrib,  the  secondary  veins  diverg- 
ing at  nearly  right  angles;  petioles  slender,  2  to  5  mm.  long,  puberulous  and  spar- 
ingly strigose.  Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves,  in  April  or  May  or  in  the 
North  in  June,  in  3-  to  7-flowered  umbel-like  racemes;  pedicels  3  to  7  mm.  long, 
puberulous,  glaucous  and  usually  sparingly  glandular-pilose;  calyx-lobes  very 
short,  unequal,  puberulous  and  setosely  ciliate;  corolla  rose-purple,  two-lipped, 
1.5  to  2  cm.  long,  glabrous,  the  lower  lip  divided  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base  into 
two  nearly  distinct  narrow-oblong  lobes,  the  upper  lip  with  three  short  ovate  lobes 
at  apex;  stamens  10,  about  as  long  as  the  corolla,  unequal;  anthers  broadly  ellip- 
soidal, 0.15  mm.  long,  purple;  the  filaments  pubescent  at  the  lower  third;  style 
slightly  longer  than  the  stamens,  1.5  to  1.8  mm.  long,  glabrous  or  minutely  pilose 
near  the  base;  ovary  pubescent  and  slightly  glandular,  sparingly  setose.  Capsule 
ovoid-oblong,  curved  near  the  base,  1  to  1.5  cm.  long,  slightly  grooved,  setose  and 
finely  puberulous,  light  red-brown  with  a  pinkish  bloom. 

This  is  the  most  northern  species  of  the  group  in  North  America  and  its  range 
extends  from  Labrador  and  Newfoundland  to  southwestern  Quebec  and  south 
through  New  England  and  central  New  York  to  northeastern  Pennsylvania  and 
northern  New  Jersey.  It  grows  along  river  banks,  in  moist  woods  and  in  swamps. 
In  spring  it  is  a  beautiful  feature  of  the  northern  woods  and  swamps  and  its  charm 
has  inspired  Emerson  to  a  well  known  poem  in  which  he  calls  Rhodora  a  rival  of 
the  Rose. 

Rhododendron  canadense  differs  from  all  other  species  of  the  genus  by  the  deeply 
divided  corolla,  but  in  all  other  characters  it  is  so  closely  related  to  the  species  here 
associated  with  it,  that  its  generic  separation  would  appear  artificial,  and  its  close 

1  PRELINN.  STNON.  :  Chamaerhododendros  Duhamel,  Semis  Plant.  Arb.  Add.  10, 
tab.,  fig.  2  (1760);  Abh.  Bdume  Stand.  Str&uch,  ed.  Oelhafen,  I.  119,  t.  (1762). 

ADDITIONAL  ILLUSTRATIONS.  COLORED  PLATES:  Meerburgh,  PL  Select.  Icon. 
t.  23  (1798).  —  Bot.  Mag.  XIV.  t.  474  (1800).  —  Nouv.  Duhamel  III.  t.  53  (1806).— 
Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Fremd.  Holzgew.  t.  14  (1825).  — Emerson,  Trees  & 
Shrubs  Mass.  ed.  2,  II.  t.  opp.  p.  441  (1875).  — BLACK  FIGURES:  L'He*ritier,  Stirp. 
Nov.  t.  68  (1796).  — Lamarck,  Encycl.  Meth.  Rec.  PL  II.  t.  364  (1823).  — Newhall, 
Shntb*  N.E.Am.&g.  85  (1893).  —  Mdller's  Deutsch.  Gdrtn.-Zeit.  XVII.  286,  fig. 
(1902).  —  Keeler,  Our  North.  Shrubs,  359  (1903).  — Garden  Mag.  V.  221  (1907).— 
Country  Life  Am.  XL  496  (1907).  — Millais,  Rhodod.  pi.  opp.  234  (1917).  — HABIT 
FIGURES:  Mdller's  Deutsch.  Gdrtn.-Zeit.  XVII.  287,  fig.  (1902);  XXI.  73,  fig. 
(1906).  —  Silva-Tarouca,  Uns.  Freil.-Laubgeh.  fig.  65  (p.  81)  (1913).  —  GartenweU, 
IX.  474  (1905);  XIV.  85  (1910);  XX.  378  (1916).  —  Gartenschonheit,  I.  33  (1920).  — 
The  figures  31,  32  in  Jardin,  XX.  57  (1905)  named  Rhodora  canadensis  represent 
Rhododendron  dahuricum  L. 


122  THE   AZALEAS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

relation  to  Rhododendron  was  perceived  as  early  as  1791  by  Gmelin  who  referred 
it  to  that  genus.  The  species  was  first  described  and  figured  by  Duhamel  from  a 
cultivated  plant  which  flowered  the  first  time  in  March,  1756,  in  the  Botanic  Gar- 
den at  Paris,  where  it  had  been  brought  from  Canada  a  few  years  earlier.  Into 
England  it  was  introduced  by  Joseph  Banks  in  1767. 

Observations  on  the  pollination  of  this  species  have  been  made  by  F.  Hildebrand 
(Flora,  LXIV.  501,  t.  10,  fig.  6,  7  (1881)  ),  who  describes  the  peculiar  arrangement 
to  avoid  self-fertilization.  When  the  flower  opens,  the  apex  of  the  style  with  the 
stigma  remains  enclosed  in  a  little  hood  formed  by  the  lobes  of  the  upper  lip, 
while  visiting  insects  carry  away  pollen  from  the  anthers;  further  elongation  of  the 
style  forces  it  out  of  the  hood  and  the  bent  style  stretches  itself,  extending  the 
stigma  beyond  the  stamens,  and  is  then  in  a  position  to  be  fertilized  by  insects 
carrying  pollen  from  other  flowers. 

Rhododendron  canadense  f.  albiflorum  Rehder,  comb.  nov. 
Rhododendron  Rhodora  f.  alUflora  Rand  &  Redfield,  Fl.  Mi.  Desert  IsL  127 

(August,  1894). 
Rhododendron  canadense  f.  album  Voss,  Vilmorin's  Blumengdrt.  I.  587  (Sept. 

or  Oct.,  1894).  —  Zabel  in  Mitt.  Deutsch.  Dendr.  Ges.  XI.  31  (1902). 
A  form  with  white  flowers,  occasionally  found  wild  under  the  typical  form,  e.g. 
Maine,  Mt.  Desert,  Southwest  Harbor. 

Rhododendron  canadense  f.  viridifolium  Fernald,  n.  forma. 

Ramulis  glabriusculis;  foliis  subtus  sparse  pilosis  supra  atroviridibus  lucidis 
nee  glaucis. 

NOVA  SCOTIA:  boggy  thickets  bordering  Trefry's  Lake,  Arcadia, 
July  29,  1920,  Fernald  &  Long,  No.  22,150  (TYPE  in  Gray  Herb.). 

This  shrub  occurs  in  scattered  clumps  on  the  shore  of  Trefry's  Lake,  the  only 
place  we  met  it,  the  ordinary  form  of  the  species  with  glaucous  foliage  being 
generally  common  in  the  province.  —  M.  L.  FERNALD. 

Rhododendron  Vaseyi  A.  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  XV.  48  (1879) ;  in 
Bot.  Gaz.  VIII.  282  (1883);  Syn.  Fl.  ed.  2,  II,  1,  398  (1886).— 
Donnell  Smith  in  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  XV.  164  (1888).  —  Sargent  in 
Gard.  &  For.  I.  376,  fig.  60  (1888).  —  Dippel,  Handb.  Laubholzk. 
I.  419  (1889).  — Skan  in  Bot.  Mag.  CXXXII.  t.  8081  (1906).— 
Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II,  495,  fig.  325o,327  c-d  (1909).— 
Millais,  Rhodod.  257,  t.  opp.  p.  10  and  20  (1917). 

Azalea  Vaseyi  Rehder  in  Moller's  Deutsch.  Gartn.-Zeit.  XIV.  332,  fig.  (1899) ; 

in  Bailey,  Cycl.  Am.  Hort.  I.  122  (1900). 
Biltia  Vaseyi  Small,  Fl.  S.  E.  U.  S.  884  (1903);  in  N.  Am.  Fl.  XXIX.  49 

(1914)  -1 

1  ADDITIONAL  ILLUSTRATIONS.  COLORED  PLATES:  Meehan's  Monthl.  VII.  121, 
t.  7  (1897).  — Garden,  LIV.  t.  1191,  opp.  p.  282  (1898).  — BLACK  FIGURES:  Gard. 
Chron.  ser.  3,  XX.  71  (1896);  LI.  313  (1912).  — Mover's  Deutsch.  Gartn.-Zeit.  XIV. 
332  (1899) .  —  Gard.  LVI.  122  (1899) ;  LXXVI.  332  (1912) ;  LXXXIV.  239  (1920) .  — 
Gard.  Mag.  V.  219  (1907).  —  Country  Life  Am.  XI.  499  (1907).  — Bean,  Trees  & 
Shrubs  Gt.  Brit.  II.  384  (1914) .  —  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl  Hort.  V.  fig.  3391  (1916) ,  after 
Gard.  &  For.—  HABIT  FIGURES:  Mailer's  Deutsch  Gartn.-Zeit.  XIV.  333  (1899).— 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  123 

An  upright,  rather  irregularly  branched  shrub  with  spreading  branches,  occa- 
sionally 5  m.  tall;  young  branchlets  puberulous  and  sparingly  pilose  at  first,  soon 
glabrous,  light  red-brown  at  the  end  of  the  season,  becoming  brown  or  grayish 
brown  the  second  year;  older  branches  grayish  brown  with  flaky  or  shredding 
bark;  floral  winter-buds  large,  broadly  ovoid,  obtuse,  with  7  to  10  orbicular-ovate 
scales,  rounded  or  the  upper  ones  truncate  or  slightly  emarginate  at  apex,  mu- 
cronulate,  the  basal  ones  acuminate,  glabrous  or  the  upper  and  inner  ones  minutely 
puberulous,  white-ciliate  and  sometimes  glandular  on  the  margin.  Leaves  elliptic 
or  elliptic-oblong,  acuminate,  cuneate  at  base,  5  to  12  cm.  long  and  2  to  5  cm. 
broad,  usually  slightly  undulate  on  the  margin,  ciliate,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above 
except  the  sparingly  and  finely  villose  midrib,  rarely  sparingly  strigillose,  light 
green  beneath  and  glabrous  or  sparingly  pilose  on  the  midrib;  petioles  slender,  3  to 
7  mm.  long,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pilose.  Flowers  appearing  in  May  before  the 
leaves,  in  5-  to  8-flowered  umbel-like  racemes;  pedicels  0.5  to  1.5  cm.  long,  with 
short-stipitate  glands,  sometimes  sparingly  so;  calyx  oblique,  with  shallow  rounded 
lobes,  erose-glandular  on  the  margin;  corolla  rotate-campanulate  2.5  to  3  cm.  long, 
two-lipped,  light  rose-colored  with  orange  or  red-orange  dots  at  the  base  of  the 
upper  lobes,  glabrous,  tube  very  short,  about  5  mm.  long,  the  lobes  oblong,  rounded 
at  apex,  the  upper  lip  less  deeply  divided,  with  the  middle  lobe  exterior  in  bud; 
stamens  usually  7,  sometimes  5  or  6,  unequal,  the  longer  ones  exceeding  the 
corolla;  filaments  glabrous;  anthers  ellipsoid,  1  to  2  mm.  long,  pinkish;  style  2.5  to 
3  cm.  long,  longer  than  stamens,  glabrous  or  with  few  stipitate  glands  near  the 
base.  Capsule  narrow-oblong,  1.2  to  1.5  cm.  long,  with  a  thin  narrow  keel  on 
back  of  the  rather  thin  valves. 

This  species  is  very  distinct  from  all  other  American  Azaleas  and  seems  most 
nearly  related  to  the  Japanese  R.  Albrechtii  Maxim,  which,  however,  differs  con- 
siderably in  its  10  stamens,  the  more  pubescent  obovate  leaves  and  the  shorter 
and  thicker  more  woody,  hispid  capsule.  It  is  restricted  to  the  higher  mountains 
of  western  North  Carolina,  where  it  grows  at  an  altitude  of  from  3000  to  5500  feet 
on  mountain  slopes,  in  ravines  and  sometimes  in  swamps.  It  was  first  discovered 
in  1878  on  Balsam  Mountain  near  Webster,  Jackson  County,  by  George  Vasey 
and  soon  afterward  introduced  into  cultivation,  for  in  1880  the  Arnold  Arboretum 
received  a  living  plant  from  G.  C.  Woolson  &  Co.  of  Passaic,  New  Jersey.  It  has 
proved  perfectly  hardy  near  Boston  and  is  now  well  known  in  gardens  in  this 
country  as  well  as  in  Europe  and  valued  for  its  handsome  pale  pink  flowers  appear- 
ing in  great  profusion  in  spring  before  the  leaves  unfold.  It  has  been  found  escaped 
from  cultivation  near  Halifax,  Mass.,  as  shown  by  the  following  specimens  in  the 
herbarium  of  the  New  England  Botanical  Club:  swamp  near  an  abandoned  nur- 
sery, May  30,  1907,  A.  S.  Pease  (No.  9998);  sandy  soil,  probably  part  of  old 
nursery,  May  30,  1907,  J.  A.  Cushman  (No.  653). 

Rhododendron  Vaseyi  f.  album  Nicholson  in  Kew  Hand-list  Arb.  II. 
57  (1896),  as  var.,  name  only.  —  Bean,  Trees  &  Shrubs  Gt.  Brit.  II.  384 
(1914),  as  var.  — Rehder  in  Mitt.  Deutsch.  Dendr.  Ges.  XXIV.  (1915), 
225  (1916). 

This  form  with  white  flowers  was  found  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum  and  also  in 
Kew  Garden^  among  seedlings  of  the  typical  form;  all  transitions  from  pure  pink 
to  white  can  be  found  among  seedlings  of  this  species. 

Gard.  LVI.  119  (1899).  —  Gartenwelt,  XVI.  231  (1912);  XXII.  363  (1918).  — Silva- 
Tarouca,  Urn.  Freil-Laubgeh.  fig. 64  (1913).  —  Gard.  LXXIX.  302  (1915).  — Gard. 
Mag.  XXX.  259  (1920).  — Gar tenschonheit,  I.  33  (1920). 


SECT.  II.  PENTANTHERA  G.   DON 

Rhododendron  sect.  Pentanthera  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  846 
(1834).  —  Render  &  Wilson  in  Sargent,  PL  Wilson.  I.  549  (1913). 

Azalea  Linnaeus,  Spec.  150  (1753),  as  to  species  2  to  4.  —  De  Candolle,  Prodr. 
VII.  715  (1838),  excluding  species  13,  14,  16.  —  Britton  &  Brown,  III.  Fl. 
II.  558  (1897). 

Rhododendron  a.  Anthodendron  Endlicher,  Gen.  759  (1839).  —  Zabel  in  Mitt. 
Deutsch.  Dendr.  Ges.  XI.  28  (1902),  as  section. 

Theis  "Salisb.  in  coll.  1817"  ex  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  715  (1839),  synonym. 

Rhododendron  sect.  Azalea  Regel  in  Act.  Hort.  Petrop.  I.  162  (1871),  exclud- 
ing species  5  and  8. 

Azalea  subgen.  Pentanthera  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  II.  1,  186  (1872). 

Azalea  subgen.  Euazalea  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  II.  1, 179  (1872),  as  to  species  11, 12. 

Rhododendron  sect.  Euazalea  Dippel,  Handb.  Laubholzk.  I.  411  (1889).— 
Koehne,  Deutsch.  Dendr.  458  (1893). 

Deciduous  upright  shrubs,  rarely  almost  tree-like,  sometimes  stoloniferous, 
with  usually  irregularly  whorled  branches;  branchlets  usually  more  or  less  strigose 
or  hirsute,  sometimes  glabrous.  Winter-buds  with  many  imbricate  scales. 
Leaves  scattered.  Flowers  several  to  many  from  a  terminal  bud,  the  leafy  shoots 
from  separate  lateral  buds;  corolla  funnel-form,  subregular,  the  tube  about  as  long 
or  longer  than  the  limb;  stamens  5,  usually  much  exserted;  ovary  more  or  less 
strigose  or  setose.  Capsule  with  woody  valves. 

The  type  species  of  this  section  is  Rhododendron  luteum  Sweet.  The  section  con- 
tains besides  the  sixteen  American  species  enumerated  below,  two  species  from 
eastern  Asia,  R.  molle  Miq.  and  R.japonicum  Suring.,  and  one  from  southeastern 
Europe  and  western  Asia,  R.  luteum  Sweet.  In  America  it  occupies  two  distinct 
geographical  areas:  one  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  extending  from  southern  Quebec  to 
central  Florida  and  west  to  Vermont,  eastern  Ohio,  southeastern  Missouri, 
central  Alabama,  extreme  eastern  Oklahoma  and  eastern  Texas;  and  one  on  the 
Pacific  coast  from  southern  Oregon  to  southern  California. 

From  the  section  Rhodora  this  section  is  easily  distinguished  by  the  funnel-form 
subregular  corolla  with  a  distinct  cylindric  tube  longer  or  little  shorter  than  the 
lobes  and  by  the  5  stamens;  the  ovary  is  always  densely  villose  and  strigillose, 
with  or  without  glands.  Most  species  show  a  wide  range  of  variation  particularly 
in  the  pubescence  of  the  leaves  and  in  the  color  of  the  flowers.  The  leaves  vary 
from  nearly  glabrous  to  pubescent  in  R.  oblongifolium,  R.  serrulatum,  R.  canescens, 
R.  roseum,  R.  occidentale  and  R.  atlanticum;  they  are  always  glabrous  except  the 
midrib  in  R.  nudiflorum,  R.  arborescens  and  R.  prunifolium  and  usually  so  in 
R.  viscosum;  they  are  always  pubescent  in  R.  alabamense  and,  though  usually  only 
slightly  so,  in  R.  calendulaceum  and  R.  speciosum.  The  pubescence  of  the  winter- 
buds  which  affords  a  character  hitherto  neglected,  shows  less  variation;  they  vary 
from  glabrous  to  finely  pubescent  in  R.  nudiflorum,  R.  viscosum,  R.  serrulatum,  R. 
atlanticum  and  R.  occidentale;  they  are  always  glabrous  in  R.  calendulaceum, 
R.  speciosum,  R.  arborescens,  R.  alabamense  and  R.  prunifolium  and  always  pu- 
bescent in  R.  canescens,  R.  roseum  and  R.  oblongifolium.  The  branchlets  are  in 
most  species  more  or  less  pubescent,  usually  villose  and  strigillose,  but  are  always 

124 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  125 

glabrous  in  R.  arborescens  and  R.  prunifolium  and  sometimes  nearly  glabrous  in 
R.  nudiflorum,  R.  atlanticum,  R.  viscosum  and  R.  occidentale.  The  sepals  vary  in 
most  species  from  semi-orbicular  or  nearly  obsolete  to  oval  or  oblong,  but  usually 
are  rather  small;  in  R.  oblongifolium  they  are  mostly  oblong  and  usually  well  de- 
veloped in  R.  arborescens  and  R.  occidentale.  The  corolla  is  usually  glandular- 
pubescent  outside,  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous  in  R.  prunifolium,  finely  villose 
and  nearly  destitute  of  glands  in  R.  oblongifolium  and  R.  canescens,  pilose  and 
eglandular  in  typical  R.  nudiflorum  and  in  R.  speciosum.  The  tube  is  in  most 
species  pubescent  inside,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  in  R.  atlanticum,  R.  viscosum,  R. 
serrulatum,  and  usually  in  R.  oblongifolium.  The  color  of  the  corolla  is  in  most 
species  white  to  pinkish  or  pink,  pale  yellow  in  R.  austrinum,  bright  yellow  to 
scarlet  or  bright  red  in  R.  calendulaceum,  bright  red  in  R.  speciosum  and  crimson 
in  R.  prunifolium.  The  stamens  are  always  pubescent,  usually  for  two-thirds  of 
their  length.  The  style  is  pubescent  at  the  base  in  most  species  and  only  occa- 
sionally glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous,  but  always  glabrous  in  R.  prunifolium  and 
usually  so  in  R.  arborescens.  The  pubescence  of  the  ovary  is  mostly  villose,  more 
or  less  overlaid  by  strigose  or  setose  hairs  which  are  at  least  partly  gland-tipped  in 
R.  calendulaceum,  occasionally  glandless  in  R.  austrinum,  R.  oblongifolium,  R.  ser- 
rulalum,  R.  viscosum,  R.  arborescens,  but  glandless  or  nearly  so  in  R.  speciosum, 
typical  R.  nudiflorum,  R.  canescens,  occasionally  glandular  in  R.  atlanticum  and 
R.  prunifolium.  In  R.  canescens  there  are  often  only  a  few  strigose  hairs  at  the 
base  and  the  whole  ovary  appears  clothed  with  silky  white  hairs.  The  pubescence 
of  the  capsule  is  similar  to  that  of  the  ovary;  the  shape  varies  much  in  the  same 
species  and  is  generally  ovoid-oblong;  the  most  distinct  capsule  is  that  of  R. 
canescens,  which  is  slender  and  nearly  cylindric,  almost  destitute  of  bristles,  but 
covered  with  a  fine  grayish  pubescence. 

The  species  of  this  section  may  be  divided  into  four  fairly  distinct  groups. 
The  first  group  contains  R.  occidentale,  R.  calendulaceum  and  R.  speciosum.  The 
corolla  is  rather  large  with  a  tube  dilated  gradually  above  the  middle,  spreading 
into  a  wide  limb  with  broad,  ovate  lobes;  the  color  is  bright  yellow  to  scarlet  or 
white  to  pink  and  the  upper  lobe  is  marked  by  a  large  orange  blotch.  The  flowers 
appear  with  or  in  R.  occidentale  often  after  the  leaves.  The  second  group  contains 
R.  roseum,  R.  austrinum,  R.  nudiflorum,  R.  alabamense  and  R.  canescens.  The 
corolla  is  generally  smaller  with  a  narrow  cylindric  tube  rather  abruptly  dilated 
at  the  apex  into  a  distinctly  oblique  limb  with  comparatively  narrower  lobes;  the 
color  is  white  to  pink  or  pale  yellow  in  one  species,  without  a  conspicuous  yellow 
blotch;  the  stamens  are  distinctly  declinate.  The  flowers  appear  shortly  before 
the  leaves  expand  or  with  the  leaves.  The  third  group  contains  R.  atlanticum, 
R.  oblongifolium,  R.  serrulatum,  R.  viscosum  and  R.  arborescens.  The  corolla  is 
similar  in  shape  to  that  of  the  preceding  group  but  often  larger  and  its  color  is 
white  to  pink  without  a  yellow  blotch  and  the  tube  is  often  glabrous  inside.  The 
flower-buds  are  marked  by  conspicuous  rows  of  long-stipitate  glands  on  the  back 
of  the  corolla-lobes.  The  flowers  are  very  fragrant  and  appear  after  the  leaves 
are  fully  grown  or  with  the  leaves  in  R.  atlanticum,  which  thus  forms  a  connecting 
link  with  the  preceding  group.  The  fourth  group  contains  only  R.  prunifolium. 
The  flowers  are  comparatively  large  and  shaped  like  that  of  the  preceding  group, 
but  of  crimson  color,  and  appear  after  the  leaves  are  fully  formed.  The  whole 
plant  including  the  corolla  tube  is  glabrous  except  the  pedicels  and  a  few  hairs 
on  the  midrib  and  veins  of  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  which  are  distinctly 
acuminate,  while  they  are  acute  to  obtusish  in  all  other  species  of  this  group. 

Rhododendron  occidentale  A.  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.  1. 458  (1876) ;  Syn.  Fl. 
II.  140  (1878).— Behr,  Fl.  Vicin.  San  Francisco,  173  (1888).— Dippel, 


126  THE  AZALEAS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA 

Handb.  Laubholzk.  I. 415,  fig.  268  (1889).  —  Jepson,  Fl.  W.  Middle  Cal. 
369  (1901);  ed.  2,  311  (1911).  —  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II. 
501,  fig.  328  1-m,  329  i-k  (1911).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  220  (1917). 

Azalea  calendidacea  Hooker  &  Arnott,  Bot.  Capt.  Beechey  Voy.  362  (1841),  not 

Michaux.  —  Bentham,  PL  Hartweg.  321  (1849). 

Azalea  nudiflora  var.  ciliata  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Sci.  I.  60  (1855). 
Azalea  calif ornica  Torrey  &  Gray  apud  Durand  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philadelphia, 

ser.  2,  III.  94  (1855).  —  Small  in  N.  Am.  Fl.  XXIX.  44  (1914). 
Azalea  occidental-is  Torrey  &  Gray  in  Rep.  Explor.  Surv.  Miss.  Pacif.  Ocean, 

IV.   116   (1856).  — Hooker  in  Bot.  Mag.  LXXXIII.  t.  5005   (1857).— 

Howell,  Fl.  N.  W.  Coast,  I.  422  (1901).1 

A  shrub  to  3  m.;  young  branchlets  soft-pubescent  or  glabrous,  brown  at  the 
end  of  the  first  season;  floral  winter-buds  finely  pubescent  or  sometimes  nearly 
glabrous  with  numerous  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  and  aristate-mu- 
cronate  or  mucronulate  scales.  Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  ob- 
tusish,  gland-tipped,  cuneate  or  attenuate  at  base,  3  to  9  cm.  long,  ciliate,  thinly 
pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  rarely  nearly  glabrous,  at  maturity  chartaceous, 
glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous  except  pubescent  on  the  midrib  above  and  sparingly 
strigose  on  the  midrib  and  sometimes  on  the  veins  beneath;  petioles  rather  stout, 
1  to  5  mm.  long.  Flowers  appearing  with  or  after  the  leaves  or  rarely  before  the 
leaves,  6  to  12  in  umbel-like  racemes;  pedicels  0.5  to  1.5  cm.  long,  pubescent  and 
more  or  less  glandular,  sometimes  pilose  and  glandless,  rarely  nearly  glabrous; 
sepals  broadly  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  1.5  to  4  or  sometimes  5  mm.  long, 
densely  ciliate  with  usually  setose,  gland-tipped  or  glandless  hairs;  corolla  white 
or  sometimes  pink  with  a  yellow  blotch  on  the  upper  lobe  or  on  the  three  upper 
lobes,  the  tube  about  2  cm.  long,  or  sometimes  shorter,  gradually  dilated  upwards, 
villose  and  glandular-pilose  outside,  the  lobes  about  as  long  as  the  tube,  broad- 
ovate,  acute  or  acutish;  stamens  exserted,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  tube; 
filaments  pilose  below  the  middle;  anthers  2.5  to  3  mm.  long,  whitish;  style  about 
as  long  or  longer  than  stamens,  finely  pubescent  or  sometimes  villose  above  the 
base,  rarely  nearly  glabrous;  ovary  pilose  and  glandular.  Capsule  ovate-oblong, 
1  to  2  cm.  long,  setosely  pilose  or  sometimes  furnished  with  short  gland-tipped  hairs. 

This  species  is  distributed  from  southern  Oregon  to  southern  California,  grow- 
ing by  brooks  among  the  mountains  up  to  5000  or  sometimes  5800  feet  altitude. 
It  is  the  only  Azalea  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  was  first  discovered  during 
the  Expedition  of  Captain  Beechey  in  1827  and  was  also  collected  later  by  Douglas, 
Hartweg  and  Burke.  Hooker  as  well  as  Bentham  referred  it  to  A.  calendulacea, 
and  it  was  not  recognized  as  a  distinct  species  until  named  in  1855  by  Torrey  & 
Gray  A.  calif  ornica  and  a  year  later  by  them  A.  occidentale. 

Rhododendron  occidentale  seems  most  closely  related  to  R.  calendulaceum,  from 
which  it  is  easily  and  chiefly  distinguished  by  the  color  of  its  flowers,  which  other- 
wise in  size  and  shape  resemble  those  of  that  species  more  than  those  of  other  Amer- 
ican species.  It  is  very  variable  in  the  shape  and  size  of  its  leaves,  in  the  pubescence 
of  all  its  parts  and  also  to  some  extent  in  the  size  of  the  flowers;  the  sepals  are  appar- 
ently always  well  developed,  never  nearly  obsolete,  as  is  often  the  case  in  the  Eastern 

1  ADDITIONAL  ILLUSTRATIONS.    COLORED  PLATES:  FL  des  Serres,  XIV.  t.  1432 
(1861).  —  Gard.  XXXIV.  416,  t.  673  (1888).— BLACK  FIGURE:  Gard.  Chron.  ser.  2, 
XXVI.  105,  fig.  21  (1886) .2— HABIT  FIGURES:  Gartenwelt,  XI.  8  (1906);  XV.  650 
(1911). 

2  The  legend  under  the  wood-cut  reads  "flowers  orange  and  crimson,  fragrant" 
which  is  hardly  correct;  in  the  text  the  flowers  are  described  as  deep  rosy-red. 


ENUMERATION  OF  THE  SPECIES  127 

species.  It  exhibits  a  remarkable  latitude  in  the  time  of  blooming;  I  have  before 
me  a  specimen  collected  by  Orcutt  in  San  Diego  County  in  April  without  any  leaf 
buds  developed  and  in  northern  California  I  collected  it  myself  in  full  bloom  as 
late  as  August  25  with  the  winter-buds  of  the  new  growth  fully  developed;  gen- 
erally it  flowers  between  the  middle  of  June  and  the  middle  of  July,  just  when 
the  young  leaves  are  fully  grown.  The  autumnal  tints  of  this  species  are  very 
brilliant.  In  Garden  and  Forest  (III.  626  [1890] ),  E.  W.  Hammond  says  "in  the 
fall  of  the  year  its  leaves  glow  with  such  a  profusion  of  scarlet  and  crimson  mingled 
with  the  gold  and  green,  that  it  produces  the  most  delightful  effects." 

Behr  (Fl.  Vicin.  San  Francisco,  173)  states  that  the  root  contains  a  powerful 
narcotic,  and  according  to  Jepson  (FL  W.  Middle  Calif,  ed.  2,  311)  the  plant  is 
feared  by  sheepmen  as  poisonous. 

Rhododendron  occidentale  was  introduced  into  cultivation  by  William  Lobb,  who 
sent  seeds  from  California  about  1850  to  the  Veitchian  Nurseries,  where  it  flow- 
ered in  1857.  It  is  tenderer  than  many  other  American  Azaleas  and  has  not 
proved  hardy  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 

Rhododendron  occidentale  var.  sonomense  Rehder,  var.  nov. 

Rhododendron  sonomense  Greene  in  Pittonia,  II.  172  (1891).  —  Zabel  in  Mitt. 
Deutsch.  Dendr.  Ges.  XI.  29  (1902).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  245  (1917). 

This  variety  differs  from  the  type  according  to  Greene  chiefly  in  its  smaller 
narrower  leaves,  smaller  rose-colored  and  very  fragrant  flowers;  the  odor  of  typical 
R.  occidentale  is  mephitic  according  to  Greene.  It  occurs  on  dry  slopes  in  the 
mountains  of  Sonoma  County.  It  does  not  seem  to  be  in  cultivation  outside  of 
California. 

Rhododendron  calendulaceum  Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  425  (1824).— 
G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  847  (1834).  —  Bigelow  &  Hor,  FL  Lancast.  56 
(in  Trans.  Med.  Convent.  Ohio)  (1841);  Reprint,  p.  10  (1841).  —  Gray, 
Syn.  Fl.  N.  Am.  II.  1,  41  (1878).  —  Dippel,  Handb.  Laubholzk.  I.  413, 
fig.  266  (1889).  —  Millspaugh/Preftm.  Cat.  Fl.  W.  Va.  402  (1892).  — 
Blake  in  Rhodora,  XX,  53  (1918). 

Azalea  lutea  Linnaeus,  Spec.  150  (1753),  only  as  to  Colden's  synonym.  — 
Weston,  Bot.  Univ.  I.  16  (1770).  —  Michaux,  Jour.  ed.  C.  S.  Sargent, 
111,  116  (in  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  XXVI.)  (1889).  —  Britton  &  Brown, 
III.  Fl  II.  559,  fig.  2745  (1897).  —  Gattinger,  Fl.  Tenn.  131  (1901).— 
Britton,  Man.  698  (1901). —  Porter,  FL  Pennsylv.  238  (1903).  —  Mills- 
paugh,  Liv.  Fl.  W.  Va.  323  (W.  Va.  Geol.  Surv.)  (1913).  —  Small,  Fl.  S.  E. 
U.  S.  883  (1903);  in  N.  Am.  FL  XXIX.  41  (1914).  —  Shreve  &  others,  PL 
Life  Maryland,  466  (1910).  —  Schaffner,  Cat.  Ohio  Vase.  PL  204  (in  Ohio 
Biol.  Surv.  I.)  (1914).  —  Griggs,  Bot.  Surv.  Sugar  Grov.  Reg.  328  (Ohio  BioL 
Surv.  I.)  (1914).  —  Taylor,  FL  Vicin.  N.  Y.  489  (in  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot. 
Gard.  V.)  (1915). 

Azalea  nudiflora  Linnaeus,  Spec.  ed.  2, 214  (1762),  as  to  Colden's  synonym  only. 

Azalea  flammea  Bartram,  Travels,  I.  327  (1791),  name  only. 

Azalea  calendulacea  Michaux,  FL  EOT. -Am.  I.  151  (1803),  excluding  var.  a.  — 
Pursh,  FL  Am.  Sept.  151  (1814).  —  Elliott,  Sketch  Bot.  I.  238  (1821),  ex- 
cluding var.  a.  and  c.  —  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  717  (1839).  —  Gray, 
Man.  268  (1848) ;  ed.  5, 299  (1872).  —  M.  A.  Curtis,  Descript.  Trees  &  Shrubs, 
98  (in  Geol.  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  N.  Car.  III.  Bot.)  (1860). 


128  THE   AZALEAS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Azalea  aurantiaca  Dietrich,  Darst.  Vorz.  Zierpfl.  4,  t.  1  (1803) .l 

Azalea  pontica  ft.  A.  calendulacea  Persoon,  Syn.  I.  212  (1805). 

?  Azalea  nudiflora  var.  h.  lutea  Elliott,  Sketch  Bot.  I.  241  (1821). 

?  Azalea  flava  Michaux,  Jour.  ed.  C.  S.  Sargent,  111  (in  Proc.  Am.  PhUos. 

Soc.  XXVI.)  (1889),  name  only. 
Rhododendron  luteum  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II.  500,  fig.  329  q-r, 

320  a  (1911),  not  Sweet.2 

A  shrub  with  erect  and  spreading  branches,  usually  1.5  to  3,  rarely  to  5  m. 
tall;  young  branchlets  pubescent  and  strigillose;  floral  winter-buds  with  broadly 
ovate  scales,  rounded  or  even  emarginate  at  the  apiculate  apex,  brown,  glabrous 
except  the  densely  white-ciliolate  margin.  Leaves  broadly  elliptic  to  elliptic- 
oblong  or  obovate-oblong,  rarely  obovate,  4  to  8  cm.  long,  and  1.5  to  3.5  cm.  broad, 
acute  and  gland-tipped,  broadly  cuneate  at  base,  finely  pubescent  above  and  more 
densely  so  beneath  when  young,  particularly  on  and  along  the  midrib;  petioles 
2  to  5  mm.  long,  pubescent.  Flowers  in  May  and  June,  in  usually  5-  to  7-flowered 
umbels,  expanding  with  or  shortly  after  the  leaves;  pedicels  setulose  and  usually 
glandular;  calyx-lobes  usually  oblong  and  3  to  4  mm.  long  or  ovate  and  1  to  2  mm. 
long,  obtuse,  setulose  outside,  ciliate  with  long  gland-tipped  hairs;  corolla  funnel- 
form,  yellow  or  orange  to  scarlet,  with  orange  blotch  on  the  upper  lip,  the  cylindric 
tube  gradually  dilated  above  the  middle,  1.5  to  2  cm.  long,  glandular-pilose,  and 
pubescent  outside,  the  lobes  ovate,  about  2  cm.  long  and  1.5  cm.  broad,  usually 
wavy  at  the  margin,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  point,  slightly  pubescent 
outside;  stamens  nearly  three  times  as  long  as  corolla-tube;  the  filaments  pubescent 
below  the  middle  or  on  the  lower  third,  the  anthers  about  3  mm.  long;  style  pilose 
toward  the  base,  sometimes  glabrous,  6  to  7  cm.  long,  about  as  long  or  longer  than 
stamens;  ovary  covered  with  long  setose,  partly  gland-tipped  hairs.  Capsule 
ovoid-oblong,  1.5  to  2  cm.  long,  setose  and  pubescent. 

This  species  is  confined  to  the  Appalachian  Mountain  region  from  Pennsyl- 
vania to  northern  Georgia;  according  to  the  herbarium  material  seen,  its  western 
limit  runs  from  western  Pennsylvania  (Venango  County)  through  southeastern 
Ohio  (Fairfield  County),3  eastern  Kentucky  (Rockcastle  County),  eastern  Tennes- 
see (Knox  County)  to  northern  Georgia  (Gwinnett  County);  its  eastern  limit 

1  Dippel  and  Schneider  cite  1801  as  date  of  publication,  which  would  give  Die- 
trich's name  priority  over  A .  calendulacea,  but  the  part  which  contains  A .  aurantiaca 
is  dated  1803  as  well  on  the  title-page  as  on  the  cover.  The  cover  bears  the  title 
"  Modeblumen  fur  Botaniker  .  .  .  Sechstes  Heft."  The  first  part  of  the  latter  pub- 
lication is  the  one  which  is  dated  1801.  There  is  no  technical  description  given, 
and  this  together  with  the  fact  that  the  part  was  published  during  the  second  half 
of  the  year,  as  it  contains  a  letter  dated  July  1, 1803,  makes  it  advisable  to  give 
Michaux's  name  the  preference. 

8  PRELINNEAN  NAME:  Azalea  erectafoliis  ovatis  integris  alternis  fiore  luteo  piloso 
praecoci  Golden  in  Act.  Soc.  Sri.  Upsala,  IV.  93  (1749). 

ADDITIONAL  ILLUSTRATIONS.  BLACK  FIGURES:  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  II.  1142, 
fig.  946  (1838);  reproduced  in  Gard.  XXIX.  550  (1886).  — Britton  &  Brown,  III. 
Fl.  II.  fig.  2745  (1897);  ed.  2,  II.  fig.  3217  (1913).  — Keeler,  Our  North.  Shrubs, 
351  (1903).— Gard.  Mag.  V.  218  (1907).  —  Country  Life  Am.  XI.  496  (1907).— 
Stevens,  III.  Guide  Flow.  PL  t.  114,  fig.  3  (1910).  —  Schneider,  III  Handb.  Laub- 
holzk. I.  fig.  329  q-r,  330  a  (1911). 

3  This  station,  interesting  on  account  of  its  isolation,  was  first  discovered  in 
1841  according  to  Bigelow  &  Hor,  Fl.  Lancast.  56  (1841):  "For  the  discovery  of 
this  splendid  plant  ...  we  are  indebted  to  the  hospitality  of  Mr.  Jacob  Greene, 
who  had  found  it  a  few  days  previously  at  the  mouth  of  Clear  Creek." 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  129 

extends  from  southern  Pennsylvania  (Somerset  County),  through  West  Virginia 
(Pocahontas  County),  western  North  Carolina  (Ashe,  Mitchell  and  Buncombe 
Counties),  northwestern  South  Carolina  (Spartanburg  County)  to  northeastern 
Georgia  (Rabun  County).  The  type  locality  is  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains  in  North 
Carolina.  In  most  Floras  the  range  of  the  species  is  given  as  extending  to  southern 
New  York  but  I  have  not  seen  a  single  specimen  in  support  of  this  statement  which 
is  apparently  based  on  "Azalea  erect  a  foliis  ovatis  integris  alternis  flore  luteo  piloso 
praecoci"  enumerated  by  Cadwallader  Golden  in  his  Plantae  Coldenghamiae  (in 
Act.  Soc.  Sci.  Upsala,  IV.  93  [1749]).  This  plant  has  not  been  found  again  by 
any  botanist  in  the  state  of  New  York;  the  report  by  Dr.  Barnhart  in  1895  (in 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  XXII.  282)  that  he  discovered  it  in  an  apparently  native 
state  near  Tarrytown  was  based  on  a  single  shrub  which  belonged  to  a  planta- 
tion in  a  private  estate,  a  fact  Dr.  Barnhart  found  out  on  the  occasion  of  a  later 
visit  to  the  locality,  as  he  himself  has  told  me.  Rhododendron  calendulaceum  is 
usually  found  growing  scattered  in  open  woods  on  mountain  sides  as  undergrowth 
and  along  the  banks  of  watercourses  in  the  mountains.  With  its  brilliant  flowers 
ranging  from  yellow  to  scarlet  it  enlivens  the  mountain  woods  in  early  summer, 
and  as  well  in  its  natural  habitat  as  in  the  garden  it  must  be  considered  one  of  the 
most  gorgeous  of  American  shrubs. 

Rhododendron  calendulaceum  was  first  mentioned  by  Cadwallader  Golden  in 
1749  from  southern  New  York,  as  already  stated,  and  his  account  was  referred  by 
Linnaeus  to  his  Azalea  lutea,  which  was  chiefly  based  on  material  belonging  to  the 
species  we  now  call  Rhododendron  nudiflorum.  It  was  also  discovered  in  northern 
Georgia  at  the  confluence  of  the  Savannah  and  Broad  River,  the  most  southern 
point  of  the  range  of  the  species,  in  1774  by  William  Bartram,  who  describes  its 
beauty  in  glowing  terms  (Travels,  I.  322  [1790]);  he  called  it  "Flame  Azalea"  and 
named  it  incidentally  Azalea  flammea  in  his  book,  but  without  giving  a  technical 
description.  The  elder  Michaux  collected  it  on  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountain  in 
North  Carolina  on  May  11,  1795,  and  called  it  Azalea  lutea  in  his  Journal. 

When  JR.  calendulaceum  was  first  introduced  into  cultivation  cannot  be  stated 
with  certainty.  If  the  plant  figured  as  Azalea  aurantiaca  by  Dietrich  in  1803  and 
said  to  have  been  procured  from  England  belongs  to  our  species,  it  must  have 
been  sent  to  England  before  1800.  It  is  certain,  however,  that  the  yellow  form 
was  growing  in  the  nurseries  of  J.  Fraser  and  of  Loddiges  and  Sons  in  1812,  as 
stated  by  Sims  in  Botanical  Magazine  under  tab.  1721.  Their  plants  were  received 
from  John  Lyon,  who  brought  over  a  large  shipment  of  American  plants  in  1806. 

The  nomenclature  of  the  species  is  somewhat  involved  and  the  name  Azalea 
lutea  which  Linnaeus  gave  in  1753  to  an  American  species  incompletely  known  to 
him  and  based  on  citations  belonging  to  three  different  species,  namely  R.  nudi- 
florum, R.  canescens  and  R.  calendulaceum,  has  been  recently  taken  up  by  several 
American  botanists  for  our  species.  In  the  second  edition  of  his  Species  plan- 
tarum,  however,  he  changed  the  name  to  A.  nudiflora,  but  retained  the  descrip- 
tions and  the  citations  unchanged,  augmented  only  by  references  to  Kalm  and 
Duhamel;  he  had  then  in  his  possession  specimens  collected  by  Kalm  and  repre- 
senting R.  nudiflorum  which  apparently  induced  him  to  change  the  name,  noticing 
that  the  color  of  the  flowers  was  not  yellow.  As  both  names  Azalea  lutea  and  A. 
nudiflora  are  based  on  the  same  citations  and  on  the  same  description,  they  cannot 
be  used  for  different  plants,  as  has  been  done  by  Britton  and  by  Small,  and  as  they 
are  chiefly  based  on  R.  nudiflorum  and  R.  canescens,  A.  lutea  cannot  be  taken  up 
for  our  species,  as  Blake  has  shown  in  Rhodora.  The  next  oldest  name  A.  flammea 
Bartram  being  a  nomen  nudum,  A .  calendulacea  becomes  the  correct  name  for  the 
species,  after  excluding  A .  aurantiaca  Dietr.  for  the  reasons  given  in  the  footnote 
on  page  128. 


130  THE  AZALEAS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

Small  in  North  American  Flora  gives  "Savannah  River"  as  the  type  locality 
for  his  A.  lutea,  but  if  A.  lutea  of  Linnaeus  is  taken  up  as  the  name  for  R.  calendu- 
laceum  it  could  be  based  only  on  Cadwallader  Colden's  enumeration  of  the  plant 
from  southern  New  York  and  not  on  the  locality  given  by  Michaux  for  var.  a.  of 
his  A .  calendulacea.  Unfortunately  Michaux's  specimen  collected  on  the  Savannah 
River  near  Two-Sisters  Ferry  and  cited  by  him  under  a.  flammea  does  not  belong  to 
A.  calendulacea  as  described  by  him,  but  to  R.  speciosum,  and  therefore  the  speci- 
men labeled  in  his  herbarium  ft.  crocea  must  be  considered  the  type  specimen  and 
the  high  mountains  of  Carolina  or  more  particularly  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains 
of  North  Carolina,  the  type  locality.  Though  it  is  against  general  usage  to  take 
var.  p.  as  the  type  of  a  species  which  is  divided  into  varieties,  the  specific  descrip- 
tion in  this  case  appears  to  be  chiefly  based  on  the  specimen  designated  var.  /S., 
particularly  the  character  "corolla  tubo  hirsute,  laciniis  breviore"  must  have  been 
taken  from  var.  /3.,  for  in  var.  a.  (R.  speciosum  Sweet)  the  tube  is  distinctly  longer 
than  the  lobes  and  less  conspicuously  hirsute,  also  the  color  "floribus  .  .  .  calen- 
dulaceis"  referring  to  Calendula  which  has  yellow  to  orange  flowers,  indicates  the 
mountain  form,  var.  £.,  rather  than  var.  a.,  which  has  bright  red  to  scarlet  flowers. 

Rhododendron  calendulaceum  does  not  show  much  variation  except  in  the  color  of 
the  flowers  and  in  the  length  of  the  sepals,  which  are  usually  oblong,  but  sometimes 
rather  small;  the  style  is  normally  pilose  near  the  base,  but  sometimes  glabrous, 
as  in  Harbison's  No.  171  from  Macon  County,  North  Carolina,  in  Small's  speci- 
men from  White  Rock  Mountains,  Smyth  County,  Va.,  and  in  Britton's  &  A.  M. 
Vail's  specimen  from  the  same  locality.  There  are  also  forms  with  partly  salmon- 
colored  flowers  of  which  I  collected  a  specimen  myself  on  Roan  Mountain  of  North 
Carolina,  and  I  have  before  me  a  specimen  from  North  Carolina  stated  to  have 
pink  flowers.  The  two  following  forms  have  been  described,  of  which  the  first 
represents  the  typical  form,  though  probably  more  color  forms  could  be  distin- 
guished but  this  cannot  be  done  satisfactorily  without  copious  living  material  of 
undoubtedly  spontaneous  origin. 

Rhododendron  calendulaceum  f.  croceum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2, 
343  (1830),  as  var.  a.  —  Rehder  in  Mitt.  Deutsch.  Dendr.Ges.  XXIV. 
(1915),  225  (1916),  as  forma;  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.  Hort,  V.  2942 
(1916),  as  var. 

Azalea  calendulacea  /3.  crocea  Michaux,  FL  Bor.-Am.  I."  151  (1803).  —  Sims  in 
BoL  Mag.  XLI.  t.  1721  (1815).  —  Rehder  in  Bailey,  Cycl.  Am.  Hort.  I. 
121,  (1900)  .1 

Flowers  yellow  to  orange-yellow  with  a  darker  blotch,  sometimes  partly 
salmon-colored.  As  stated  before  there  are  all  kinds  of  intermediate  shades  be- 
tween the  plants  with  scarlet  flowers  and  those  with  yellow  flowers. 

Rhododendron  calendulaceum  f.  aurantium  Rehder,  comb.  nov. 

Azalea  calendulacea  a.  Ker  in  Bot.  Reg.  II.  t.  145  (1816),  not  var.  a.  flammea 

Michaux. 
Azalea  aurantiaca  Dietrich,  Darst.  Vorz.  Zierpfl.  4,  t.  1  (1803).  —  Hort.  apud 

Dumont  de  Courset,  Bot.  Cult,  ed  2,  III.  333  (1811),  as  var.  of  A.  nudiflora. 
?  Azalea  coccinea  major  Dumont  de  Courset,  I.  c.  (1811),  as  var.  of  A.  nudiflora. 


1  ADDITIONAL  REFERENCE  TO  COLORED  PLATE:  Mag.  Bot.  &  Gard.  II.  119, 
t.  36,  fig.  7  (1834). 


ENUMERATION   OF   THE    SPECIES  131 

Azalea  speciosa  f.  aurantia  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  265  (1826),  name  only. 
Azalea  coccinea  aurantia  Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  XIII.  t.  1255  (1827). 
Rhododendron  calendulaceum  var.  a.  flammeum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343 

(1830).  — Zabel  in  Beissner,  Schelle  &  Zabel,  Handb.  Laubholz.-Ben.  380 

(1903). 

Rhododendron  speciosum  f.  aurantium  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830). 
Azalea  speciosa  /3.  aurantia  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  117  (1838). 
Azalea  speciosa  a.  aurantiaca  Kirchner  in  Petzold  &  Kirchner,  Arb.  Muse. 

479  (1864). 
Azalea  calendulacea  var.  flammea  Render  in  Bailey,  Cycl.  Am.  Hort.  I.  121 

(1900),  in  part. 
Rhododendron  calendulaceum  aurantiacum  Zabel  in  Beissner,  Schelle  &  Zabel, 

Handb.  Laubholz-Ben.  380  (1903). 
Rhododendron  luteum  var.  flammeum  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II. 

500  (1911),  in  part. 

Flowers  deep  orange-red  to  scarlet,  with  large  orange  blotch. 

Rhododendron  speciosum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830),  not 
Salisbury.1  — G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  847  (1834). 

Azalea  nudiflora  a.  coccinea  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  I.  202  (1789).  —  Sims  in  Bot. 

Mag.  V.  t.  180  (1792). 
Azalea  coccinea  Sims  in  Bot.  Mag.  text  to  1. 180  (1792),  as  synonym.  —  Michaux, 

Jour.  ed.  C.  S.  Sargent,  9  (in  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  XXVI.)  (1889). 
Azalea  fulva  Michaux  in  Jour.  Hist.  Nat.  I.  410  (1792),  name  only.2 
Azalea  calendulacea  a.  flammea  Michaux,   Fl.  Bor.-Am.   I.   151    (1803). — 

Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  152  (1814). 
Azalea  speciosa  Willdenow,  Berl.  Baumz.  ed.  2,  49  (1811);  Enum.  Hort.  Berol. 

Suppl.  10  (1813).  — Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Fremd.  Holzart.  I.  37, 

t.  31  (1825).  —  Watson,  Dendr.  Brit.  II.  t.  116  (1825). 
Azalea  periclymenoides  var.  coccinea  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  I.  152  (1814). 
Azalea  nudiflora  Loiseleur-Deslongchamps,  Herb.  Amat.  IV.  213,  t.  (1820), 

not  Linnaeus. 

Azalea  calendulacea  var.  a.  Elliott,  Sketch  Bot.  I.  239  (1821). 
Azalea  coccinea  major  Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  VII.  t.  624  (1822). 
Azalea  speciosa  a.  major  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  265  (1826). 


1  Rhododendron  speciosum  Salisbury,  Prodr.  287  (1796)  cannot  invalidate  Sweet's 
combination,  as  it  is  a  straight  synonym,  being  only  a  new  name  for  R.  ponticum  L. 

2  This  is  apparently  the  Azalea  which  he  calls  Azalea  coccinea  in  his  Journal 
(ed.  C.  S.  Sargent,  p.  9)  and  describes  under  the  entry  of  the  following  day  (p.  10) 
as  "1'Azalea  couleur  de  feu.    La  couleur  de  cet  Azal.  qui  est  dans  toutes  les 
parties  de  la  fl.  aussi  fonce"e,  Corolla,  Etam.  et  Pistille,  est  celle  de  Hemerocallis 
fulva  mais  dans  les  lieux  plus  de"couverts  et  moins  ombrages  cet  couleur  est  encore 
plus  forte."    This  Azalea  Michaux  collected  on  April  26  and  27, 1787,  after  having 
crossed  the  Savannah  River  at  Two-Sisters  Ferry;  in  his  Flora  it  is  referred  to  under 
A .  calendulacea  a.  flammea.    In  comparing  the  color  of  this  plant  with  that  of  Heme- 
rocallis fulva  Michaux  must  have  had  in  mind  the  color  form  figured  by  Redoute" 
in  his  Liliaceae,  tab.  16,  which  has  red-purple  flowers  and  was  probably  at  that 
time  well  known  in  France.    The  color  of  this  form  agrees  very  well  with  that  of 
R.  speciosum,  while  the  plant  now  generally  cultivated  as  Hemerocallis  fulva  has 
orange  flowers. 


132  THE   AZALEAS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

?  Azalea  nudiflora  var.  thyrsiflora  Gowen  apud  Lindley  in  Bot.  Reg.  XVI. 

t.  1367  (1830). 

Rhododendron  speciosum  a.  major  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830). 
Rhododendron  nudiflorum  f.  cocdneum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830).  — 

G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  847  (1834). 

Azalea  speciosa  a.  coccinea  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  717  (1839). 
Azalea  calendulacea  Darby,  Bot.  S.  States,  422  (1855),  in  part. 
Rhododendron  cakndulaceum  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  U.  S.  265  (1860),  in  part. 
Rhododendron  calendulaceum  f .  speciosum  Voss,  Vilmorin's  Blumengdrt.  I.  588 

(1894).  — Zabel  in  Beissner,  Schelle  &  Zabel,  Handb.  Laubholz-Ben.  380 

(1903). 
Rhododendron  flammeum  Sargent  in  Rhodod.  Soc.  Notes,  I.  120  (1918),  name 

only,  not  Azalea  flammea  Bartr.1 

A  shrub  0.3  to  2  m.  tall  with  slender,  irregularly  whorled  branches;  the  young 
branchlets  finely  pubescent  and  rather  densely  strigillose,  becoming  grayish  brown 
the  second  year;  floral  winter-buds  glabrous,  with  generally  ovate,  ciliolate  scales, 
usually  rounded  and  mucronate  at  apex.  Leaves  obovate  or  elliptic  to  oblong, 
acute  or  obtusish,  mucronulate,  broad-cuneate  at  base,  3  to  6  cm.  long  and  1.2  to 
2  or  sometimes  to  3  cm.  broad,  strigillose  above,  finely  pubescent  beneath,  more 
densely  on  the  leaves  of  the  shoots  and  particularly  on  the  veins,  often  strigose 
on  the  midrib,  sometimes  nearly  glabrous  except  on  the  midrib  beneath,  setosely 
ciliate,  subchartaceous  at  maturity,  with  prominent  lateral  veins;  petioles  3  to  5  mm. 
long,  pubescent  and  strigillose.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves  end  of  April  and 
beginning  of  May  in  6-  to  15-flowered  umbel-like  racemes,  scarlet  or  bright  red, 
with  a  large  orange  blotch  on  the  upper  lobe;  pedicels  strigillose,  not  glandular; 
sepals  roundish  ovate  to  oblong,  0.5  to  3  mm.  long,  long-ciliate,  pubescent  or 
nearly  glabrous  outside;  corolla  funnel-form,  tube  cylindric,  rather  slender,  2  to 
2.5  cm.  long,  longer  than  the  limb,  rather  abruptly  dilated  at  the  apex,  covered 
outside  with  fine  villose  pubescence  interspersed  with  long  pilose  not  gland-tipped 
hairs,  pubescent  inside,  lobes  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  1.5  to  2  cm.  long;  stamens 
much  exserted,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  tube  and  slightly  shorter  than  the  style, 
the  filaments  pubescent  below  the  middle;  style  5  to  6  cm.  long,  finely  pubescent  at 
the  lower  third,  usually  purplish  above;  ovary  covered  with  long  setose  hairs,  not 
glandular.  Fruit  ovoid  to  narrow-oblong  narrowed  toward  the  apex,  2  to  3  cm. 
long,  strigose. 

This  species  is  distributed  through  central  Georgia  from  the  Savannah  River 
to  the  Chattahoochee  River,  its  range  extending  north  to  Gwinnett  County  and 
to  Oconee  County  of  South  Carolina,  south  to  Screven  County  in  the  east  and  to 
Muscogee  County  in  the  west.2  It  is  usually  a  low  shrub  and  grows  in  open  dry 
woods  and  on  sand  hills,  often  covering  large  stretches  and  is  very  conspicuous 
when  in  bloom  on  account  of  the  brilliant  color  of  its  flowers. 


1  ADDITIONAL  ILLUSTRATIONS.    COLORED  PLATES:  Drapiez,  Herb.  Amat.  1. t.  51 
(1828),  as  A.  nudiflora.—  ?  Audubon,  Birds  Am.  II.  t.  198  (1831);  Quarto  ed. 
II.  86  &  104  (1841),  poorly  colored.  —  BLACK  FIGURES:  Dippel,  Handb.  Laubholzk. 
I.  fig.    266    (1889),   after  Watson,  Dendr.  Brit.,   as  R.  calendulaceum.  —  Voss, 
Vitmorin's  Blumengdrt.  I.  588  (1894),  same  as  preceding. 

2  Mohr  mentions  under  A.  nudiflora  (PL  Life  Ala.  653  [1901] )  a  form  with  flame 
or  deep  orange-colored  flowers  from  Springhill,  Mobile  County,  which  he  refers  to 
A.  nudiflora  var.  rutilans  Pursh;  this  may  be  either  an  undescribed  color  form  of 
R.  canescens  or  it  may  be  R.  speciosum  and  in  this  case  the  range  of  R.  speciosum 
would  extend  to  southwestern  Alabama.    I  have  not  seen  any  specimen  of  this 
form. 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  133 

SOUTH  CAROLINA.  Oconee  County :  Newry,  April  26, 1906,  H.  D. 
House  (No.  1934,  1935,  1936;  in  Nat.  Herb.). 

GEORGIA.  Gwinnett  County :  Thompson's  Mills,  May  2,  1909, 
H.  A.  Allard  (No.  181,  in  Nat.  Herb.).  Dekalb  County:  on  and 
about  Stone  Mountain,  May  1-18,  1895,  J.  K.  Small;  base  of  Stone 
Mountain,  May  3,  1899,  C.  S.  Sargent  and  Wm.  M.  Canby;  without 
precise  locality,  May  23,  1897,  H.  Eggert  (in  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb.). 
Fulton  County :  Atlanta,  May,  1869,  Wm.  M.  Canby  (in  Nat.  Herb.). 
Baldwin  County :  Milledgeville,  Samuel  Boykin  (in  Herb.  Philadelphia 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.);  south  of  Milledgeville,  May  6,  1914,  T.  G.  Harbison 
(Nos.  1561-1570).  Muskogee  County :  Columbia,  above  the  falls, 
1912,  T.  G.  Harbison.  Richmond  County :  sand  hills  at  Belair, 
A.  Cuthbert,  April  26,  1903;  near  Bath,  April  29,  1914,  C.  S.  Sargent; 
near  Augusta,  April  29  and  October  7,  1914,  C.  S.  Sargent;  near 
Hephzibah,  May  9,  1920,  A.  Rehder  (No.  930).  Screven  County: 
Ogeechee  River,  1847,  H.  C.  Pater  (in  Gray  Herb.).  —  Middle  Georgia, 
Dr.  Leavenworth;  Ocmulgee  River,  April,  1847,  T.  C.  Porter  (both  in 
Herb.  Philadelphia  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.). 

Though  this  species  was  introduced  into  cultivation  more  than  a  century  ago 
and  described  and  figured  by  early  European  botanists  it  has  never  been  recognized 
by  an  American  botanist.  The  exact  date  of  its  first  discovery  and  of  its  introduc- 
tion into  cultivation  is  not  known  with  certainty.  It  was  first  mentioned  without 
adequate  description  by  Aiton  in  1789  as  Azalea  nudiflora  var.  cocdnea  and  figured 
three  years  later  by  Sims  in  the  Botanical  Magazine  under  the  same  name;  Sims  says 
"whether  it  was  originally  introduced  to  the  country  by  Mrs.  Norman  of  Bromley 
or  by  Mr.  Bewick  of  Clapham  in  Surrey  we  cannot  with  certainty  assert;  true  it  is 
that  Azalea  cocdnea  was  little  known  here  till  the  sale  of  Mr.  Bewick's  plants  in 
17  ";  and  he  adds  that  the  plants  were  sold  at  high  prices,  one  of  them  produc- 
ing 20  guineas.  Possibly  plants  were  sent  before  1789  by  William  Bartram,  who 
must  have  known  this  plant,  as  it  grows  in  a  region  traversed  by  him  in  search  of 
plants.  Later,  in  1811,  the  plant  was  described  by  Willdenow  as  Azalea  speciosa 
from  cultivated  plants  growing  in  the  Berlin  Botanic  Garden,  the  origin  of  which  is 
not  stated  and  it  was  figured  by  Guimpel  in  1825.  By  Michaux  it  was  collected  near 
Two-Sisters  Ferry  on  the  Savannah  River,  about  twenty-five  miles  above  Savannah, 
and  his  are  the  first  wild  specimens  we  know.  In  Michaux's  Flora  they  were  con- 
fused with  Azalea  calendulacea  and  enumerated  under  his  var.  flammea.  Pursh 
also  in  1814  confused  the  two,  though  he  was  the  first  to  refer  Aiton's  A.  nudiflora 
var.  cocdnea  to  Michaux's  var.  flammea  and  thus  identified  the  plant  growing  near 
Savannah  with  Aiton's  plant.  I  have  no  doubt  that  Aiton's,  Willdenow's  and 
Michaux's  plants  are  identical.  Of  Azalea  nudiflora  var.  cocdnea  there  is  a  speci- 
men in  the  British  Museum  which  probably  served  for  Sims's  figure  in  the  Botanical 
Magazine.  Mr.  W.  J.  Bean  kindly  compared  flowers  of  Rhododendron  spedosum 
from  the  specimens  collected  by  me  near  Augusta,  Georgia,  with  that  specimen  and 
states  that  they  agree  with  it  and  that  A.  nudiflora  var.  cocdnea  certainly  is  not 
R.  calendulaceum  with  which  it  had  been  confused.  Of  A.  speciosa  there  is  a  speci- 
men in  the  Berlin  Botanical  Museum,  of  which  Professor  L.  Diels  obligingly  sent  me 
a  flower,  which  also  agrees  with  the  Georgia  plant  and  not  with  R.  calendulaceum. 


134  THE  AZALEAS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA 

Of  Michaux's  specimens  of  var.  a.  flammeum  collected  according  to  his  Journal  near 
Two-Sisters  Ferry,  Georgia,  on  April  27, 1787,  and  of  his  specimens  of  var.  0.  cro- 
ceum  I  have  photographs  before  me  which  show  that  the  latter  variety  is  R.  calen- 
dulaceum,  while  a.  flammeum  differs  chiefly  in  its  slenderer  corolla-tube  distinctly 
longer  than  the  limb  and  not  conspicuously  glandular-hairy  and  in  the  smaller 
corolla-lobes  and  thus  agrees  with  the  plant  here  called  R.  spedosum. 

Rhododendron  spedosum  has  been  usually  confused  with  R.  calendulaceum,  and 
particularly  with  the  scarlet-flowered  form  of  it,  from  which  it  may  be  chiefly  dis- 
tinguished by  the  slenderer  corolla-tube  more  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  apex  into 
the  limb  and  longer  than  the  limb,  by  the  absence  of  glandular  hairs  on  the 
corolla-tube  which  is  covered  with  a  short  villous  pubescence  interspersed  with 
pilose  hairs  and  by  the  generally  smaller  and  comparatively  broader  leaves.  The 
color  of  the  flowers  is  always  scarlet  or  bright  red  and  never  varies  to  yellow,  as 
it  does  in  R.  calendulaceum  and  the  flowers  are  more  numerous  in  each  inflorescence. 
It  shows  little  variation  except  in  shape  and  size  of  sepals,  which  may  be  oblong 
and  up  to  3  mm.  long  or  nearly  obsolete,  and  in  the  shape  and  size  of  the  capsules. 
Geographically  the  two  species  are  well  separated;  R.  calendulaceum  is  essentially 
an  Alleghanian  plant,  while  R.  spedosum  belongs  to  the  Piedmont  region  of  Geor- 
gia, but  in  northern  Georgia  the  ranges  of  the  two  species  touch  and  at  Thompson's 
Mill,  Gwinnett  County,  both  species  have  been  collected  by  H.  A.  Allard. 

Though  the  species  was  well  known  in  cultivation  at  the  beginning  of  the  last 
century,  it  later  almost  disappeared  from  the  gardens  until  it  was  reintroduced  in 
1916  through  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  though  in  1881  it  was  still  cultivated  at 
Kew  as  Azalea  cocdnea  major  according  to  a  specimen  before  me.  There  is  also 
in  the  herbarium  of  the  Arnold  Arboretum  a  specimen  collected  by  H.  Zabel  in 
the  Botanic  Garden  at  Muenden,  Hanover,  from  a  plant  received  as  Azalea  cocdnea 
from  Booth's  nursery  at  Flottbeck  near  Hamburg  in  1872.  It  is  certainly  as  hand- 
some as  R.  calendulaceum,  but  probably  more  tender  and  not  suited  for  cultivation 
in  the  open  ground  in  the  North. 


Rhododendron nudMorum,  Torrey, /<7.  J7./S.424  (1824)  ;FJ.  N.  Y.I. 
438  (1843).  — Gray,  Sun.  FL  II.  1,  41  (1878).  — J.  Robinson,  Fl. 
Essex  Co.  Mass.  73  (1880).  —  Dame  &  Collins,  Fl.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass. 
63  (1888).  — Britton,  Cat.  PL  N.  Jersey,  162  (1889).  —  Dippel, 
Handb.  Laubholzk.  I.  414,  fig.  267  (1889).  —  Coulter  &  Watson, 
Gray's  Man.  ed.  6,  320  (1890).  — Dudley  &  Thurston,  Cat.  PL  Lacka- 
wanna  &  Wyoming  Valleys,  38  (1892).  —  Beckwith  &  Macauley,  PL 
Monroe  Co.  N.  Y.  83  (in  Proc.  Rochester  Acad.  Sci.  Ill)  (1894),  in 
part.  — Deane  in  Rhodora,  I.  94  (1899);  III.  196  (1901). —Robinson 
&  Fernald,  Gray's  New  Man.  631  (1908). —  Graves  &  others,  Cat. 
Flow.  PL  Conn.  308  (1910). —  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  502, 
fig.  329  s-t  (1911). 

Azalea  lutea  Linnaeus  Spec.  I.  150  (1753),  excluding  the  synonyms  of  Golden 
and  Gronovius. 

Azalea  nudiflora  Linnaeus,  Spec.  ed.  2,  214  (1762),  excluding  the  synonyms  of 
Golden  and  Gronovius.  —  Wangenheim,  Beytr.  Forstwiss.  67  (1787). — 
Willdenow,  Spec.  I.  pt.  2, 831  (1798).— Eaton,  Man.  Bot.  ed.  2, 165  (1818).— 
Elliot,  Sketch  Bot.  I.  241  (1821),  in  part.  —  Bigelow,  FL  Boston,  ed.  2,  82 


ENUMERATION   OF   THE   SPECIES  135 

(1824).  —  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  716  (1839).  —  Gray,  Man.  268  (1848); 
ed.  5,  299  (1872).  —  M.  A.  Curtis,  Descript.  Trees  &  Shrubs,  98  (Geol.  Nat. 
Hist.  Surv.  N.  Car.  III.  Bot.)  (I860).  — Willis,  Cat.  PL  N.  Jersey,  33 
(1874).  —  Kellermann,  Cat.  Ohio  PL  129  (in  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  Ohio,  VII. 
pt.  2)  (1893),  in  part.  —  Britton  &  Brown,  III.  Fl.  II.  558,  fig.  2743 
(1897).  — Clute,  FL  Upp.  Susquehanna,  69  (1898).  —  Britton,  Man.  698 
(1901).  —  Gattinger,  FL  Tennessee,  131  (1901).— Porter,  Fl.  Pennsylv.  238 
(1903).  —  Small,  FL  S.  E.  U.  S.  883  (1903);  in  N.  Am.  Fl.  XXIX.  42 
(1914).  —  Shreve  &  others,  PL  Life  Maryland,  466  (1910).  —  Stone  in  Ann. 
•  Rep.  N.  J.  State  Mus.  1910,  612,  t.  95  (1911).  —  Millspaugh,  Liv.  FL  W. 
Virginia,  323  (in  W.  Va.  GeoL  Surv.)  (1913).  —  Schaffner,  Cat.  Ohio  Vase. 
PL  204  (inOhioBiol.  Surv.  I.)  (1914),  in  part.  —  Taylor,  FL  Vicin.  N.  Y.  488 
(in  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  V.)  (1915). 

Rhododendron  venustum  Salisbury,  Prodr.  287  (1796),  in  part. 

Azalea  peridymenoides  Michaux,  FL  BOT. -Am.  I.  151  (1803).  —  Pursh,  Fl. 
Am.  Sept.  I.  152  (1814). 

Azalea  peridymena  Persoon,  Syn.  I.  212  (1805). 

Azalea  nudiflora  /3.  peridymenoides,  Heynhold,  Nomend.  Bot.  Hort.  I.  108 
(1840). 

Anthodendron  nudiflorum  Reichenbach  in  Moessler,  Handb.  Gewachsk.  ed.  2, 
I.  309  (1827)  .* 

An  upright  shrub,  usually  1  to  2,  rarely  to  3  m.  tall;  young  branchlets  slightly 
pubescent  and  sparingly  strigose  or  nearly  glabrous,  becoming  dull  brown  or 
grayish  brown;  winter-buds  brown,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  with  ovate 
abruptly  acuminate  finely  ciliate  scales;  leaves  elliptic  to  oblong  or  obovate  to 
oblong-obovate,  acute  or  abruptly  acuminulate,  rarely  obtusish,  gland-tipped, 
cuneate  at  base,  3  to  8  cm.  long  and  1.5  to  3  cm.  wide,  finely  pubescent  on  the 
midrib  above,  strigillose  and  sometimes  sparingly  pubescent  on  the  midrib  beneath, 
finely  ciliate  on  the  margins,  bright  green  above  and  scarcely  paler  beneath; 
petioles  2  to  4  mm.  long,  strigillose  and  sometimes  slightly  pubescent.  Flowers 


1  PRELINNEAN  SYNONYMS:  Azalea  scapo  nudo  floribus  confertis  terminatridbus 
staminibus  dedinatis,  Linnaeus,  Hort.  Cliff.  69  (1737).  —  Chamaerhododendros  Vir- 
giniana  Peridymeni  flore  ampliori  minus  odorato,  Duhamel,  Traite  Arb.  1. 160  (1755) 
and  doubtfully  Cistus  Virginiana  Peridymeni  flore  ampliori  et  minus  odarato  [sic] 
Plukenet,  Mant.  49  (1700). 

ADDITIONAL  ILLUSTRATIONS.  COLORED  PLATES:  Trew,  PL  Sel.  Ehret.  t.  48 
(1750).  — Schmidt,  Oester.  Baumz.  III.  t.  170  (1800),  good  plate  of  the  typical 
form.  —  Bot.  Reg.  II.  t.  120  (1816),  as  A.  nudiflora  var.  carnea.  —  Loddiges,  Bot. 
Cab.  I.  t.  51  (1818),  as  A.  nudiflora  var.  rubra.  —  Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb. 
Fremd.  Holzgew.  t.  110  (1825),  apparently  var.  glandifera  with  white  flowers.  — 
Emerson,  Trees  &  Shrubs  Mass.  ed.  2,  II.  440  t.  (1875),  pink  flowers.  —  Jour. 
N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  XIV.  79,  pi.  (1913).— House,  Wild  Fl.  N.  Y.  II.  200,  pi.  154 
(1920).  — BLACK  FIGURES:  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  II.  1140,  fig.  943  (1838),  after  Bot. 
Reg.  t.  120.  —  AndrS,  PL  Terre  de  Bruybre,  179,  fig.  6  (1864).  —  Gard.  XXIX.  550 
(1886),  same  as  London's.  —  Mottet,  Diet.  Prat.  Hort.  I.  303,  f.  359  (1892),  after 
Andre.  —  Newhall,  Shrubs  N.  E.  Am.  fig.  83  (1893).  —  Miller  &  Whiting,  Wild 
Flow.  N.  E.  St.  379  (1895).  — Bailey,  Cyd.  Am.  Hort.  I.  fig.  172,  173  (1900);  Stand. 
Cyd.  Hort.  V.  fig.  3389,  3390  (1916).  —  Keeler,  Our  North.  Shrubs,  347  (1903).  — 
Stevens,  III.  Guide  Flow.  PL,  t.  114,  fig.  2  (1910).  —  Rep.  N.  Jersey  St.  Mus. 
1910,  t.  15  (1911).  —  Amer.  For.  XXII.  655,  fig.  (1916).  — HABIT  FIGURES: 
Gard.  Mag.  V.  218,  fig.  (1907).  —  Country  Life  Am.  XI.  496  (1907). 


136  THE   AZALEAS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

expanding  in  April  and  May  just  before  the  leaves,  scentless  or  nearly  scentless,1  in 
6-  to  12-flowered  umbel-like  racemes;  pedicels  0.5  to  1  cm.  long,  strigose-pilose  and 
sometimes  finely  pubescent,  rarely  sparingly  glandular;  calyx-lobes  semi-orbicular 
or  ovate,  rarely  oblong,  0.5  to  2  mm.  long,  long-ciliate;  corolla  usually  light  pink  or 
whitish  with  pink  tube,  funnel-form,  tube  1.5  to  2  cm.  long,  rather  gradually 
dilated  above,  finely  pubescent  and  pilose  or  strigose-pilose  outside;  lobes  ovate 
to  oblong-ovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  1.2  to  1.6  cm.  long,  finely  pubescent  outside 
or  glabrescent  toward  the  apex,  pilose  along  the  middle;  stamens  nearly  three 
times  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube,  declinate,  the  filaments  pubescent  below  the  middle; 
anthers  2  to  2.5  mm.  long,  usually  brownish  yellow;  style  5  to  6  mm.  long,  some- 
what exceeding  the  stamens,  finely  pubescent  at  the  lower  third,  usually  purple 
or  purplish  above;  ovary  usually  densely  covered  with  long  setose  glandless  hairs, 
rarely  sparingly  setose  and  nearly  entirely  white-tomentose.  Capsule  oblong  to 
narrow-oblong,  narrowed  upward,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  finely  pubescent  and  usually 
strigose. 

This  species  has  the  center  of  its  distribution  in  the  Appalachian  mountains 
from  Massachusetts  to  northwestern  North  Carolina  and  ascends  to  an  altitude 
of  3800  feet;  its  range  extends  east  to  the  coast  from  Massachusetts  to  southern 
North  Carolina  and  west  to  central  New  York  (Monroe  County),  central  Pennsyl- 
vania, southern  Ohio,  eastern  Kentucky  and  eastern  Tennessee.  According  to 
Small  it  extends  into  northern  Florida,  but  I  have  seen  no  specimens  from  south 
of  North  Carolina.  It  inhabits  chiefly  dry  open  woods  and  is  also  found  along 
mountain  streams. 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  in  its  typical  form  is  chiefly  characterized  by  the 
glabrous  bright  green,  usually  elliptic  or  obovate  leaves  pubescent  only  on  the 
midrib  above,  strigose  along  the  midrib  below  and  ciliate,  by  the  glabrous  winter- 
buds,  by  the  pink,  scentless  flowers  with  a  cylindric  tube  slightly  longer  than  the 
lobes  rather  gradually  dilated  above  the  middle  into  the  spreading  limb  and  cov- 
ered outside  with  a  fine  pubescence  and  pilose  glandless  hairs.  The  species  shows, 
however,  considerable  variation  and  in  some  forms  it  approaches  R.  roseum. 
The  most  striking  variation  is  that  with  the  hairs  of  the  corolla  gland-tipped 
instead  of  glandless;  this  is  separated  below  as  a  distinct  variety.  There  are 
slighter  variations  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves,  in  the  pubescence  of  the  winter- 
buds  which  are  sometimes,  particularly  in  the  form  with  glandular  corolla, 
finely  pubescent,  in  the  color  of  the  flowers  which  varies  from  almost  white  to 
deep  carmine.  The  sepals  are  occasionally  well  developed  as  in  specimens  of  var. 
glandifera  from  Somerset,  Massachusetts,  collected  by  J.  G.  Jack,  May  21,  1903, 
where  they  are  up  to  5  mm.  long.  In  one  specimen,  Harbison's  No.  35  (1919) 
from  Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  the  filaments  are  pubescent  beyond  the 
middle  and  the  ovary  is  only  sparingly  setose. 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  was  first  discovered  probably  by  Banister  and  men- 
tioned by  Plukenet  as  "Cistus  virginiana  Periclymeni  flore  ampliori  et  minus 
odarato."  It  was  introduced  into  England  together  with  R.  viscosum  in  the  first 
half  of  the  18th  century,  probably  between  1725  and  1730  by  Peter  Collinson, 
who  had  received  it  from  John  Bartram,  for  in  a  letter  to  Dr.  Golden  dated  Ridge 
Way  House,  Feb.  25,  1764,  speaking  of  the  plants  in  his  garden  he  says,  "Regard 
the  variety  of  trees  and  shrubs  in  this  plantation,  as  Mountain  Magnolia,  Sarsi- 
fax,  Rhododendrons,  Kalmias  and  Azaleas,  etc.  etc.;  all  are  the  bounty  of  my 
curious  botanic  friend,  J.  Bartram  of  Philadelphia."  2  According  to  Aiton  it  was 

1  Clute  (FL  Upp.  Susquehanna,  69),  however,  calls  the  flowers  very  fragrant. 

2  Gray,  Selections  from  the  Scientific  Correspondence  of  Cadwallader  Golden 
with  Gronovius,  Linnaeus,  Collinson,  p.  48  (1843);  reprinted  from  Ann.  Jour.  Sci» 
Arts,  LXIV. 


ENUMERATION  OF  THE   SPECIES  137 

introduced  in  1734,  but  Catesby  says  in  1731  that  "it  has  for  several  years  pro- 
duced its  beautiful  and  fragrant  flowers  at  Mr.  Bacon's  at  Hoxton  and  at  Mr. 
Collinson's  at  Peckham,"  though  it  is  somewhat  doubtful  whether  the  plant  re- 
ferred to  is  this  species  or  R.  viscosum  or  R.  canescens,  the  species  figured  by  Catesby. 
It  is  certain,  however,  that  it  was  in  cultivation  about  1750  in  England,  for  Ehret's 
colored  plate  in  Trew,  Plantae  Selectae  Ehretianae  (t.  48)  is  certainly  our  species, 
and  about  1800  it  was  known  on  the  Continent,  as  the  excellent  colored  plate  of 
the  typical  form  in  Schmidt's  Oesterreichische  Baumzucht  (III.  t.  170)  shows. 
The  first  detailed  description  was  given  in  1787  by  Wangenheim,  who  describes 
the  typical  form,  for  he  states  that  the  leaves  are  glabrous  and  that  the  hairs  on 
the  outside  of  the  corolla-tube  have  no  glands;  he  also  mentions  two  pubescent 
varieties  and  a  form  which  he  saw  only  cultivated  in  two  gardens  in  the  state  of 
New  York  with  fringed  or  erose  corolla-lobes. 

The  nomenclature  of  the  species  presents  some  difficulties  discussed  by  Blake 
in  Rhodora  (XX.  53  [1918]).  The  oldest  name  for  the  species  is  A.  lutea  Linnaeus, 
of  which  A .  nudiflora  is  merely  a  synonym,  but  fortunately  the  name  lutea  cannot 
be  transferred  to  Rhododendron  on  account  of  the  older  R.  luteum  Sweet  which  is 
the  valid  name  of  A.  pontica  Linnaeus  under  Rhododendron.  Therefore  the  syn- 
onym A.  nudiflora  takes  the  place  of  A.  lutea.  Those,  however,  who  retain  Azalea 
as  a  distinct  genus  must,  as  pointed  out  by  Blake,  either  adopt  A.  lutea  for  the 
pink-flowered  species  or  discard  altogether  both  A.  lutea  and  A.  nudiflora  and 
adopt  Michaux's  A.  peridymenoides. 

The  form  with  pink  or  pinkish  flowers  should  be  considered  the  type  of  this 
species  *;  it  seems  to  be  the  most  common  and  the  one  originally  cultivated  under 
this  name,  as  Trew's  plate  of  1750  which  shows  pink  flowers  tends  to  prove.  The 
form  with  white  or  nearly  white  flowers  may  be  distinguished  as  f .  album?  Most 
of  the  more  highly  colored  forms  probably  belong  to  var.  glandiferum,  though  this 
variety  also  includes  light  colored  forms. 


1  This  is  probably  the  form  distinguished  as : 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  S.  carneum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830). — 

G.  Don.  Gen.  Syst.  III.  847  (1834). 
Azalea  nudiflora  y.  carnea  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  I.  202  (1789).  —  Ker  in  Bot.  Reg. 

II.  t.  120  (1816).  — De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII,  717  (1839). 
?  Azalea  carnea  Dumont  de  Courset,  Bot.  Cult.  III.  332  (1811),  as  var.  of  A, 

nudiflora. 
Azalea  peridymenoides  y.  carnea  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  152  (1814). 

Ker's  figure  and  description  represent  apparently  the  typical  pink-flowered 
form  of  R.  nudiflorum  with  pilose  corolla  and  nearly  smooth  leaves;  but  it  differs 
from  the  original  description  in  the  calyx,  which  is  described  as  f oliaceous  by  Aiton, 
while  Ker  calls  it  small.  Dumont  de  Courset  describes  the  leaves  as  pubescent, 
which  would  remove  his  plant  from  R.  nudiflorum. 

2  Rhododendron  nudiflorum  a.  album  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2, 343  (1830) .  —  G.  Don, 
Gen.  Syst.  III.  847  (1834),  as  var.  5. 

Azalea  nudiflora  d.  alba  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  I.  202  (1789). 

Azalea  alba  Dumont  de  Courset,  Bot.  Cult.  ed.  2,  III.  332  (1811),  as  var.  of 

A.  nudiflora.  —  Michaux,  Jour.  ed.  C.  S.  Sargent,  111  (in  Proc.  Am.  Philos. 

Soc.  XXVI  (1899). 

Dumont  de  Courset's  description  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla  as  covered  with  short 
hairs  and  of  the  scales  of  the  winter-buds  as  glabrous  shows  that  a  form  of  typical 
R.  nudiflorum  was  cultivated  under  that  name. 


138 


THE   AZALEAS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


Rhododendron  nudiflorum  var.  glandiferum  Rehder,  comb,  nov.1 
Azalea  nudiflora  glandifera  Porter  in  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  XXVII.  508  (1900); 
Fl  Pennsylv.  238  (1903).  — Keller  &  Brown,  Handb.  Fl.  Phila.  246  (1905).  — 
Stone  in  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Jersey  State  Mus.  1910,  613  (1911). 

This  variety  differs  from  the  type  in  having  the  pedicels  and  the  outside  of  the 
corolla-tube  furnished  with  more  or  less  numerous  gland-tipped  hairs  of  usually 
nearly  equal  length,  and  the  color  of  the  corolla  is  usually  of  a  deeper  pink  or 
carmine  color.  The  variety  was  based  originally  on  specimens  collected  in  eastern 
Pennsylvania,  but  it  is  found  frequently  within  the  range  of  the  type  from  Massa- 
chusetts to  northwestern  South  Carolina  and  often  grows  together  with  the  typical 
form.  It  seems,  however,  nearly  absent  from  the  southeastern  part  of  the  range, 
that  is  from  the  coastal  plain  from  New  Jersey  to  North  Carolina  and  more  common 
West,  for  the  plants  I  have  seen  from  the  extreme  Western  localities,  western  Ten- 
nessee and  southern  Ohio,  represent  this  variety  though  from  the  last  named  local- 
ity (Lawrence  County)  and  from  western  New  York  (Monroe  County)  I  have 
seen  specimens  of  the  typical  form. 

A  form  with  double  flowers  is  mentioned  by  Pursh  (FL  Am.  Sept.  152  [1814]) 
under  his  A.  periclymenoides,  but  he  does  not  state  where  he  saw  it.  In  1826  Sweet 
enumerated  a  double  white  form  (Azalea  nudiflora  /3.  albo-plena  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit. 
265  [1826]),  name  only.  —  Rhododendron  nudiflorum  /3.  albo-plenum  Sweet,  Hort. 
Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830)  and  a  semi-double  white  form  (Azalea  nudiflora  w.  semi- 
duplex  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  265  [1826].  —  Rhododendron  nudiflorum  w.  semiduplex 
Sweet,  1.  c.  ed.  2,  344  [1830]),  also  a  double  purple  form  (Azalea  nudiflora  65.  pur- 
pureo-plena  Sweet,  1.  c.  265  [1826].  —  Rhododendron  nudiflorum  66.  purpureo-plenum 
Sweet,  I.  c.  ed.  2,  344  [1830])  and  a  double  red  form  (Azalea  nudiflora  KK.  rubro- 
plena  Sweet,  1.  c.  265  [1826].  —  Rhododendron  nudiflorum  KK.  rubro-plenum  Sweet, 
I.  c.  ed.  2,  344  [1830]).  Probably  Azalea  nudiflora  flore  pleno  Loddiges  Cat.  1836 
(ex  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  II.  1142  [1838])  is  the  same  as  the  double  white  form  of 
Sweet.  Two  different  forms  Azalea  periclymenoides  "alba  pleno"  and  "rubra 
pleno"  were  offered  in  1831  by  R.  Carr  (Cat.  Am.  Trees  Bartram  Bot.  Gard.  64). 
All  the  double-flowered  forms  in  cultivation  which  I  have  seen  seem  to  be  of 
hybrid  origin,  but  from  Kew  Gardens  I  have  seen  a  specimen  collected  by 
G.  Nicholson  in  1880  as  Azalea  "  Double  Blush "  which  is  probably  a  double- 
flowered  R.  nudiflorum;  it  has  the  leaves  perfectly  glabrous  beneath  except  the 
strigose  midrib  and  the  corolla  is  pilose  and  villose  outside  but  not  glandular. 

Several  other  varieties  and  forms  have  been  described  or  mentioned  by  Aiton, 
Loddiges  and  others,  but  as  the  descriptions  are  inadequate  and  I  have  not  seen 
the  type  specimen  or  other  reliable  material  of  them,  I  am  in  doubt  whether  they 
belong  here  or  to  R.  roseum  or  to  R.  canescens;  they  will  therefore  be  enumerated 
under  the  doubtful  names. 


Rhododendron  roseum  Rehder,  comb.  nov. 

Azalea  rosea  Loiseleur-Deslongchamps  in  Duhamel,  Traite  Arb.  Arbust. 
ed.  2,  V.  224,  t.  64  (1812).  —  ?  Michaux,  Journal,  ed.  C.  S.  Sargent,  111  (in 
Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  XXVI.  (1889)). 


1  Azalea  nudiflora  rubra  Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  I.  t.  51  (1817).  — De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  VII.  717  (1839),  as  var.  —  Rhododendron  nudiflorum  var.  rubrum  Sweet, 
Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830);  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  847  (1834)  is  probably  identi- 
cal with  this  variety,  judging  from  Loddiges'  figure,  but  as  long  as  one  cannot  be 
positively  sure  I  prefer  to  keep  Porter's  name. 


ENUMERATION   OF   THE   SPECIES  139 

Azalea  canescens  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1. 152  (1814),  in  part,  as  to  the  specimen 
from  Virginia^1  not  Michaux.  —  Eaton,  Man.  Bot.  165  (1818).  —  Britton  & 
Brown,  Itt.  FL  II.  fig.  2744  (1897).  —  Clute,  FL  Upp.  Susquehanna,  70 
(1898).  —  Britton,  Man.  698  (1901).  —  Porter,  Fl.  Pennsylv.  238  (1903).  — 
Millspaugh,  Liv.  FL  W.  Virginia,  322  (in  W.  Va.  GeoL  Sum.)  (1913).— 
House,  Wild  FL  N.  Y.  II.  201  (1920),  excl.  figure. 

Azalea  nudiflora  «-.  rosea  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit,  265  (1826),  name  only.  —  Loddiges 
apud  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  II,  1142,  fig.  945  (1838),  name  and  figure  only. 

? 'Azalea  calendulacea  5.  cupraea  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  265  (1826),  name  only.  — 
Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  XIV.  t.  1394  (1828). 

? Rhododendron  calendulaceum  d.  cupreum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830), 
name  only. 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  e«.  roseum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  344  (1830). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  Darlington,  FL  Cestrica,  ed.  2,  262  (1837),  not 
Torrey.2  —  Oakes,  Cat.  Vermont  PL  190  (in  Thompson,  Hist.  Vermont) 
(1842);  reprint  p.  18  (1842).  —  Dudley,  Cayuga  FL  59  (in  Bull.  Cornell 
Univ.  II.)  (1886).— Perkins,  Cat.  FL  Vermont,  33  (1888).  —  Beckwith  & 
Macauley,  PL  Monroe  Co.  N.  Y.  83  (in  Proc.  Rochester  Acad.  Sci.  III.)  (1894), 
in  part. 

Azalea  nudiflora  Darlington,  FL  Cestrica,  26  ( 1 826)  .2  — Wright  &  Hall,  Cat. 
PL  Troy,  8  (1836).  —  Clinton,  Prelim.  List  PL  Buffalo,  7  (1864).  —  Payne, 
Cat.  PL  Oneida  Co.  51  (in  Rep.  Regents  Univ.  N.  Y.)  (1865).  —Patterson, 
Cat.  PL  Illinois,  25  (1876).  —  D.  F.  Day,  PL  Buffalo,  115  (in  Bull.  Buffalo 
Nat.  Sci.  IV.)  (1882).  — Meehan inMeehan's Monthly,  II.  17,  t.  2  (1892).3  — 
Kellerman,  Cat.  Ohio  PL  129  (in  Rep.  GeoL  Surv.  I.)  (1914),  in  part.  — 
Schaffner,  Cat.  Ohio  Vase.  PL  (in  Ohio  Biol.  Surv.  I.)  (1914),  in  part. 

Rhododendron  canescens  Porter  in  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  XVI.  220  (1889),  not 
Sweet.  —  Dudley  &  Thurston,  Cat.  PL  Lackawanna  &  Wyoming  Valleys, 
38  (1892).  — Deane  in  Rhodora,  III.  196  (1901).  —  Fernald  &  Robinson, 
Gray's  New  Man.  631  (1908).  —  Jackson,  Cat.  PL  Worcester  Co.  Mass. 
76  (1909).  —  Graves  &  others,  Cat.  Flow.  PL  Conn.  308  (1910). —  Stone, 
List  PL  Frankl.  Hampshire,  Hampden  Cos.  Mass.  48  (1913).  —  Rehder  in 
Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.  Hort.  V.  2942  (1916).  —  Twining,  FL  N.  E.  Pennsylv.  56 
(1917). 

Azalea  prinophylla  Small  in  N.  Am.  FL  XXIX.  42  (1914).  —  Taylor,  FL  Vicin. 
N.  Y.  488  (in  Mem.  N.  T.  Bot.  Gard.  V.)  (1915). 

Rhododendron  prinophyllum  Millais,  Rhodod.  229  (1917).  —  Millais  &  Williams 
in  Rhodod.  Soc.  Notes,  I.  125  (1918).4 

A  shrub  1  to  3,  rarely  to  5  m.  tall,  with  irregularly  whorled  branches;  the  young 
branchlets  finely  pubescent,  and  usually  sparingly  strigose,  becoming  grayish 
brown  or  light  brown  the  second  year;  buds  grayish  pubescent  with  numerous, 

1  The  phrase  in  the  description  "  staminibus  vix  exertis  "  also  refers  to  R.  roseum 
rather  than  R.  canescens. 

2  As  the  leaves  are  described  as  pubescent  beneath,  the  species  must  be  R.  roseum 
rather  than  R.  nudiflorum. 

3  As  Meehan  describes  the  leaves  as  pubescent  beneath  and  the  corolla  as  glan- 
dular, the  plant  figured  must  be  R.  roseum  rather  than  R.  nudiflorum. 

4  ADDITIONAL  ILLUSTRATIONS.    COLORED  PLATES:  Goodale,  Wild  Flow.  Am. 
t.  36  (1882).  —  Meehan' s  Monthly,  II.  t.  2  (1892).  —  BLACK  FIGURES:  Loudon, 
Arb.  Brit.  II.  fig.  945  (1838),  as  R.  nudiflorum  var.  rosea,  after  Nouv.  Duhamel. — 
Keeler,  Our  North.  Shrubs,  349,  fig.  (1903),  as  Azalea  canescens.  —  Stevens,  III. 
Guide  Flow.  PL  t.  114,  fig.  1  (1910),  as  A.  canescens. 


140  THE   AZALEAS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

generally  ovate,  obtusish  and  mucronulate  scales.    Leaves  elliptic  or  obovate  to 
obovate-oblong,  acute   or   short-acuminate,  gland-tipped,  cuneate  at  the  base, 

3  to  7  cm.  long  and  1.2  to  3.3  cm.  broad,  sparingly  pubescent  above,  densely  grayish 
villose  beneath  or  sometimes  thinly  villose  rarely  nearly  glabrous  except  along 
the  midrib,  sparingly  strigillose  on  the  midrib,  ciliolate,  thinnish  at  maturity,  usually 
more  or  less  bluish  green  or  dull  green;  petioles  2  to  5  mm.  long,  soft-pubescent  and 
sparingly  strigose.    Flowers  expanding  in  May  with  the  leaves  in  usually  5-  to  9- 
flowered  umbel-like  racemes,  fragrant;  pedicels  0.5  to  1.5  cm.  long,  finely  villose 
and  glandular-setose;  calyx-lobes  semiorbicular  to  ovate,  unequal,  scarcely  exceed- 
ing 1  mm.,  finely  pubescent,  glandular-ciliate;  corolla  funnel-form  with  oblique 
limb,  usually  bright  pink,  rarely  whitish,  the  tube  1.5  to  2  cm.  long,  cylindric, 
rather  gradually  dilated  toward  the  apex,  covered  with  a  thin  villose  tomentum 
interspersed  with  numerous  gland-tipped  hairs  of  unequal  length,  pubescent  inside, 
the  lobes  about  as  long  or  slightly  shorter  than  tube,  ovate,  abruptly  pointed; 
stamens  little  more  than  twice  as  long  as  tube,  filaments  pubescent  below  the 
middle,  the  anthers  about  2  mm.  long,  ochraceous;  style  exceeding  the  stamens, 

4  to  5  cm.  long,  sparingly  or  sometimes  rather  densely  pubescent  below,  purple 
above;  ovary  finely  covered  with  a  villous  pubescence  overlaid  with  numerous 
appressed  white,  setose,  partly  gland-tipped  hairs.     Capsule  oblong,  narrowed 
toward  the  apex,  1.5  to  2  cm.  long,  sparingly  puberulous  and  setosely  glandular. 

Rhododendron  roseum  is  distributed  from  southwestern  New  Hampshire,  cen- 
tral Vermont  and  southwestern  Quebec l  through  western  New  York,  eastern  Ohio, 
southern  Illinois  to  southeastern  Missouri,  and  through  western  and  central 
Massachusetts,  northwestern  Connecticut,  northern  Rhode  Island,  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  and  northern  New  Jersey  to  southwestern  Virginia  and  western 
Tennessee.  Its  range  lies  chiefly  west  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains,  except  in 
the  north,  and  does  not  extend  into  the  coastal  plain. 

This  species  is  closely  related  to  R.  nudiflorum  and  particularly  to  its  variety 
glandiferum  and  I  was  for  some  time  inclined  to  refer  it  as  a  variety  to  the  latter 
species,  as  it  seems  to  be  connected  with  it  by  intermediate  forms.  It  differs,  how- 
ever, in  several  important  characters  from  typical  R.  nudiflorum,  as  in  the  pubescent 
winter-buds,  the  more  or  less  densely  villous  branchlets,  the  pubescent  bluish-green 
leaves,  in  the  shorter  stamens  and  in  the  glandular  corolla  with  larger  and  broader 
lobes  and  a  wider  tube,  and  as  the  two  are  easily  distinguished  in  their  typical 
forms,  I  think  it  better  to  keep  them  as  distinct  species.  Glabrescent  forms  with 
the  leaves  pubescent  only  along  the  midrib  might  be  confused  with  R.  nudiflorum, 
but  can  be  distinguished  from  it  by  the  flowers,  the  pubescent  winter-buds  and 
the  finely  villous  branchlets.  Rhododendron  roseum  has  also  been  confused  with 
R.  canescens  Don,  with  which  it  agrees  in  the  pubescence  of  the  leaves,  but  differs 
in  the  shorter,  gradually  dilated  pilose-glandular  corolla-tube,  in  the  shorter  sta- 
mens and  in  the  thinner,  not  reticulate  leaves. 

This  species  was  first  mentioned  in  1787  as  a  variety  of  Azalea  nudiflora  "with 
broad  rough  leaves"  by  Wangenheim  (Beytr.  Forstwiss.  68),  who  observed  it  in  the 
state  of  New  York.  When  it  was  introduced  into  cultivation  cannot  be  stated  with 
certainty.  It  may  be  one  of  the  varieties  mentioned  by  Aiton  in  1789,  and  without 
doubt  Pursh's  specimen  from  Cacapoon  Springs  near  Winchester,  West  Virginia, 
referred  by  him  to  R,  canescens  belongs  here.  According  to  a  note  by  Loudon  (Arb. 
Brit.  II.  1143)  this  has  been  found  in  Virginia  "on  the  mountains  of  the  Cacapoon 
Springs,  near  Winchester,  where  it  forms  a  shrub  growing  3  feet  or  4  feet  high  and 
producing  its  rose-coloured  flowers  in  May  and  June.  Introduced  in  1812  and 


1  Near  Hull,  Quebec,  June  5,  1916,  John  Dunbar  (Herb.  Park  Dept.,  Rochester, 
N.  Y.) 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  141 

cultivated  in  several  of  the  London  nurseries."  Loddiges  states  under  A.  calen- 
dulacea  cuprea,  which  possibly  belongs  to  this  species,  that  it  was  introduced  in  1806 
by  John  Lyon.  It  must  have  been  in  cultivation  in  Europe  before  1812,  for  I  have 
little  doubt  that  Loiseleur's  description  and  figure  in  the  Nouveau  Duhamel 
represents  this  species,  though  he  himself  identifies  it  with  Azalea  canescens  Michx. 
by  quoting  that  name  as  a  synonym.  The  colored  plate  in  Nouveau  Duhamel  well 
shows  its  difference  from  R.  canescens  in  the  dense  flower-cluster,  the  bright  rosy- 
pink  corolla,  its  wide  limb  and  short  tube  furnished  with  conspicuous  glandular 
hairs,  the  comparatively  short  stamens  and  the  bluish  green  leaves.  Loiseleur's 
figure  and  name,  however,  have  been  entirely  overlooked  by  later  authors,  and 
after  Pursh  had  described  it  as  A.  canescens,  the  species  was  not  mentioned  again, 
until  Porter  described  it  in  1889,  clearly  pointing  out  its  difference  from  R,  nudiflorum 
and  from  R.  calendulaceum;  but  he  also  referred  it  to  Azalea  canescens  Michx., 
naming  it  R. canescens  (Michx.).  As  a  distinct  species  it  was  recognized  by  Small, 
who  described  it  in  1914  as  A.  prinophylla  in  the  North  American  Flora,  overlooking 
the  name  A.  rosea,  which  is  not  enumerated  in  the  Index  Kewensis  nor  mentioned 
in  any  systematic  work  after  1812. 

Rhododendron  alabamense  Rehder,  spec.  nov. 
Azalea  nudiflora  var.  alba  Mohr,  PL  Life  Ala.  653  (1901),  not  Pursh. 

Frutex  humilis  ramis  subverticillatis;  ramuli  juniores  satis  dense  vel  sparse 
pallide  strigoso-pilosi,  annotini  griseo-  vel  flavido-brunnei;  vetustiores  plerique 
fusco-brunnei;  gemmae  florales  multiperulatae  perulis  ovatis  apice  rotundatis 
mucronatis  glabris  fuscis  margine  dense  albo-ciliolatis.  Folia  obovata  vel  elliptica 
ad  elliptico-oblonga  v.  obovato-oblonga,  acuta  vel  obtusiuscula  et  glanduloso- 
mucronulata,  basi  cuneata,  3-6  cm.  longa  et  1.4-3  cm.  lata,  supra  initio  sparse 
vel  sparsissime  villosula  et  saepe  minute  strigillosa;  subtus  glaucescentia  vel 
pallida  et  tota  facie  satis  dense  villosula,  costa  media  supra  villosula  subtus  pleraque 
sparse  strigosa,  margine  ciliata,  utrinque  nervis  10-12;  petioli  villosuli  et  strigillosi, 
breves.  Flores  odorati,  simul  cum  foliis,  mense  Aprili  et  Maio;  plerumque  6-10, 
subumbellati;  pedicelli  0.5-1  cm.  longi,  sparse  villosuli  et  plerique  satis  dense 
hirsutis  pilis  partim  glanduliferis  vel  eglandulosis;  sepala  inaequalia,  semiorbicularia 
ad  ovata,  0.5-1.5  mm.  longa,  extus  et  margine  pilis  longis  setosis  eglandulosis 
instructa;  corolla  infundibuliformis,  alba,  tubo  cylindrico  apice  sensim  dilatato, 
2-2.8  cm.  longo,  rarius  breviore,  extus  sparse  villosula  et  plus  minusve  pilosis 
pilis  partim  glanduliferis  vel  interdum  omnibus  eglandulosis  et  longioribus,  lobis 
ovatis  acutis  circiter  1.5  vel  fere  2  cm.  longis,  tubo  manifeste  brevioribus,  stamina 
tubum  duplo  superantia,  vix  declinata,  filamentis  infra  medium  villosis  albidis, 
antheris  flavidis  2-3  mm.  longis;  stylus  stamina  longiora  vix  superans,  5-6  cm. 
longus,  basin  versus  villosulus,  albidus;  ovarium  dense  setoso-strigosum  setis  glandu- 
losis  vel  fere  eglandulosis.  Capsula  (immatura)  cylindrico-oblonga,  circiter  1.5  cm. 
longa,  sparse  villosula  et  glandulosa  vel  fere  eglandulosa. 

Low  shrub  with  irregularly  whorled  branches;  young  branchlets  densely  or 
sparingly  furnished  with  pale  strigose  hairs;  one-year  old  branchlets  grayish  or 
yellowish  brown,  older  branches  usually  dark  brown;  floral  winter-buds  glabrous, 
brown,  of  many  ovate  scales  rounded  and  mucronate  at  apex,  densely  white- 
ciliolate.  Leaves  obovate  or  elliptic  to  elliptic-oblong  or  obovate-oblong,  acute  or 
obtusish  and  gland-tipped,  cuneate  at  base,  3  to  6  cm.  long  and  1.4  to  3  cm.  wide, 
above  sparingly  or  very  sparingly  puberulous  and  often  finely  strigillose,  glaucescent 
or  sometimes  pale  green  beneath  and  usually  rather  densely,  sometimes  more  spar- 
ingly short-villose,  the  midrib  villose  above  and  usually  sparingly  strigose  beneath, 
ciliate  on  the  margin,  with  10  to  12  pairs  of  veins;  petioles  finely  villose  and  strigil- 


142  THE   AZALEAS   OP   NORTH   AMERICA 

lose,  short.  Flowers  fragrant,  appearing  with  the  leaves,  in  April  and  May,  in 
usually  6- to  10-flowered  umbel-like  clusters;  pedicels  0.5  to  1  cm.  long,  sparingly 
villose  and  rather  densely  hirsute,  glandless  or  glandular;  sepals  unequal,  roundish 
to  ovate,  0.5  to  1.5  mm.  long,  densely  setose,  glandless;  corolla  funnel-form,  white, 
tube  cylindric,  gradually  dilated  at  apex,  2  to  2.8  cm.  long,  rarely  slightly  shorter, 
outside  sparingly  and  more  or  less  glandular-pilose  or  sometimes  hirsute  without 
glands,  lobes  ovate  or  sometimes  ovate-oblong,  acute,  1.5  to  1.8  cm.  long,  distinctly 
shorter  than  the  tube;  stamens  twice  as  long  as  tube,  scarcely  declinate,  the  fila- 
ments villose  below  the  middle,  the  anthers  yellowish,  2  to  3  mm.  long;  style 
scarcely  exceeding  the  longer  stamens,  5  to  6  cm.  long,  finely  villose  toward  the 
base,  whitish;  ovary  densely  setose-strigose,  glandular  or  nearly  glandless.  Capsule 
(immature)  cylindric-oblong,  about  1.5  cm.  long,  sparingly  and  finely  villose  and 
glandular-setulose  or  nearly  glandless. 

ALABAMA .  C  u  1 1  m  a  n  C  o  u  n  t  y :  Pine woods, May 2 1 , 1 902 , Biltmore 
Herb.  H/62921  (Nat.  Herb.  No  980,507,  type);  on  rocky  slope  in  woods 
of  Oak,  Hickory  and  Pine,  May  21,  1902,  Biltmore  Herb.  H/6293 
(Nat.  Herb.  No.  980,506);  dry  rocky  hillside,  May  19,  1902,  Biltmore 
Herb.  H/6258  (Nat.  Herb.  No.  980,524);  dry  woods,  May  19,  1902, 
Biltmore  Herb.  H/6267,  6268  (Nat.  Herb.  Nos.  980,528,  980,511); 
without  special  locality,  May  19, 1902,  Biltmore  Herb.  H/6259,  6262- 
6265  (Nat.  Herb.  Nos.  980,525,  980,510,  980,523,  980,509,  980,527); 
dry  rocky  open  woods  on  the  high  tablelands,  May  2,  1883,  C.  Mohr 
(as  R.  (Azalea)  nudiflora  alba;  "flowers  snowy  white,  highly  fragrant "). 
Marshall  County:  Albertville,  May  8,  1901,  Biltmore  Herb. 
H/4290, 4292,  4293,  4295,  4297  (Nat.  Herb.  969,632,  969,628,  969,682, 
969,634,  969,658) ;  dry  woods,  August  27,  Biltmore  Herb.  H/2452  (Nat. 
Herb.  969,617);  October  12, 1900,  Biltmore  Herb.  H/3321  (Nat.  Herb. 
969,649).  Henry  County :  Abbeville,  April  15, 1902,  Biltmore  Herb. 
H/6112  (Nat.  Herb.  980,513). 

As  it  appears  from  these  specimens  this  species  is  known  to  me  only  from  two 
counties  in  northern  and  from  one  county  in  southeastern  Alabama,  but  probably 
it  is  more  widely  distributed  through  the  northern  and  central  part  of  the  state;  it 
inhabits  dry  open  woods  and  rocky  hillsides  and  thus  agrees  in  its  habitat  with  the 
northern  R.  roseum,  while  R.  canescens,  the  other  common  Alabama  species,  prefers 
damp  woods  and  swamps. 

This  new  species  is  closely  related  to  R.  nudiflorum  Torr.,  R.  roseum  Rehd.  and 
R.  canescens  G.  Don.  From  the  first  species  it  is  easily  distinguished  by  the 
much  longer  and  slenderer  corolla-tube,  the  pure  white  fragrant  flowers,  less  long- 
exserted  scarcely  declinate  stamens  and  the  pubescent  leaves;  from  R.  roseum 
it  differs  in  the  glabrous  winter-buds,  the  longer  and  slenderer  corolla-tube,  the 
glandless  setae  of  the  sepals,  in  the  white  color  of  the  flowers  and  in  the  glau- 
cescent  under  side  of  the  leaves;  from  R.  canescens  it  is  distinguished  by  the 
glabrous  winter-buds,  the  much  less  villose  and  more  or  less  pilose  corolla-tube, 
less  slender  and  more  gradually  dilated  at  the  apex,  by  the  less  exserted  stamens, 
the  larger  limb,  the  densely  strigose  ovary,  the  less  villose  and  more  setose  capsules, 

1  "H  "  stands  for  T.  G.  Harbison  who  collected  for  the  Biltmore  Herbarium. 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  143 

and  the  generally  broader  leaves.  Rhododendron  alabamense  shows  some  variation 
chiefly  in  the  size  and  pubescence  of  its  flowers.  The  type  specimen  has  large 
flowers  with  a  glandular-pilose  tube,  while  in  Nos.  6258  and  6259  the  tube  has 
longer  and  quite  glandless  hairs;  the  specimens  from  Albertville  have  generally 
smaller  flowers,  the  tube  sometimes  scarcely  2  cm.  long  and  the  lobes  longer  and 
narrower,  sometimes  nearly  oblong  and  acuminate,  the  leaves  are  also  smaller  and 
less  glaucescent  and  often  less  pubescent  beneath.  The  Abbeville  specimen  from 
southeastern  Alabama  is  again  much  like  the  type  in  its  flowers,  but  the  leaves  are 
less  densely  pubescent  and  less  glaucescent  beneath.  In  the  National  Herbarium 
is  a  sheet  (No.  770,587)  labeled  "R.  viscosum  Torr.,  borders  of  stream  in  thickets, 
Pointclear  (not  quite  legible),  C.  Mohr,  June  16, 1889,"  which  contains  a  specimen  of 
R.  arborescens  and  two  specimens  which  suggest  a  glabrous  form  of  R.  alabamense, 
but  as  apparently  the  locality  and  the  date  do  not  belong  to  these  two  specimens,  I 
consider  them  for  the  present  as  doubtful. 

Rhododendron  alabamense  was  apparently  first  observed  in  1883  by  Dr.  C.  Mohr, 
who  recognized  it  as  distinct  from  the  more  widely  distributed  R.  canescens  which 
he  included  under  his  A.  nudiflora;  this  probably  induced  him  to  identify  this 
particular  form  with  A.  nudiflora  var.  alba  Aiton.  The  species  has  not  yet  been 
introduced  into  cultivation;  it  may  be  hardy  North,  and  for  southern  gardens  it 
would  be  superior  to  R.  canescens  on  account  of  its  very  fragrant  larger  flowers, 
which  are  "snowy  white"  according  to  Dr.  Mohr. 

Rhododendron  canescens  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830).— 
G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  Ill,  848  (1834),  excl.  the  reference  to  plant  of 
Winchester.  —  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  II,  1143  (1838),  in  part.  —  Millais, 
Rhodod.  136  (1917). 

Azalea  lutea  Linnaeus,  Spec.  150  (1753),  as  to  the  synonym  of  Gronovius  only. 
Azalea  nudiflora  Linnaeus,  Spec.  ed.  2,  214  (1762),  as  to  the  synonym  of 

Gronovius  only.  —  Walter,  Fl.  Car.  97  (1788).  — Elliott,  Sketch  Bot.  I.  240 

(1821),  in  part.  — Mohr,  PL  Life  Ala.  653  (1901). 
?  Azalea  nudiflora  e.  bicolor  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  I.  203  (1789). 
Azalea  canescens  Michaux,  Fl.  BOT. -Am.  I.  150  (1803).  —  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 

152  (1814),  in  part.  —  Elliott,  Sketch  Bot.  I.  239  (1821).  — De  Candolle, 

Prodr.  VIII.  717  (1838).  —  Small,  Fl.  S.  E.  U.  S.  883  (1903);  Shrubs  Fla. 

93  (1913);  in  N.  Am.  Fl.  XXIX.  42  (1914). 
Azalea  bicolor  Pursh,  FL  Am.  Sept.  I.  153  (1814).  —  Elliott,  Sketch  Bot.  I. 

239  (1821).  —  De  Candolle,  Prod.  VII.  717  (1839). 
Rhododendron  bicolor  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  344  (1830).  — G.  Don,  Gen. 

Syst.  III.  847  (1834).  —  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  II.  1142  (1838). 
Rhododendron  nudiflorum  Chapman,  FL  S.  U.  S.  265  (1865),  not  Torrey. 
Azalea  nudiflora  var.  canescens  Rehder  in  Bailey,  Cycl.  Am.  Hort.  1. 121  (1900), 

in  part.1 

A  shrub  to  4  or  5  m.  tall  with  irregularly  whorled  upright  branches;  young  branch- 
lets  finely  villous-pubescent  and  usually  sparingly  strigose;  winter-buds  with 
broadly  ovate,  acuminulate  and  densely  grayish  pubescent  scales.  Leaves  usually 


1  PRELINNEAN  SYNONYM  :  Cistus  Virginiana  flore  et  odore  Periclymeni,  Catesby, 
Nat.  Hist.  Car.  I.  57,  t.  57  (1731),  not  Banister  apud  Plukenet. 

ADDITIONAL  ILLUSTRATIONS.  COLORED  PLATES:  Abbot,  Nat.  Hist.  Lepidopt. 
Georgia,  I.  t.  27  (1797).  —  Audubon,  Birds  of  Am.  IV.  t.  398  (1835-38). 


144  THE  AZALEAS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

oblong-obovate  to  oblanceolate  or  oblong,  rarely  elliptic  or  obovate,  acute,  rarely 
obtusish,  gland-tipped,  cuneate  at  base,  4  to  9  cm.  long  and  1.5  to  3.5  cm.  broad, 
setosely  ciliate,  sparingly  pubescent  above  or  glabrescent  except  at  the  finely  vil- 
lose  midrib,  densely  pubescent  or  grayish  tomentulose  beneath  particularly  on  the 
veins  and  midrib,  usually  sparingly  strigose  on  the  midrib  toward  the  base,  of  firm 
texture  and  slightly  reticulate  beneath  at  maturity;  petioles  2  to  7  mm.  long,  finely 
pubescent  and  sparingly  strigose.  Flowers  expanding  before  or  with  the  leaves  in 
April  and  May,  in  6-  to  15-flowered  clusters,  slightly  fragrant;  pedicels  0.5  to  1  cm. 
long,  villose-pubescent  and  hirsute,  sometimes  stipitate-glandular;  calyx-lobes, 
unequal,  semi-orbicular  to  ovate,  scarcely  exceeding  1  mm.,  ciliate  or  sometimes 
glandular-ciliate;  corolla-tube  cylindric,  abruptly  dilated  at  apex,  1.5  to  2.3  cm. 
long,  distinctly  longer,  sometimes  nearly  twice  as  long  as  lobes,  densely  and  finely 
villose  outside  and  stipitate-glandular,  rarely  somewhat  pilose,  pubescent  inside; 
lobes  ovate,  acute  or  obtusish,  1.2  to  1.5  cm.  long;  stamens  much  exserted,  nearly 
3  times  as  long  as  tube,  pubescent  below  the  middle,  anthers  1.5  to  2  mm.  long, 
ochraceous;  style  4  to  6  cm.  long,  finely  villose  toward  the  base,  slightly  longer  or 
about  as  long  as  stamens;  ovary  densely  white  pubescent  with  appressed  silky  hairs 
and  sparingly  setulose,  without  glands.  Capsule  cylindric-oblong,  narrowed  up- 
ward, slender,  1.5  to  2  cm.  long,  pubescent  and  sparingly  setose. 

This  species  is  chiefly  a  plant  of  the  southern  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  coastal 
plain,  but  extends  into  the  Piedmont  region  of  North  Carolina,  Georgia  and 
Tennessee;  it  ranges  from  southwestern  Tennessee  and  southern  central  North 
Carolina  to  eastern  South  Carolina  and  northeastern  Florida  to  extreme  south- 
eastern Texas,  central  Louisiana  and  northeastern  Alabama.  It  usually  grows  in 
woods  on  moist  sandy  soil,  often  along  streams,  rarely  in  swampy  soil. 

Rhododendron  canescens  is  chiefly  characterized  by  the  more  or  less  pubescent 
leaves  firm  at  maturity  and  slightly  reticulate  beneath,  by  the  slender  corolla-tube 
abruptly  enlarged  into  a  comparatively  small  limb  and  clothed  outside  with  a 
fine  dense  villose  tomentum  interspersed  with  rather  short  and  small  stipitate 
glands,  by  the  long  exserted  stamens  being  nearly  three  times  as  long  as  the  tube 
and  by  the  grayish  pubescent  eglandular  and  not  strongly  setose  ovary  and  cap- 
sule. The  color  of  the  flowers  is  usually  pink  or  perhaps  more  often  the  tube  only 
is  pink  and  the  limb  white  or  only  slightly  pinkish;  a  form  with  nearly  purple 
flowers  differing  further  from  the  type  in  the  comparatively  short  and  wide  corolla- 
tube  has  been  collected  by  T.  G.  Harbison  at  Valleyhead,  Alabama  (No.  530; 
May  2, 1911).  There  is  considerable  variation  in  the  pubescence  of  the  leaves;  in 
one  extreme  they  are  nearly  white  tomentose  beneath,  while  in  the  other  ex- 
treme they  are  nearly  glabrous.  The  glabrous  or  glabrescent  form  has  been  con- 
fused with  R.  nudiflorum,  but  it  is  easily  distinguished  from  that  species  by  the 
shape  and  pubescence  of  the  corolla  and  by  the  pubescent  winter-buds. 

Rhododendron  canescens  was  discovered  by  Catesby,  who  published  a  character- 
istic and  fairly  good  figure  of  it  in  1731.  In  1797  an  excellent  colored  plate  of  it, 
drawn  by  J.  Abbot,  was  published  as  A .  nudiflora  in  his  work  on  tjhe  Lepidopterous 
insects  of  Georgia.  It  was  also  collected  by  Michaux  in  South  Carolina  between 
1784  and  1796,  and  first  recognized  by  him  as  a  distinct  species  and  described  in 
his  Flora  as  R.  canescens.  Pursh  in  1814  confused  Michaux's  A.  canescens  with 
R.  roseum;  he  identified  a  plant  collected  near  Winchester,  West  Virginia,  which 
apparently  was  R.  roseum,  with  Michaux's  A.  canescens  and  redescribed  the  true 
A .  canescens  under  the  name  A .  tricolor. 

It  was  probably  introduced  into  cultivation  about  the  middle  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury and  it  may  be  one  of  the  varieties  enumerated  by  Aiton  in  1789  and  possibly 
his  var.  bicolor,  cited  by  Pursh  as  a  synonym  of  his  A.  bicolor  which  is  identical  with 
R.  canescens,  but  it  apparently  soon  disappeared  again  from  the  gardens. 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  145 

Rhododendron  canescens  f.  subglabrum  Rehder,  forma  nov. 

A  typo  recedit  foliis  costa  media  utrinque  villosa  et  margine  ciliato  exceptis 
fiubglabris;  ceterum  ut  in  typo. 

MISSISSIPPI  .  HindsCounty:  Jackson,  April  1 5  and  30, 1 9 1 5,  T.  G. 
Harbison  (No.  16,  type,  No.  38).  Tishomingo  County :  luka,  May 
5,  1915,  T.  G.  Harbison  (No.  6).  Lauderdale  County:  Meridian, 
April  12, 1900,  C.  S.  Sargent;  April  16, 1915,  T.  G.  Harbison  (Nos.  5, 13). 
Harrison  County:  Mississippi  City,  March  31,  1900,  C.  S.  Sargent. 

GEORGIA.  Habersham  County:  Cornelia,  bank  of  small  stream, 
May  6,  1920,  T.  G.  Harbison  (No.  40).  Randolph  County:  Cuth- 
bert,  pine  woods,  March  29,  1918,  T.  G.  Harbison  (No.  19,  low  shrub). 

ALABAMA.  Cullman  County:  May  3,  1901,  Biltmore  Herb. 
H/4246  (Nat.  Herb.  969,666).  Chilton  County:  Mapleville,  April 
13,  1912,  T.  G.  Harbison  (No.  849).  Dallas  County:  Selma,  April 
9,  1912,  T.  G.  Harbison  (No.  825).  Lee  County:  Auburn,  April  6 
and  8,  1913,  T.  G.  Harbison  (Nos.  817,  807).  Mobile  County: 
Mobile,  March  18,  1894,  C.  Mohr. 

LOUISIANA.  Natchitoches  Parish:  Natchitoches,  wet  sandy 
banks,  April  15, 1915,  E.  J.  Palmer  (No.  7228).  Calcasieu  Parish : 
Lake  Charles,  April  2,  1913,  C.  S.  Sargent.  East  Baton  Rouge 
Parish :  Baton  Rouge,  April  15, 1920,  R.  S.  Cocks  (No.  3321). 

TEXAS.  Hardin  County :  Fletcher,  March  17, 1918,  E.  J.  Palmer 
(No.  13,095,  in  part). 

This  form  differs  from  the  type  in  its  glabrescent  or  nearly  glabrous  leaves; 
they  may  be  either  glabrous  on  both  sides  except  the  ciliate  margin  and  the  mid- 
rib which  is  finely  villous  above  and  beneath  and  often  also  sparingly  strigillose 
beneath,  or  sometimes  they  are  finely  pubescent  on  the  upper  surface  while  young 
and  rarely  also  sparingly  pubescent  beneath.  In  the  pubescence  of  the  winter- 
buds,  of  the  branchlets  and  of  the  flowers,  this  form  does  not  differ  from  the  type 
and  is  thus  easily  distinguished  from  R.  nudiflorum  with  which  it  has  been  confused. 

This  form  is  distributed  from  northern  and  western  Georgia  through  Alabama 
to  northeastern  Mississippi,  western  Louisiana  and  southeastern  Texas,  and  south 
to  the  coast  of  Alabama,  Mississippi  and  Louisiana.  Its  range  lies  wholly  within 
the  range  of  the  type,  but  is  apparently  chiefly  restricted  to  the  western  portion 
of  it.  The  only  stations  known  to  me  east  of  Alabama  are  near  Cuthbert,  Randolph 
County,  in  western,  and  near  Cornelia,  Habersham  County,  in  northeastern  Georgia. 
It  has  been  usually  confused  with  R.  nudiflorum,  and  the  extension  of  the  range  of  R. 
nudiflorum  beyond  Tennessee  and  South  Carolina  given  in  those  floras  which  keep 
R.  nudiflorum  distinct  from  R.  canescens  refers  apparently  to  this  form.  It  is  con- 
nected by  intermediate  forms  with  the  type  and  generally  the  pubescence  on  the 
leaves  of  specimens  of  the  type  from  the  western  part  of  the  range  of  the  species 
is  much  thinner  than  that  of  the  eastern  specimens. 

Rhododendron  canescens  f.  subglabrum  has  only  recently  been  introduced  into 
cultivation  through  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  where  it  was  raised  from  seed  sent  by 
E.  J.  Palmer  in  1916  from  Fletcher,  Texas.  It  will  probably  not  be  hardy  in  the 
northern  states  and  does  not  differ  from  the  type  in  its  ornamental  qualities. 


146  THE   AZALEAS    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Rhododendron  canescens  var.  candidum  Rehder,  var.  nov. 

Azalea  Candida  Small  in  Bull  Torr.  Bot.  Club  XXVIII.  360  (1901);  FL  S.  E. 

U.  S.  883  (1903);  Shrubs  of  Fla.  93  (1913);  in  N.  Am.  FL  XXIX.  43  (1914). 
Rhododendron  candidum  Render  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.  Hort.  V.  2945  (1916); 

VI.  3574  (1917).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  136  (1917). 

This  variety  differs  from  the  typical  form  in  the  glaucous  or  glaucescent,  densely 
pubescent  under  side  of  the  leaves  and  in  the  mostly  denser  pubescence  of  the 
branchlets  usually  interspersed  with  numerous  short  gland-tipped  setae.  The 
white  or  whitish  color  of  the  under  side  is  not  caused  by  the  dense  tomentum,  as 
one  might  suppose,  but  by  the  glaucous  or  glaucescent  epidermis,  which  is  coated 
with  a  waxy  exudation  as  in  glaucous  forms  of  R.  viscosum. 

GEORGIA.  Decatur  County:  Climax,  Nov.  6, 1917,  T.  G.  Harbi- 
son (No.  14).  Brooks  County:  Quitman,  April  2,  1918,  T.  G. 
Harbison  (No.  3).  Lowndes  County:  near  Valdosta  along  the  With- 
lacoochee  River,  June  6-12,  1895,  J.  K.  Small  (type) ;  in  low  sandy  soil 
along  the  Withlacoochee  River,  April  2,  1918,  T.  G.  Harbison  (Nos.  1, 
2);  near  Ousley,  Oct.  21,  1910,  T.  G.  Harbison  (Nos.  247,  250). 
Charlton  County :  Folkston,  July  16, 1918,  T.  G.  Harbison  (No.  76). 
Tattnall  County:  rock  outcrop  near  Choopee  River,  June  24,  1903, 
R.  M.  Harper  (No.  1858). 

FLORIDA.  Hamilton  County:  White  Springs,  May  11,  1901, 
H.  H.  Blume. 

This  variety  is  restricted  to  southern  Georgia  and  northern  Florida  and  I  have 
seen  no  specimen  farther  north  or  south  than  about  twenty  miles  from  the  border  line 
except  a  specimen  from  Tattnal  County  about  one  hundred  miles  north  of  Florida, 
but  that  specimen  is  not  a  typical  var.  candidum,  as  it  lacks  the  glandular  pubescence 
of  the  branchlets,  and  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  though  densely  villous  or  almost 
whitish  tomentose,  is  not  very  glaucous.  Besides  the  character  already  mentioned 
I  can  find  no  difference  between  this  variety  and  R.  canescens  and  I  therefore  pre- 
fer to  consider  it  only  a  variety  of  that  species.  I  do  not  understand  why  Small 
places  it  among  the  species  with  the  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves;  the  flower- 
ing specimens  before  me,  collected  April  2,  differ  in  no  way  as  regards  the  de- 
velopment of  leaves  from  typical  R.  canescens. 

The  variety  seems  to  have  been  first  observed  and  collected  in  1895  by  Dr. 
Small  on  the  Withlacoochee  River.  It  is  doubtful  whether  it  is  in  cultivation;  the 
plant  introduced  under  this  name  a  few  years  ago  raised  from  seed  collected  near 
Folkston,  Georgia,  is  possibly  typical  R.  canescens. 

Rhododendron  austrinum  Rehder  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl.  Hort.  VI. 
3571,  3574  (1917).  —  Millais,  Rhodod.  125  (1917). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  var.  luteum  Curtiss  in  herb,  sub  No.  1718. 
Azalea  austrina  Small,  FL  S.  E.  U.  S.  ed.  2,  1356  (1913);  Shrubs  Fla.  94 
(1913);  in  N.  Am.  FL  XXIX.  42  (1914). 

Slender  branched  shrub  to  3  m.  tall;  young  branchlets  covered  with  a  short 
soft  pubescence  interspersed  with  usually  copious  gland-tipped  hairs  and  spar- 
ingly strigose,  particularly  toward  the  apex,  becoming  red-brown  in  autumn  and 
grayish  brown  the  second  year;  floral  winter-buds  with  ovate  scales,  rounded  to 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  147 

acutish  and  acuminulate  at  the  apex  and  densely  grayish  pubescent.  Leaves 
elliptic  to  obovate  or  oblong-obovate,  3  to  9  cm.  long  and  1.5  to  3.5  cm.  broad, 
acute  or  obtusish  and  gland-tipped  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  setosely  ciliate,  finely 
pubescent  on  both  sides,  more  densely  beneath,  particularly  on  the  veins,  rarely 
glabrescent  above  at  maturity;  petioles  3  to  8  mm.  long,  pubescent  and  glandular 
and  usually  sparingly  strigose.  Flowers  appearing  shortly  before  or  with  the 
leaves,  end  of  March  or  in  April  in  8-  to  15-flowered  umbel-like  racemes;  pedicels 
0.5  to  1  cm.  long,  pubescent  and  glandular-setose;  sepals  broadly  ovate  to  oblong, 
unequal,  1  to  2.5  mm.  long,  glandular-ciliate,  pubescent  outside;  corolla  yellow  and 
orange,  the  tube  usually  more  or  less  purplish  or  with  5  longitudinal  purplish 
stripes,  slightly  fragrant,  the  tube  cylindric,  abruptly  dilated  at  the  apex,  1.5  to 
2  cm.  long,  finely  pubescent  and  stipitate-glandular,  the  lobes  ovate  1  to  1.5  cm. 
long  and  0.6  to  1  cm.  broad,  short-acuminate  with  recurved  point,  finely  pubes- 
cent outside;  stamens  nearly  three  times  as  long  as  tube,  the  filaments  pubescent 
below  the  middle,  the  anthers  ochraceous,  2  to  3  mm.  long;  style  slightly  exceeding 
the  stamens,  5  to  6  cm.  long,  short-pilose  near  the  base;  ovary  covered  with  long 
whitish  strigose,  partly  gland-tipped  hairs.  Capsule  oblong-cylindric,  slightly  nar- 
rowed toward  the  apex,  1.5  to  2.5  cm.  long,  covered  with  a  thin  fine  pubescence 
interspersed  with  long  strigose  partly  gland-tipped  hairs. 

This  species  has  a  very  restricted  distribution;  it  has  been  found  only  in  Gads- 
den  County,  in  northern  Florida,  near  River  Junction  and  Chattahoochee,  close 
to  the  Georgia  state  line  and  about  ten  miles  farther  south  at  Aspalaga  near  Rock 
Bluff,  Liberty  County  (Biltmore  Herb.  6088).  It  was  apparently  first  discovered 
by  Dr.  Chapman  some  time  before  1865,  as  he  refers  to  it  in  his  Flora  under  R. 
nudiflorum  as  a  color  variation  of  that  species;  there  is  also  a  specimen  collected 
by  him  in  the  National  Herbarium  without  date  and  locality  with  the  note  "flowers 
orange."  The  species  was  again  collected  in  1880  by  A.  W.  Curtiss  and  distributed 
as  R.  nudiflorum  var.  luteum,  but  that  name  was  never  published  and  this  Azalea 
was  not  recognized  as  distinct  until  described  as  a  species  by  Dr.  Small  in  1913. 

Rhododendron  austrinum  is  so  closely  related  to  R.  canescens  that  one  might  be 
induced  to  consider  it  only  a  color  form  of  that  species,  but  aside  from  the  fact 
that  the  yellow  color  is  a  disconnected  deviation  from  the  pink  color  tones  of 
R.  canescens,  R.  austrinum  differs  further  in  the  glandular  ovary  and  capsule, 
entirely  destitute  of  glands  in  R.  canescens,  and  in  the  copious  glandular  pubescence 
of  the  calyx  and  pedicels  which  are  usually,  though  not  always,  glandless  in  R. 
canescens.  In  their  general  appearance,  however,  I  could  see  no  difference  except 
the  color  between  the  two  species,  when  I  saw  them  growing  side  by  side  in  Mr. 
H.  H.  Hume's  garden  in  Jacksonville,  who  had  brought  the  plants  of  both  species 
from  River  Junction  the  year  before. 

The  species  was  first  introduced  into  cultivation  through  the  Arnold  Arboretum, 
where  plants  were  raised  from  seed  collected  in  1914  by  Mr.  T.  G.  Harbison  near 
River  Junction.  It  cannot  be  expected  to  thrive  in  northern  gardens,  but  for 
southern  gardens  it  may  be  desirable  on  account  of  its  yellow  flowers. 

Rhododendron  atlanticum  Rehder,  comb.  nov. 

Azalea  nudiflora  M.  A.  Curtis  in  Boston  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.  I.  100  (Enum.  PI. 
Wilmington)  (1834),  not  Linnaeus.1  — Groom,  Cat.  PI.  Newbern,  21  (1837).— 
Wood  &  McCarthy,  Wilmington  Fl.  34  (1886). 


1  I  have  seen  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Science  at  Phila- 
delphia a  specimen  collected  by  Curtis  at  Wilmington  and  named  by  him  A.  nudi- 
flora, which  proves  to  be  R.  atlanticum.  The  true  R.  nudiflorum  has  not  been  found 
near  Wilmington. 


148  THE   AZALEAS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

Azalea  atlantica  Ashe  in  Bull.  Charleston  Mus.  XIII.  26  (1917).  —  Coker  in 
Jour.  Elisha  Mitchell  Soc.  XXXVI.  97,  pi.  1,  7  (1920). 

Low  stoloniferous  shrub  rarely  more  than  0.5  m.  tall,  with  slender  upright 
usually  sparingly  branched  or  simple  stems;  young  branchlets  sparingly  strigillose 
and  sometimes  glandular  hirsute,  otherwise  glabrous,  occasionally  slightly  glau- 
cescent,  reddish  brown  at  the  end  of  the  season,  becoming  grayish  brown  and 
glabrous  the  second  year;  floral  winter-buds  with  ovate,  mucronulate,  light  brown 
and  white-ciliolate,  glabrous  or  slightly  silky-pubescent  scales.  Leaves  obovate 
to  oblong-obovate,  rarely  elliptic,  rounded  or  acutish  and  gland-tipped  at  apex, 
cuneate  at  base,  3  to  6  cm.  long  and  1.5  to  2  cm.  broad,  setosely  ciliate  or  minutely 
serrulate-ciliate,  glabrous  above  except  the  villose  midrib  and  bright  green  or 
bluish  green,  glabrous  and  sparingly  strigillose  and  sometimes  pubescent  on  the 
midrib  beneath,  rarely  strigillose  on  the  surface,  and  glaucescent  or  bright  green, 
chartaceous  at  maturity,  the  secondary  veins  scarcely  prominent  beneath  and 
the  veinlets  obscure;  petioles  1  to  5  mm.  long,  sparingly  strigillose.  Flowers  ap- 
pearing before  or  with  the  leaves  in  April  or  beginning  of  May  in  clusters  of  4  to 
10;  pedicels  about  1  cm.  long,  hirsute  or  glandular-hirsute,  otherwise  glabrous, 
rarely  minutely  and  slightly  villose;  sepals  broadly  ovate,  small  or  occasionally 
oblong  and  2  to  4  mm.  long,  glandular-ciliate  or  sometimes  eglandular;  corolla 
funnel-form,  white,  usually  flushed  pink  or  purple  outside,  very  fragrant,  the  tube 
cylindric,  rather  gradually  dilated  at  apex,  2  to  2.5  cm.  or  rarely  to  nearly  3  cm. 
long,  outside  with  numerous  short  gland-tipped  hairs,  otherwise  glabrous  or  only 
slightly  villose,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  inside,  the  lobes  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  acute, 
1.3  to  2  cm.  long,  stipitate-glandular  along  the  middle;  stamens  exserted,  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  tube,  the  filaments  hairy  below  the  middle,  the  anthers  2  to  3  mm. 
long;  style  exceeding  the  stamens,  4.5  to  5.5  cm.  long,  pubescent  below  the  middle, 
usually  purplish  above;  ovary  with  setose,  gland-tipped  or  glandless  hairs.  Cap- 
sule ovoid-oblong,  1.5  to  2  cm.  long,  setose,  the  setae  glandless  or  gland-tipped. 

DELAWARE.  Kent  County:  Choptank  Mills,  May  29-30,  1904, 
Witmer  Stone  (Herb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.). 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.  Washington,  Takoma  Park,  May  11, 1900, 
T.  A.  Williams. 

VIRGINIA.  Princess  Anne  County:  May  9,  1898,  Th.  H. 
Kearney  (No.  1062;  Nat.Herb.  No.355,802).  Nansemond  County : 
near  Suffolk,  April  30,  1898,  Fr.  Coville  &  Th.  H.  Kearney  (No.  49; 
Nat.  Herb.  No.  355,681). 

NORTH  CAROLINA.  Johnston  County:  Selma,  April  23,  1918, 
and  November  19,  1919,  T.  G.  Harbison  (Nos.  1-8,  10).  Craven 
County :  Newbern,  April  7  and  18,  1918,  April  20  and  Nov.  20,  1919, 
T.  G.  Harbison  (Nos.  7, 14,  17,  23,  30, 101, 102, 115, 116, 117, 121, 131, 
132).  New  Hanover  County:  Wilmington,  April  2,  1880,  C.  S. 
Sargent;  April  14  and  15, 1911,  C.  S.  Williamson;  April  18  and  19, 1919, 
T.  G.  Harbison  (Nos.  36-41,  47,  48),  without  date,  M.  A.  Curtis. 
Eastern  N.  Carolina,  without  precise  locality,  April,  1888,  G.  McCarthy 
(Nat.  Herb.  42,633). 

SOUTH  CAROLINA.     Florence  County :  Ebenezer,  wet  Pine  barren, 


ENUMERATION   OF   THE   SPECIES  149 

Sept.  26,  1911,  H.  H.  Bartlett  (No.  2857;  Nat.  Herb.  No.  586,340); 
three  miles  east  of  Florence,  April  17, 1897,  L.  F.  Ward  (Nat.  Herb.  No. 
284,925);  GeorgetownCounty:  Georgetown  (type  locality),  April 
25,  1918,  T.  G.  Harbison  (Nos.  11,  14). 

This  species  is  restricted  to  the  coastal  plain  region  from  Delaware  to  South 
Carolina.  It  is  characteristic  of  the  low  pine  lands,  where  it  forms  extensive  colonies 
almost  to  the  exclusion  of  the  other  shrubs  and  often  occupies  large  stretches;  the 
low  stoloniferous  shrubs,  rarely  more  than  half  a  meter  high,  dotted  over  the  grassy 
forest  floor,  form  in  spring  with  their  white  or  pinkish  very  fragrant  flowers  a 
conspicuous  feature  of  these  woods.  I  noticed  it  from  the  railroad  train  from  north- 
ern South  Carolina  to  Virginia  for  a  distance  of  more  than  150  miles  almost  every- 
where in  the  pine  woods  and  often  spreading  into  the  adjacent  fields. 

Rhododendron  atlanticum  seems  to  be  most  closely  related  to  R.  viscosum,  with 
which  it  agrees  perfectly  in  its  leaves,  in  the  shape  of  the  corolla  with  its  slender 
cylindrical  tube,  glabrous  inside  and  glandular-hirsute  outside,  in  the  strong  frag- 
rance of  its  flowers  and  in  the  densely  setose  but  scarcely  villose  capsule,  but  usually 
it  can  be  easily  distinguished  by  its  low  stoloniferous  habit,  its  early  appearing 
flowers,  the  usually  nearly  glabrous  branchlets  and  the  absence  of  the  fine  pubes- 
cence on  the  outside  of  the  corolla  and  the  less  abrupt  expansion  of  its  tube  into 
the  limb.  There  are,  however,  particularly  in  the  coastal  plain  region  from  Mary- 
land to  South  Carolina,  forms  of  R.  viscosum  of  low  and  somewhat  stoloniferous 
habit  (see  page  159)  which  might  be  confused  with  R.  atlanticum  and  in  the  south 
R.  viscosum  begins  to  flower  often  about  or  sometimes  before  the  middle  of  May, 
but  the  flowers  of  that  species  always  appear  after  the  leaves  are  nearly  fully 
developed  and  the  fine  villose  pubescence  of  the  outside  of  the  corolla,  absent  or 
nearly  absent  in  R.  atlanticum,  and  the  generally  slenderer  corolla  more  abruptly 
dilated  at  the  apex  afford  characters  to  separate  the  two  species.  Rhododendron 
atlanticum  has  been  also  confused  with  R.  nudiflorum,  but  from  that  species  it  is 
readily  distinguished  by  the  low  stoloniferous  habit,  by  the  smaller  obovate  leaves 
chartaceous  at  maturity,  the  very  fragrant  flowers,  the  much  longer  tube  of  the 
corolla  glandular-hirsute  outside  and  lacking  the  fine  villose  pubescence  of  the 
corolla  of  R.  nudiflorum,  by  the  glabrous  inner  surface  of  the  corolla-tube  and 
the  conspicuous  rows  of  stipitate  glands  at  the  apex  of  the  flower-bud. 

Rhododendron  atlanticum  has  always  been  confused  with  the  two  species  just 
mentioned  until  Ashe  described  it  in  1917  as  a  new  species.  The  oldest  specimens 
I  have  seen  are  those  collected  as  Azalea  nudiflora  by  M.  A.  Curtis,  one  on  Society 
Hill,  South  Carolina,  representing  at  least  partly  the  variety  luteo-album,  and  one 
collected  near  Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  probably  in  the  early  thirties  while 
he  was  residing  at  Wilmington.  The  species  is  in  cultivation  at  the  Arnold  Arbore- 
tum, where  a  plant  was  received  in  1920  from  Mr.  Ashe  who  had  grown  it  in  his 
garden  at  Washington  for  several  years;  it  is  doubtful,  however,  if  this  species 
proves  hardy  in  the  northern  states. 

Rhododendron  atlanticum  f.  neglectum  Rehder,  comb.  nov. 
Azalea  neglecta  Ashe  in  Bull  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  XLVII.  581  (1920). 

This  form,  based  by  Ashe  on  specimens  collected  by  him  near  Georgetown, 
South  Carolina,  May,  1916,  is  hardly  specifically  distinct  from  R.  atlanticum;  it 
differs  chiefly  in  the  purplish  pink  color  of  its  flowers,  the  somewhat  shorter  and 
wider  tube  and  the  usually  more  villose  pubescence  of  the  corolla.  Specimens  of 
his  new  species  collected  near  Kinlock,  South  Carolina,  on  May  1, 1920,  kindly  sent 


150  THE   AZALEAS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

by  Mr.  Ashe,  show  well  the  purplish  pink  color  of  the  flowers;  the  corolla  tube  is 
slightly  shorter  and  wider  than  in  the  typical  R.  atlanticum  and  is  furnished  outside 
with  numerous  gland-tipped  stiff  hairs,  which  are  more  numerous  in  one  of  the 
specimens  sent  and  less  numerous  in  the  other,  but  in  the  latter  the  tube  is 
also  thinly  covered  with  a  fine  villose  pubescence,  which  in  typical  R.  atlanticum  is 
absent  or  nearly  absent,  though  occasionally,  as  in  Harbison's  No.  14  from  George- 
town, South  Carolina,  the  type  locality  of  the  species,  and  in  his  Nos.  38  and  41 
from  Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  this  villose  pubescence  is  present.  To  f.  ne- 
glectum  I  also  refer  Harbison's  No.  14  from  Newbern,  North  Carolina,  collected 
April  17,  1918,  though  this  differs  in  its  narrow-oblong  calyx-lobes,  up  to  5  mm. 
long,  and  possibly  also  his  Nos.  7,  101,  102  from  the  same  locality,  Nos.  37,  40  and 
47  from  Wilmington,  and  his  Nos.  3  and  5  from  Selma,  North  Carolina,  may  belong 
to  this  form,  if  we  consider  the  color  its  chief  distinguishing  character. 

Rhododendron  atlanticum  var.  luteo-album  Rehder,  comb.  nov. 

Azalea  atlantica  var.  luteo-alba  Coker  in  Jour.  Elisha  Mitchell  Sti.  Soc.  XXXVI. 
98,  pi.  1,  fig.  (at  right)  (1920). 

This  variety  differs  from  the  type  in  the  dull  bluish  green  leaves  finely  pubescent 
on  both  surfaces  and  strigillose  above,  in  the  finely  villose  petioles  and  in  the  stipi- 
tate  glandular  young  branchlets;  the  flowers  white,  when  open,  are  sometimes 
yellowish  in  bud  without  any  trace  of  pink. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA.  Darlington  County:  Ditch  bank  southeast  of 
Hartsville  plantation  of  J.  L.  Coker  &  Co.,  spring  of  1918,  J.  L.  Coker, 
Jr.  (co-type);  flat  woods  south  of  Hartsville  plantation,  April  29, 1915, 
W.  C.  Coker;  without  precise  locality,  in  sandy  soil  (No.  8),  in  sandy 
soil  near  roadside  (No.  14),  in  cultivated  field  (No.  13),  April  24,  1918, 
T.  G.  Harbison;  in  low  sandy  pine  woods,  November  22,  1919,  T.  G. 
Harbison  (Nos.  31,  32) ;  Society  Hill,  no  date,  M.  A.  Curtis  (Gray  Herb., 
partly  typical  R.  atlanticum). 

This  variety  was  based  originally  on  the  color  of  the  flowers,  but  as  a  specimen 
kindly  sent  me  by  the  author  of  the  variety  shows,  it  is  at  the  same  time  rather 
densely  pubescent  and  differs  in  this  respect  from  the  type  of  the  species.  As  the 
pubescence  seems  to  me  the  more  important  character,  I  prefer  to  include  in  this 
variety  all  the  specimens  with  pubescent  leaves  without  regard  to  the  difference  in 
the  color  of  the  flowers,  which,  moreover,  seems  to  be  not  very  pronounced,  for  I 
can  hardly  see  any  difference  between  the  two  forms  as  represented  on  the  colored 
plate  cited  above. 

Rhododendron  oblongifolium  Millais,  Rhodod.  219  (1917).  —  Millais 
&  Williams  in  Rhodod.  Soc.  Notes,  I.  125  (1918). 

Azalea  oblongifolia  Small,  Fl.  S.  E.  U.  S.  883, 1336  (1903) ;  in  N.  Am.  Fl.  XXIX. 
43  (1914). 

Shrub  to  2  m.  high  or  less,  with  irregularly  whorled  branches;  young  branchlets 
with  short  and  rather  sparse  villose  pubescence  and  usually  with  sparse  strigose 
hairs  or  sometimes  nearly  glabrous;  floral  winter-buds  with  ovate,  acuminulate  or 
obtuse,  grayish  pubescent  scales.  Leaves  obovate  or  elliptic-obovate  to  oblong- 
oblanceolate,  rarely  oblong,  4  to  10  cm.  long  and  1.5  to  3.8  cm.  broad,  acutish 
or  acute,  gland-tipped,  cuneate,  ciliate,  dull  green  and  glabrous  above  except  the  vil- 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  151 

lose  midrib  or  sometimes  strigillose  and  minutely  pubescent,  light  green,  or  rarely 
glaucescent  beneath,  pilose  and  strigillose  on  the  midrib,  more  or  less  pubescent  on 
the  whole  under  surface  or  nearly  glabrous ;  petioles  2  to  3  mm.  long,  finely  pubescent. 
Flowers  expanding  at  the  middle  or  end  of  May  or  in  southeastern  Texas  at  the  end 
of  April,  after  the  leaves  are  fully  formed,  and  borne  in  7-  to  12-flowered  clusters; 
pedicels  1.5  to  2  cm.  long,  sparingly  villose  and  glandular-hirsute;  calyx-lobes 
unequal,  ovate  to  oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse  to  acute,  1  to  3  mm.  long,  long- 
ciliate  and  sparingly  villose  outside;  corolla  funnel-form,  white,  the  tube  cylindric, 
abruptly  dilated  at  the  apex,  2.5  to  3  cm.  long,  thinly  villose  and  sparingly  gland- 
ular-hirsute outside  or  more  densely  villose  and  destitute  of  stipitate  glands  except 
on  the  outside  of  the  lobes,  sparingly  pubescent  above  the  middle  or  glabrous  inside, 
the  lobes  oblong-ovate,  acute,  1.8  to  2  cm.  long,  glandular-hairy  along  the  middle 
outside;  stamens  about  twice  as  long  as  the  tube,  slightly  exceeding  the  corolla- 
lobes,  villose  below  the  middle,  the  anthers  ochraceous,  2.5  to  3  mm.  long;  style 
exceeding  the  stamens,  5  to  6  cm.  long,  finely  pubescent  at  the  lower  third,  or 
sometimes  glabrous;  ovary  usually  not  or  little  longer  than  the  sepals,  covered  with 
upright  setose  hairs  partly  glandular.  Capsule  oblong  or  ovoid-oblong  to  narrow- 
oblong  1.2  to  1.8  cm.  long,  finely  villose  and  glandular-setose. 

ARKANSAS.  Newton  County:  rocky  woods,  Jasper,  October  28, 
1914,  E.  J.  Palmer  (No.  6932).  Cleburne  County:  sandy  woods, 
Heber  Springs,  October  31, 1914,  E.  J.  Palmer  (No.  6973);  Pulaski 
County:  Little  Rock,  H.  E.  Hasse.  Pike  County:  Delight, 
May  20,  1910,  A.  H.  Howell  (No.  659;  Nat.  Herb.  No.  514,206). 
Hempstead  County :  Fulton, sandy  woods,  May  21  and  Oct.  5, 1909, 
B.  F.  Bush  (Nos.  5684,  5955);  Washington,  moist  sandy  woods,  Sept. 
4,  1916,  E.  J.  Palmer  (No.  10,583);  Columbus,  along  sandy  streams, 
July  17, 1916,  E.  J.  Palmer  (No.  10,505).  Ouachita  County:  Cam- 
den,  1850,  A.  Fendler.  Miller  County :  Doddridge,  moist  sandy 
woods,  July  19,  1916,  E.  J.  Palmer  (No.  10,515).  "  National  Forest," 
1907  (Nat.  Herb.  No.  615,731). 

OKLAHOMA.  Leflore  County:  near  Page,  near  mountain  creek, 
April  20  and  September  7,  1913,  G.  W.  Stevens  (Nos.  1390,  2658),  on 
low  creek  branch,  June  20,  1914,  D.  W.  Blakeley  (G.  W.  Stevens,  No. 
1418;  Nat.  Herb.  No.  589,543);  rocky  woods,  valleys  in  limestone  and 
lower  levels  of  sandstone  hills,  July  27, 1917,  E.  J.  Palmer  (No.  12,644). 
McCurtain  County :  Idabel,  May  29, 1916,  H.  W.  Houghton  (G.  W. 
Stevens,  No.  3925). 

TEXAS.  Harrison  County:  Marshall,  common  in  swamp,  Oct.  5, 
1901,  B.  F.  Bush  (No.  983).  San  Augustine  County:  San  Augus- 
tine, margin  of  sandy  swamps,  September  10,  1917,  E.  J.  Palmer 
(No.  12,710).  Houston  County:  Grapeland,  1879,  Frank  Tweedy1; 

1  This  is  the  type  specimen  collected  at  "  Grapelands,"  as  stated  in  a  letter  by 
F.  Tweedy  accompanying  the  specimen  and  dated  March  15,  1899.  On  the  label, 
which  is  not  in  Mr.  Tweedy's  handwriting,  however,  Tom  Green  County  is  given  as 
the  locality,  which  is  apparently  a  mistake,  for  there  are  no  Rhododendrons 


152  THE   AZALEAS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

sandy  bogs,  May  28,  1917,  September  22  and  28,  1917  (Nos.  12,830, 
12,831),  March  26  and  April  2,  1918,  E.  J.  Palmer  (Nos.  13,181, 
13,265).  Hardin  County:  Silsbee,  sandy  pine  lands,  April  25  and 
September  10,  1916,  E.  J.  Palmer  (No.  9568;  shrub  4-6  cm.  high, 
flowers  pure  white,  No.  10,689).  Without  definite  locality  and  date; 
C.  Wright  (in  Gray  Herb.). 

This  is  the  most  western  species  of  the  eastern  group  of  Rhododendrons  and  is 
distributed  from  northern  Arkansas  (Newton  and  Cleburne  Counties)  to  south- 
eastern Oklahoma  and  through  southeastern  Arkansas  to  southeastern  Texas 
(Houston  and  Hardin  Counties).  It  is  a  low  shrub  growing  in  moist  sandy  woods 
or  on  the  margins  of  sandy  bogs  and  along  streams. 

Rhododendron  dblongifolium  is  most  nearly  related  to  R.  viscosum  and  R.  serrula- 
tum,  but  differs  chiefly  in  the  finely  villose,  sparingly  strigose  branchlets,  the  pubes- 
cent winter-buds,  in  the  larger  leaves  of  thinner  texture  and  usually  more  or  less 
pubescent,  in  the  larger  corolla  finely  villose  and  glandular  outside  and  in  the  usually 
longer  calyx-lobes;  the  flowers  appear  earlier,  in  May  or  even  at  the  end  of  April,  while 
R.  serrulatum  flowers  in  July  and  August  and  R.  viscosum  from  the  end  of  May  to  the 
beginning  of  July.  Without  flowers  the  pubescent  forms  of  it  have  some  resemblance 
to  R.  canescens  and  have  been  sometimes  confused  with  that  species.  It  shows 
considerable  variability  in  some  characters,  particularly  in  the  pubescence  of  the 
leaves,  which  may  be  glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath;  the  extreme  forms 
look  very  distinct  but  they  are  closely  connected  by  numerous  intermediates  and 
both  forms  frequently  occur  at  the  same  locality  and  have  been  distributed  by 
the  collectors  even  under  the  same  number  as  Bush's  No.  5955  *  from  Fulton, 
Arkansas,  and  Palmer's  No.  12,644  from  Page,  Oklahoma.  The  upper  surface  of 
the  leaves  also  varies  from  being  quite  glabrous,  except  the  pubescent  midrib, 
to  strigillose  and  with  or  without  a  minute  villose  pubescence.  Sometimes  the 
under  side  of  the  leaves  is  more  or  less  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  as  in  part  of 
Palmer's  No.  12,644  from  Oklahoma  and  in  his  12,062  and  part  of  12,830  from  Texas. 
The  young  branchlets  may  be  puberulous  all  over  and  sparingly  strigose  toward 
the  apex  or  nearly  glabrous;  the  winter-buds  are  always  densely  pubescent.  The 
calyx-lobes  are  sometimes  very  short  and  semi-orbicular  or  ovate,  as  in  Palmer's 
Nos.  9568, 12,062  and  12,063  from  Texas  and  in  his  No.  10,583  from  Arkansas.  The 
outside  of  the  corolla  is  usually  covered  with  a  thin  villose  pubescence  interspersed 
with  numerous  stipitate  glands  but  sometimes,  as  in  Palmer's  Nos.  9568  and  12,063, 
the  tube  is  more  densely  villose  and  destitute  of  glands,  which  are  present  only 
toward  the  apex  of  the  corolla  on  the  outside  of  the  lobes;  in  the  same  numbers  the 
style  and  the  inside  of  the  tube  are  glabrous.  These  characters  together  with  the 
rather  dense  villose  pubescence  of  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  of  No.  12,063  might 
induce  one  to  make  this  number  the  type  of  a  distinct  variety,  but  considering  the 
great  variability  of  the  species  even  in  the  same  locality  and  the  apparent  absence 
of  any  correlation  of  the  different  forms  with  their  geographical  distribution,  I 
think  it  wiser  to  defer  a  subdivision  of  the  species  into  varieties  or  forms  until  a 
careful  field  study  has  been  made  and  more  copious  material  is  available. 


known  growing  as  far  west  as  Tom  Green  County,  Houston  County  marking  the 
farthest  western  limit  of  the  genus  in  the  Eastern  States. 

1  The  glabrous  form  of  this  number  looks  very  distinct,  the  leaves  are  broad  and 
generally  obovate,  quite  glabrous  except  sparingly  strigillose  on  the  midrib  beneath, 
even  the  branchlets  are  quite  glabrous  and  the  specimen,  which  is  in  fruit,  might  be 
taken  for  R.  arborescens  but  for  the  pubescent  winter-buds. 


ENUMERATION   OF   THE   SPECIES  153 

Some  of  the  specimens  enumerated  above  are  rather  poor  and  do  not  show  clearly 
he  distinguishing  characters  of  the  species  and  might  be  taken  for  forms  of  R.  vis- 
cosum,  but  they  have  been  placed  here  chiefly  for  geographical  reasons,  since  we  have 
no  knowledge  that  R.  viscosum  extends  farther  west  than  eastern  Tennessee.  The 
species  was  apparently  first  collected  by  A.  Fendler  near  Camden,  Arkansas,  in  1850 
and  about  the  same  tune  by  C.  Wright  in  Texas.  Later  it  was  found  by  Frank 
Tweedy  at  Grapeland,  Houston  County,  Texas,  and  upon  his  specimen  Dr.  Small 
based  his  Azalea  oblongifolia  published  in  1903.  It  was  introduced  into  cultivation 
through  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  where  plants  were  raised  from  seeds  collected  in 
1917  by  E.  J.  Palmer  near  Washington,  Arkansas. 

Rhododendron  serrulatum  Millais,  Rhodod.  241  (1917).  — Millais 
&  Williams  in  Rhodod.  Soc.  Notes,  I.  125  (1918). 

Azalea  viscosa  Hooker  in  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  I.  100  (1835),1  not  Linnaeus.  — 
Mohr,  PL  Life  Ala.  653  (1901),  in  part.  —  Small,  Fl.  S.  E.  U.  S.  883  (1903), 
in  part;  Shrubs  Fla.  94  (1913);  in  N.  Am.  Fl.  XXIX.  42  (1914),  in  part. 

Rhododendron  viscosum  Chapman,  Fl.  S.  U.  S.  265  (1865),  not  Torrey. 

Azalea  serrulata  Small,  FL  S.  E.  U.  S.  883  (1903);  in  N.  Am.  FL  XXIX.  43 
(1914). 

Shrub  to  7  m.  tall,  with  irregularly  whorled  branches;  young  branchlets  usually 
copiously  strigose  toward  the  apex  and  finely  villose  or  nearly  glabrous,  becoming 
soon  bright  red-brown,  changing  to  dull  brown  or  grayish  the  following  year;  floral 
winter-buds  glabrous  or  sometimes  grayish  pubescent  with  numerous  usually 
15  to  20  ovate  scales  mucronate  or  mucronate-aristate,  usually  light  yellowish  brown 
with  a  sharply  marked  dark  brown  band  along  the  white-ciliolate  margin.  Leaves 
elliptic  to  obovate  or  obovate-oblong,  rarely  oblanceolate,  4  to  8  cm.  long  and  1.5 
to  3.8  cm.  broad,  on  vigorous  shoots  often  oblanceolate  and  8  by  2  cm.  large, 
usually  acute,  rarely  obtuse,  gland-tipped,  cuneate  at  the  base,  serrulate-ciliate 
on  the  margins,  glabrous  above  except  sparingly  short-villose  on  the  midrib, 
glabrous  beneath  and  strigose  on  the  midrib,  or  on  the  upper  leaves  of  shoots 
soft-pubescent  beneath  and  strigillose  and  more  or  less  puberulous  above,  firm  at 
maturity;  petioles  1  to  4  mm.  long,  strigose.  Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves 
and  after  the  winter-buds  are  at  least  partly  formed  from  the  middle  of  June  to  the 
beginning  of  August,  in  6-  to  10-flowered  umbel-like  racemes;  pedicels  slender,  1  to 
2  cm.  long,  glandular-hirsute  and  sparingly  villose;  calyx-lobes  semiorbicular  to 
ovate,  rarely  exceeding  1  mm.,  eiliate  with  long  glandular  hairs;  corolla  white, 
funnel-form,  very  fragrant,  the  tube  cylindric,  slender,  2.5  to  3.3  cm.  long  and  about 
2  mm.  wide,  slightly  dilated  at  apex,  rather  copiously  glandular-pilose  and  spa- 
ringly villose  outside,  glabrous  inside,  the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  1.2 
to  1.5  cm.  long;  stamens  exserted,  about  1%  times  as  long  as  tube,  exceeding  the 
lobes,  glabrous  in  the  upper  third,  villose  below;  anthers  oblong,  2  to  2.5  mm. 
long,  ochraceous;  style  considerably  exceeding  the  stamens,  4.5  to  5.8  cm.  long, 
slightly  short-pubescent  near  the  base  or  nearly  glabrous,  purple  above;  ovary 
densely  covered  with  gland-tipped  setae.  Capsule  ovoid-oblong,  1  to  1.3  cm.  long, 
minutely  villose  and  densely  glandular-setose. 

GEORGIA.  Wayne  County :  Jessup,  October,  1916,  T.  G.  Harbison 
(No.  240).  Charlton  County:  near  Folkston,  April  3  (No.  10), 

1  Drummond's  No.  190  named  A.  viscosa  by  Hooker  is  represented  in  the  Gray 
Herbarium  by  a  sheet  consisting  of  two  specimens,  one  with  mature  leaves,  which 
is  R.  serrulalum,  and  one  in  flower,  which  is  R.  canescens.  Hooker  quotes  this 
number  as  198,  but  No.  198  belongs  to  Vaccinium  dumosum  (Gaylussada  dumosa). 


154  THE   AZALEAS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

July  15-17  (Nos.  62,  63,  64,  65,  67,  70,  81,  82,  84,  87)  and  December  15, 

1918  (No.  93),  June  16  and  18  (Nos.  97,  99)  and  November  26  and  27, 

1919  (Nos.  100,  102,  103,  110,  111,  112,  114,  115),  T.  G.  Harbison; 
without  locality,  May  17,  1918,  T.  G.  Harbison  (Nos.  29,  33,  34,  46, 
57).    Lowndes  County:  Ousley,  October  21,  1910,  T.  G.  Harbison 
(Nos.  242,  246,  251);  near  Valdosta,  June  6-12,  1895,  J.  K.  Small. 
Brooks  County :  Quitman,  April  2,  1918,  T.  G.  Harbison  (No.  5). 

FLORIDA.  Lake  County:  Eustis,  June  1-15,  1894,  G.  V.  Nash 
(No.  967,  type);  June  16-31,  G.  V.  Nash  (No.  1306);  same  locality, 
December  12, 1919,  T.  G.  Harbison  (Nos.  21,  in  part,  26,  27).  Semi- 
nole  County:  near  Wekiva  Springs,  May  9,  1918,  C.  H.  Baker 
(No.  499  a-c).  Orange  County:  near  Maitland,  February  27  (Nos. 
478  a-b),  June  20  (No.  529  a)  and  July  12,  1918,  C.  H.  Baker  (Nos. 
529  b,  478  c,  d,  f);  swamps,  July  10,  1902,  A.  Fredholm  (No.  5379; 
in  Gray  Herb.).  Polk  County:  Lakeland,  August  1,  1918,  T.  G. 
Harbison.  De  Soto  County :  Sebring,  July  28,  30,  1918,  T.  G. 
Harbison  (Nos.  19,  20,  21,  47).  Escambia  County:  Pensacola, 
April  18,  1899,  Biltmore  Herb.  (Nat.  Herb.  No.  969,619).  Calhoun 
County :  Apalachicola,  T.  Drummond  (in  Gray  Herb.).  Without  pre- 
cise locality:  1842-49,  F.  Rugel  (No.  237;  Nat.  Herb.  512,161);  with- 
out date,  Herb.  Chapman  (Nat.  Herb.  No.  955,093). 

ALABAMA.  Mobile  County :  near  Mobile,  July,  1887,  C.  Mohr; 
same  locality,  December  4,  1919,  T.  G.  Harbison  (Nos.  1,  2);  Spring 
Hill,  August  6,  1897,  B.  F.  Bush  (No.  12);  same  locality,  December  4, 
1919,  T.  G.  Harbison  (Nos.  1-4). 

MISSISSIPPI.  Jackson  County:  Ocean  Springs,  June  19,  1895, 
J.  Skehan.  Harrison  County:  Biloxi,  July  29,  1896,  C.  L.  Pollard 
(No.  1097;  Nat.  Herb.  271,755);  August  21,  1898,  S.  M.  Tracy  (No. 
4395;  Nat.  Herb.  770,586) ;  October  30, 1917,  T.G.  Harbison  (No.  6), 
April  1  (No.  1),  May  6  (Nos.  2,  3,  24)  and  July  19, 1918,  T.  G.  Harbison 
(No.  25-33). 

LOUISIANA.  St.  Tammany  Parish:  Pearl  River,  July  9,  1909, 
R.  S.  Cocks  (No.  2222);  New  Orleans  (Covington),  1832,  T.  Drummond 
(No.  190). ! 

This  Azalea  is  distinctly  a  species  of  the  southern  coastal  plain  region  and  extends 
from  southern  Georgia  or,  including  the  variety  georgianum,  from  middle  Georgia 
to  central  Florida  (De  Soto  County)  and  westward  along  the  coast  to  southeastern 
Louisiana.  Its  type  locality  is  Eustis,  Lake  County,  Florida.  It  inhabits  swamps 
or  moist  sandy  soil  and  is  usually  a  tall  shrub  2  to  7  m.  high. 

Rhododendron  serrulatum  is  closely  related  to  R.  viscosum  and  takes  its  place  south 

1  See  footnote  on  page  153. 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  155 

of  central  Georgia.  It  is  chiefly  distinguished  by  the  brown-red  branchlets  usually 
conspicuously  and  densely  covered  toward  the  ends  with  strigose  red-brown  hairs, 
by  the  aristate  or  at  least  distinctly  mucronate  more  numerous  scales  of  the  winter- 
buds,  usually  glabrous  and  with  a  conspicuous  dark  band  along  the  margin,  by  the 
long  and  slender  corolla-tube  about  twice  as  long  as  the  comparatively  small 
lobes,  and  by  the  stamens  considerably  exceeding  the  lobes;  the  leaves  are  of  firmer 
texture  and  more  distinctly  serrulate  on  the  margin  and  are  not  unfrequently, 
particularly  those  toward  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots,  more  or  less  densely  pubescent 
on  the  under  side;  it  is  usually  a  tall  shrub,  while  R.  viscoswn,  particularly  in  the 
southern  part  of  its  range,  is  usually  a  low,  sometimes  even  stoloniferous  shrub. 
Small  in  his  description  and  keys  lays  much  stress  on  the  oval  shape  of  the  leaves, 
but  though  the  type  specimen  which  has  only  short  and  weak  branchlets  and  no 
vigorous  shoots  happens  to  have  most  of  its  leaves  of  elliptic  shape,  this  is  the  more 
unusual  shape,  while  the  prevailing  shape  of  the  leaves  varies  from  obovate  to 
oblong-obovate  or  sometimes  oblanceolate.  Until  Small  described  it  as  a  new 
species,  R.  serrulatum  had  been  always  confused  with  R.  viscosum  and  even  he 
understood  under  that  name  only  the  uncommon  form  with  oval  or  elliptic  leaves 
and  referred  the  forms  with  obovate  leaves  to  R.  viscosum,  making  it  a  very  local 
species,  while  really  it  has  a  rather  wide  distribution.  Like  the  other  related  species 
it  varies  in  the  pubescence  of  its  leaves,  which  may  be  glabrous  except  strigose  hairs 
on  the  midrib  beneath,  as  in  the  type,  or  more  or  less,  sometimes  densely  pubescent 
on  their  under  side  and  strigillose  and  puberulous  above;  the  pubescence  may  appear 
either  on  all  the  leaves  or  chiefly  on  upper  leaves  of  the  more  vigorous  shoots,  while 
the  leaves  appearing  earlier  in  the  season  are  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous.  The 
form  with  the  leaves  always  pubescent  is  described  below  as  a  distinct  form.  Some- 
times the  leaves  of  the  glabrous  form  are  glaucescent  beneath,  as  in  some  specimens 
from  Folkston,  Georgia.  Also  the  winter-buds  vary  in  their  pubescence;  typically 
they  are  perfectly  glabrous,  but  sometimes  they  are  more  or  less  densely  pubescent 
and  these  specimens  I  have  referred  to  a  distinct  variety,  described  below.  In 
the  shape  of  the  corolla,  in  its  pubescence  and  in  its  color,  which  is  apparently 
always  white  or  nearly  white,  I  find  little  variation  except  that  the  tube  varies 
somewhat  in  length. 

This  species  was  apparently  first  collected  by  T.  Drummond  about  1830  near 
New  Orleans  in  Louisiana  and  near  Appalachicola  in  Florida;  it  also  was  collected 
in  Florida  by  T.  Rugel  in  the  forties  and  by  Chapman  in  the  fifties  or  sixties,  but 
it  was  not  distinguished  until  Dr.  Small  in  1903  described  his  Azalea  serrulata, 
based  on  a  specimen  collected  by  G.  V.  Nash  near  Eustis,  Florida,  which  had  most 
of  the  leaves  of  distinctly  oval  or  elliptic  shape.  The  shape  of  the  leaves,  however, 
cannot  be  considered  a  reliable  character,  as  already  stated. 

Rhododendron  serrulatum  was  introduced  into  cultivation  through  the  Arnold 
Arboretum,  where  plants  were  raised  in  1919  from  seeds  collected  by  T.  G.  Harbison 
in  December,  1918,  near  Folkston,  Georgia.  It  will  probably  not  be  hardy  north 
and  as  an  ornamental  shrub  it  will  not  be  superior  to  R.  viscosum,  but  for  southern 
gardens  it  may  be  valuable  on  account  of  its  late  appearing  fragrant  flowers. 

Rhododendron  serrulatum  f .  molliculum  Rehder,  forma  nova. 

A  typo  recedit  ramulis  annotinis  apicem  versus  densius  villosulis  v.  glabrius  culis 
minus  strigosis,  foliis  subtus  molliter  subaccumbenti-villosis  supra  sparsius  villosulis 
et  saepe  praecipue  in  foliis  superioribus  strigillosis,  pedicellis  magis  villosulis. 

FLORIDA.  Lake  County:  Eustis,  June  23,  1919,  T.  G.  Harbison 
(No.  17,  type,  19,  20,  21,  partly);  December  12,  1919  (No.  25);  June 
16-30,  1894,  G.  V.  Nash  (No.  1104;  Nat.  Herb.  223,237). 


156  THE   AZALEAS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA 

GEORGIA.  Charlton  County :  Folkston,  June  16  and  July  16, 
1918,  T.  G.  Harbison  (No.  69,  98);  without  precise  locality,  May  18, 
1918,  T.  G.  Harbison  (No.  58). 

This  form  differs  from  the  type  in  all  the  leaves  being  densely  soft-pubescent 
beneath  and  slightly  puberulous  and  often  strigillose  above;  also  the  branchlets  are 
usually  more  or  less  puberulous  and  the  pedicels  are  more  densely  villose,  while 
the  winter-buds  are  glabrous  as  in  the  type.  Pubescent  leaves  are  also  found 
occasionally  in  the  typical  form,  but  they  are  restricted  to  the  upper  part  of  the 
more  vigorous  branchlets,  while  the  leaves  of  the  short  branchlets  which  are  usually 
terminated  by  floral  winter-buds  and  the  lower  leaves  on  the  shoots  are  glabrous  or 
nearly  so.  Such  pubescent  leaves  are  present,  e.  g.  in  Chapman's  specimen,  in 
Harbison's  No.  6  from  Lakeland,  Florida,  in  his  Nos.  21  (partly)  and  27  from  Eustis, 
in  Nash's  No.  1306  from  the  same  locality,  in  Baker's  No.  529  a  from  Maitland  and 
in  his  No.  499  a  from  Wekiva  Springs,  in  Harbison's  No,  20  from  Sebring,  Florida, 
in  his  No.  84  and  100  from  Folkston,  Small's  specimen  from  Valdosta,  Harbison's 
No.  2  from  Mobile,  Alabama,  and  his  Nos.  24,  27,  28  from  Biloxi,  Mississippi,  and 
Cock's  No.  2222  from  Pearl  River,  Louisiana. 

Rhododendron  serrulatum  var.  georgianum  Render,  var.  nov. 

A  typo  recedit  gemmis  dense  sericeo-pubescentibus  perulis  paucioribus  et 
tantum  mucronatis  vix  aristatis. 

GEORGIA.  Charlton  County:  Folkston,  July  16,  1918,  T.  G. 
Harbison  (No.  68,  type;  shrub  10  ft.  tall;  No.  77),  July  15  (No.  66), 
July  17,  1918  (No.  86,  shrub  18  ft.  tall)  and  Nov.  27,  1919,  T.  G. 
Harbison  (No.  118,  low  shrub) ;  without  precise  locality  May  17  and  18, 
1918,  T.  G.  Harbison  (Nos.  34  and  57;  tall  late-blooming  species). 
Richmond  County :  Augusta,  sand  hills,  swamp,  July,  1904, 
A.  Cuthbert.  Bryan  County:  boggy  places  in  sand  hills  of  Canoochee 
River  near  Groveland,  June  22,  1903,  R.  M.  Harper  (No.  1850). 
Screven  County :  near  Oliver,  July  9, 1901,  A.  H.  Curtiss  (No.  6837; 
8  to  12  feet  high).  Appling  County:  swamps  near  Baxley,  August 
10,  1901,  Biltmore  Herb.  No.  4823  (Nat.  Herb.  980,173).  Lowndes 
County:  Ousley,  October  21,  1910,  T.  G.  Harbison  (Nos.  244,  248). 
Randolph  County:  Cuthbert,  December  1,  1919,  T.  G.  Harbison 
(Nos.  31,  32;  low  shrub).  DecaturCounty:  moist  pine  barrens 
near  Climax,  August  13,  1903,  R.  M.  Harper  (No.  1929). 

SOUTH  CAROLINA.  Beaufort  County:  Bluffton,  1893,  J.  H. 
Mellichamp. 

This  variety  differs  from  the  type  only  in  the  densely  grayish  pubescent  winter- 
buds  with  usually  less  numerous  and  only  mucronate,  not  aristate  scales  from  the 
type.  It  approaches  thus  in  its  winter-buds  R.  viscosum  and  may  be  considered  an 
intermediate  form  not  only  on  account  of  its  characters  but  also  in  regard  to  its 
distribution,  occupying  as  it  does  an  area  between  R.  viscosum  and  typical  R.  ser- 
rulatum.  I  have  not  yet  seen  any  specimens  of  this  variety  from  Florida  or  from 
localities  west  of  Georgia,  while  typical  R.  serrulatum  does  not  seem  to  extend  farther 


ENUMERATION   OP   THE   SPECIES  157 

north  than  Wayne  County;  from  Lowndes  and  Charlion  Counties  I  have  seen  both, 
the  type  and  this  variety.  The  fact  that  this  form  occupies  a  fairly  well-defined 
range  chiefly  induced  me  to  consider  it  a  distinct  variety  though  differing  only  in 
the  minor  character  of  the  pubescent  winter-buds.  Except  in  the  amount  of  pu- 
bescence of  the  winter-buds  it  shows  little  or  no  variation.  Harper's  No.  1929  from 
Climax  is  the  only  specimen  of  this  variety  which  shows  part  of  the  leaves  pubescent; 
it  differs  also  in  its  small  nearly  ovoid  capsules  less  than  1  cm.  long.  Whether 
Mallichamp's  specimen  from  South  Carolina  really  belongs  here  or  is  perhaps  a 
form  of  R.  viscosum  I  am  not  quite  sure. 

Rhododendron  viscosum  Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  424  (1824) ;  FL  N.  Y.  I. 
439,  t.  66  (1843).  — G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  847  (1834).  —  Loudon, 
Arb.  Brit.  IV.  1143,  fig.  947  (1838). —  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II.  1,  40 
(1878).— J.  Robinson,  FL  Essex  Co.  Mass.  73  (1880). —  Owen,  PL 
Nantucket,  39  (1888).  —  Dame  &  Collins,  FL  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  62 
(1888).  —  Bennett,  PL  Rhode  Isl.  26  (1888).  — 'Dippel,  Handb.  Laub- 
holzk.  I.  416,  fig.  269  (1889).  —  Britton,  Cat.  PL  N.  Jersey,  162 
(1889).  —  Coulter  &  Watson,  Gray's  Man.  ed.  6,  320  (1890).  —  Deane, 
FLMetrop.  Park, Mass.  53  (1896) ;  in  Rhodora,  I.  94  (1899).— Robinson 
&  Fernald,  Gray's  New  Man.  ed.  7,  631  (1908).  —  J.  Jackson,  Cat.  PL 
Worcester  Co.  Mass.  75  (1909).  —  Graves  &  others,  Cat.  FL  PL  Conn. 
308  (1910).  — Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubhohk.  II.  502,  fig.  329  n-p, 
330  c-d  (1911). —  Stone,  List  PL  Franklin,  Hampshire  and  Hampden 
Cos.  Mass.  48  (1913). —Twining,  FL  N.  E.  Pennsylv.  56  (1917).— 
Millais,  Rhodod.  259  (1917). 

Azalea  viscosa  Linnaeus,  Spec.  I.  151  (1753).  —  Wangenheim,  Beytr.  Forst- 
wiss.  66,  t.  25,  fig.  52  (1787).  —  Willdenow,  Spec.  I.  pt.  2,  831  (1798).— 
Michaux,  FL  Bar. -Am.  150  (1803).  —  Pursh,  FL  Am.  Sept.  153  (1814).— 
Eaton,  Man.  BoL  25  (1817).  —  Bigelow,  FL  Bost<m,  52  (1814). —  Barton, 
Fl.  Phila.  113  (1818). —  Elliott,  Sketch  Bot.  S.  C.  I.  241  (1821).  — M.  A. 
Curtis,  Enum.  PL  Wilmington,  100  (1834).— Groom,  Cat.  PL  New  Bern,  21 
(1837).— De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  715  (1839).  —  Gray,  Man.  268  (1848) ;  ed. 
5, 299  (1872).  —  Tracy,  Stud.  Essex  FL  50  (1858).  —  M.  A.  Curtis,  DescripL 
Trees  &  Shrubs,  98  (in  GeoL  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  N.  Car.  III.  Bot.)  (I860).  — 
Willis,  Cat.  PL  N.  Jersey,  33  (1874).  — Wood  &  McCarthy,  Wilmington 
FL  34  (1886).  — Britton  &  Brown,  III.  FL  II.  559,  fig.  2747  (1897).— 
Jelliffe,  FL  Long  Island,  124  (1899). —  Britton,  Man.  698  (1901).  — Gat- 
tinger,  FL  Tenn.  131  (1901). —  Porter,  FL  Pennsylv.  238  (1903). —  Small, 
FL  S.  E.  U.  S.  883  (1903),  in  part;  in  N.  Am.  FL  XXIX.  42  (1914),  in  part.  — 
Shreve  &  others,  PL  Life  Maryland,  466  (1910).  —  W.  Stone  in  Ann.  Rep. 
N.  J.  State  Mus.  1910,  613,  t.  58,  fig.  2  (1911).  —  Millspaugh,  Liv.  FL 
W.  Virginia,  323  (in  W.  Va.  GeoL  Surv.)  (1913).  —  Taylor,  FL  Vicin.  N.  Y. 
489  (Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  V.)  (1915). 

Azalea  viscosa  palustris  Marshall,  Arbust.  Am.  16  (1785). 

Rhododendron  venustum  Salisbury,  Prodr.  287  (1796),  in  part. 

Azalea  virens  Dumont  de  Courset,  Bot.  Cult.  ed.  2,  III.  335  (1811),  as  var.  of 
A.  viscosa. 

Azalea  nitida  Lindley  in  BoL  Reg.  V.  t.  435  (1819),  not  Pursh. 


158  THE   AZALEAS   OF   NOKTH   AMERICA 

Anthodendron  viscosum  Reichenbach  in  Moessler,  Handb.  Gewdchsk.  ed.  2,  I. 
309  (1827).1 

Shrub  to  3  or  nearly  5  m.  tall,  sometimes  low,  rarely  stoloniferous,  with  irregu- 
larly whorled  branches;  young  branchlets,  particularly  toward  the  apex,  with 
hirsute  or  strigose  loosely  appressed,  rarely  spreading  hairs,  otherwise  glabrous, 
yellowish,  or  grayish  brown,  rarely  red-brown  at  the  end  of  the  first  season,  the  older 
branches  light  grayish  brown;  winter-buds  glabrous  sometimes  pubescent,  usually 
brown,  with  8  to  12  broadly  ovate  rounded  at  apex  and  usually  mucronate  or 
sometimes  without  mucro,  the  basal  scales  sometimes  long-pointed,  ciliolate  on  the 
margin.  Leaves  ovate  or  elliptic-obovate  to  oblong-oblanceolate,  acute  or  rounded 
and  gland-tipped  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  2  to  6  cm.  long  and  0.7  to  2  cm.  broad, 
ciliate,  glabrous  on  both  sides  except  the  midrib  slightly  villose  above  and  more 
or  less  strigose  beneath,  sometimes  strigillose  above,  particularly  on  leaves  at  the 
end  of  the  shoots,  usually  dark  green  above,  lighter  green  or  glaucescent  beneath, 
at  maturity  firm  but  rather  thin;  petioles  1  to  3  mm.  long,  strigillose.  Flowers 
appearing  after  the  leaves  in  June  or  July  or  farther  south  in  May,  in  clusters  of 
4  to  9;  pedicels  0.5  to  1,  rarely  to  1.5  cm.  long,  pubescent  and  glandular-hirsute; 
calyx-lobes  semi-orbicular  to  ovate,  about  1  mm.  long,  setosely  glandular-ciliate; 
corolla  white  or  more  or  less  suffused  with  pink,  rarely  deep  pink,  cylindric,  the 
tube  somewhat  dilated  near  apex,  1.5  to  2.5  cm.  long,  about  one  and  one  half  times 
as  long  as  the  lobes  or  sometimes  little  longer  than  lobes,  rarely  almost  twice 
as  long,  finely  villose  and  glandular-hirsute  outside,  slightly  pubescent  inside  above 
the  middle,  the  lobes  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  about  1.5  cm.  long,  glandular- 
hirsute  along  the  middle  outside  and  finely  villose;  stamens  exserted,  somewhat 
longer  than  the  lobes;  the  filaments  villose  except  the  upper  third;  style  4  to  5  cm. 
long,  exceeding  the  stamens,  finely  pubescent  below  the  middle  or  on  the  lower 
third,  pale  or  sometimes  purplish  toward  the  stigma;  ovary  glandular-setose  or 
sometimes  setose  and  glandless.  Capsule  oblong-ovoid,  1.3  to  2  cm.  long,  glandu- 
lar-setose and  finely  pubescent  or  sometimes  glandless. 

The  species  is  distributed  from  southwestern  Maine  through  the  coastal  plain 
to  southeastern  South  Carolina,  extending  inland  to  central  Massachusetts,  north- 
western Connecticut  and  up  the  valley  of  the  Hudson  River  to  the  neighborhood 
of  Albany,2  northern  New  Jersey,  central  and  southwestern  Pennsylvania,  eastern 


1  PRELINNEAN  SYNONYMS:  Cistus  Virginiana  flore  et  odore  Peridymeni  Banister 
apud  Plukenet,  Phytog.  t.  161,  fig.  4  (1691);  Almag.  106  (1696).  —  Azalea  ramis 
infra  foliosis  Gronovius,  Fl.  Virg.  21  (1739).  —  Colden  in  Act.  Soc.  Sci.  Upsala,  IV. 
92  (PL  Coldengh.)  (1749). 

ADDITIONAL  ILLUSTRATIONS.  COLORED  PLATES:  Kerner,  Darst.  Vorz.  Ausl. 
Baum.  t.  57  (1796).  —  Meerburgh,  PL  Select.  Icon.  t.  9  (1798).  —  Schmidt,  Oesterr. 
Baumz.  III.  t.  171  (1800).  — Savi,  FL  Ital.  II.  t.  66  (1822).— Audubon,  Birds  Am. 
II.  115  (1831-34) ;  Quarto  ed.  1. 1. 64  (1840) . — Emerson,  Trees  &  Shrubs  Mass.  ed.  2, 
II.  t.  opp.  p.  438  (1875).  —  Meehan's  Monthl.  X.  81,  t.  6  (1900).  —  BLACK  FIGURES: 
Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  II.  figs.  947,  949  (1838),  947  after  Loddiges  t.  44,  and  949 
after  Bot.  Reg.  t.  414.  —  Newhall,  Shrubs  N.  E.  Am.  fig.  82  (1893).  —  Miller  & 
Whiting,  Wild  Flow.  N.E.St.381  (1895) . — Keeler,  Our  North.  Shrubs,  355  (1903) .  — 
Stevens,  III.  Guide  Flow.  PL  t.  114,  fig.  5  (1910). —  Schneider,  III.  Handb. 
Laubholzk.  II.  figs.  329  n-p,  330  c-d  (1911).  —  Country  Life  Am.  XI.  496  (1907).— 
House,  Wild.  FL  N.  Y.  II.  fig.  22  (1920),  as  A.  canescens. 

2  In  the  state  of  New  York  R.  viscosum  has  been  reported  as  far  west  as  Oneida 
County  by  Payne,  Cat.  PL  Oneida  Co.  50  (in  Rep.  Regents  Univ.  N.  F.)  (1865), 
but  I  have  seen  so  specimens  from  that  locality  and  Professor  K.  M.  Wiegand 
writes  me  that  he  does  not  know  it  west  of  the  Albany  region  and  the  Catskills. 


ENUMERATION   OF   THE   SPECIES  159 

West  Virginia,  western  North  Carolina  and  southeastern  Tennessee  and  south- 
western South  Carolina  (Oconee  County).  It  also  has  been  reported  from  north- 
eastern Ohio.1  It  forms  a  densely-branched  shrub  from  1  to  5  meters  tall  and  grows 
almost  exclusively  in  swamps  together  with  other  swamp-loving  shrubs  and  trees; 
it  is  rather  common  in  the  swamps  of  the  coastal  plain  from  southwestern  Maine 
to  South  Carolina,  but  it  also  is  found  in  swamps  on  the  higher  mountains. 

Rhododendron  viscosum  is  a  very  variable  species,  but  it  is  never  pubescent  except 
in  one  rare  variety  and  in  this  respect  differs  from  the  otherwise  very  closely  related 
R.  serrulatum  from  which  it  is  often  difficult  to  distinguish.  With  the  latter 
species  and  with  R.  arborescens,  R.  oblongifolium  and  R.  atlanticum,  it  forms 
a  group  of  very  closely  connected  species  which  have  been  frequently  confused  and 
are  sometimes  not  easily  distinguished  from  each  other.  The  most  distinct  and 
least  variable  is  R.  arborescens,  which  differs  from  all  these  related  species  in  the 
glabrous  branchlets,  glabrous  leaves  and  usually  glabrous  style;  R.  atlanticum 
differs  in  its  early  flowers  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves,  in  the  absence  of 
the  villose  pubescence  of  the  corolla  and  in  its  low  stature  and  stoloniferous  habit; 
R,  oblongifolium  differs  chiefly  in  its  usually  more  or  less  pubescent,  larger  and 
narrower,  acute  or  sometimes  almost  acuminate  leaves,  in  the  usually  larger  calyx- 
lobes,  the  larger  more  villose  and  less  glandular  corolla  and  in  the  always  pubescent 
winter-buds.  The  most  closely  related  species  is  R.  serrulatum  which  might  be 
considered  only  a  southern  variety  of  R.  viscosum  and  in  fact  was  not  separated 
at  all  from  the  latter  species  until  recently;  it  may  be  chiefly  distinguished  by  the 
more  chartaceous,  setosely  serrulate,  somewhat  reticulate,  often  pubescent  leaves 
never  glaucous  beneath,  the  more  numerous  always  distinctly  mucronate,  often 
aristate  scales  of  its  floral  winter-buds,  the  longer  and  slenderer  corolla-tube 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  lobes  and  the  bright  red-brown  branchlets  usually 
densely  strigose  toward  the  apex.  Rhododendron  viscosum  varies  in  the  pubescence 
of  its  winter-buds,  in  the  amount  and  character  of  the  strigose  or  hirsute  pubes- 
cence on  the  branchlets  and  leaves,  in  the  color  and  shape  of  the  leaves  which  may 
be  bright  green  or  more  or  less  glaucous  and  vary  from  obovate  to  oblong-lance- 
olate, in  the  size  and  color  of  the  flowers  which  may  be  almost  pure  white  or  more 
or  less  pink,  rarely  deep  pink.  Sometimes  it  has  the  low  stoloniferous  habit  of 
R.  atlanticum;  e.  g.  I.  Tidestrom's  No.  7080,  from  between  Berwyn  and  Lanham, 
Maryland,  June  8,  1914,  L.  F.  Ward's  specimen  from  Terra  Cotta  Swamp, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  June  13,  1880  (Nat.  Herb.  No.  14,480),  E.  S.  Steele's  specimen 
from  Hyattsville,  Maryland,  May  31, 1915  (Nat.  Herb.  No.  835,633)  and  Witmer 
Stone's  No.  571,  from  Tyndalls  Mill,  south  of  Manning,  South  Carolina,  May  5, 
1917;  also  P.  C.  Standley's  No.  11,547  from  Hyattsville  Swamp,  May  27,  1915, 

1  Newberry,  Cat.  PL  Ohio,  24  (1860).  —  Kellerman,  Cat.  Ohio  PL  129  (in  Rep. 
Geol.  Surv.  Ohio,  VII.  pt.  2)  (1893).  — Schaffner,  Cat.  Ohio  Vase.  PL  204  (in  Ohio 
BioL  Surv.  I.)  (1914).  —  Rhododendron  viscosum  was  first  reported  from  Ohio  by 
Newberry  in  1860  without  definite  locality  except  "East."  Kellerman  in  1893 
quotes  it  from  Beardslee's  Catalogue  of  1874,  where  it  is  recorded  from  near  Paines- 
ville.  Schaffner  in  1914  gives  Ashtabula  County  as  the  only  locality  for  the  species. 
Among  the  Azaleas  from  the  herbarium  of  the  Ohio  State  University  received 
through  the  kindness  of  Professor  J.  H.  Schaffner  I  found  only  one  specimen 
labeled  A zaleaviscosa  L.,  Pymatuming  Swamp,  Ashtabula  County,  August  11,  1900, 
C.  A.  Davis,  A.  Dachnowski,  F.  Detmers.  This  specimen  has  neither  flowers  nor 
fruits  and  is  apparently  some  form  of  R.  roseum;  it  is  certainly  not  R.  viscosum. 
Beardslee's  record  is  probably  based  on  a  similar  form;  Professor  Schaffner  writes 
me  that  there  are  a  few  of  Beardslee's  specimens  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Ohio 
State  University,  but  none  labeled  Azalea  viscosa,  and  that  Newberry 's  Catalogue 
was  not  based  on  specimens  that  could  be  verified. 


160  THE  AZALEAS   OP   NORTH  AMERICA 

which  belongs  to  var.  glaucum  and  a  specimen  from  Fayetteville,  North  Carolina, 
Biltmore  Herb.  (Nat.  Herb.  No.  969,586)  which  belongs  to  var.  nitidum.  Several 
forms  and  varieties  have  been  distinguished  but  on  account  of  their  mostly  in- 
sufficient description  and  in  the  absence  of  type  specimens  it  is  not  always  pos- 
sible to  recognize  them  with  certainty  and  the  numerous  intermediate  forms  make 
their  distinction  still  more  difficult. 

Rhododendron  viscosum  was  apparently  first  observed  by  John  Banister,  an 
English  missionary  who  sent  a  drawing  of  it  to  Dr.  Compton,  Bishop  of  London. 
Dr.  Compton  communicated  it  to  Plukenet,  who  published  it  in  1691  in  his  Phyto- 
graphia.  The  plant  was  introduced  into  England  apparently  in  the  first  half  of  the 
18th  century  by  John  Bartram,  who  sent  seeds  or  plants  to  Peter  Collinson,1  but 
the  exact  date  is  not  known.  According  to  Aiton  it  was  introduced  in  1734,  but 
Catesby  in  1731  speaks  of  this  shrub  in  the  text  to  the  figure  of  his  Cistus  vir- 
giniana,  which  is  R.  canescens,  as  "having  for  some  years  past  produced  its  beau- 
tiful and  fragrant  blossoms  at  Mr.  Bacon's  at  Horton  and  at  Mr.  Collinson's  at 
Peckham."  I  suppose  Catesby  confused  several  species,  as  appears  from  the  fact 
that  he  applied  Plukenet's  name  belonging  to  R.  viscosum  to  his  figure  which  repre- 
sents R.  canescens.  His  reference  to  fragrant  blossoms  seems  to  indicate  that  the 
shrub  in  cultivation  was  R.  viscosum.  In  any  case  this  species  must  have  been 
well  known  about  1789  when  Aiton  enumerated  five  different  varieties  in  cultiva- 
tion. Wangenheim  in  1787  published  the  first  detailed  description  and  char- 
acteristic figure;  he  mentions  three  varieties  observed  by  him  in  the  state  of  New 
York. 

From  the  type  (R.  viscosum  a.  odoratum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  344  [1830].  — 
Azalea  viscosa  a.  odorata  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  I.  203  [1789].  —  Azalea  viscosa  a.  virens 
Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  1. 151  [1803]),  which  has  green  leaves  and  the  flowers  white 
or  sometimes  striped  pink  outside  along  the  middle  of  the  lobes  (Azalea  viscosa  /3. 
vittata  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  203  [1789].  — Rhododendron  viscosum  /3.  vittatum  Sweet, 
Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2, 344  [1830]),  the  following  varieties  and  forms  may  be  distinguished: 

Rhododendron  viscosum  f.  rhodanthum  Rehder,  forma  nova. 
A  typo  recedit  floribus  intense  roseis. 

MARYLAND.  Prince  Georges  County:  opposite  Hyattsville, 
eastward,  May  31,  1915,  E.  S.  Steele  (Nat.  Herb.  No.  835,633). 

DISTRICT  OP  COLUMBIA.  North  of  Washington,  June  15,  1909, 
Professor  Cook  (Nat.  Herb.  No.  615,776). 

This  is  a  form  of  the  typical  variety  with  bright  pink  flowers  very  glandular 
outside.  In  the  type  specimen,  which  is  from  a  low  stoloniferous  shrub,  the  very 
young  winter-buds  are  glabrous  outside;  in  Professor  Cook's  specimen  they  are 
silky-pubescent.  This  bright  pink  form  occurs  occasionally  with  the  type,  but 
seems  to  be  less  common  than  the  pink  form  of  var.  glaucum. 

Rhododendron  viscosum  var.  glaucum  Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  I.  425 
(1824).  — Gray,  Syn.  FL  II.  1,  41  (1878).— J.  Robinson,  Fl.  Essex 
Co.  Mass.  73  (1880).  —  Dame  &  Collins,  FL  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  62 
(1888).  — Britton,  Cat.  PL  N.  Jersey,  162  (1889). —  Coulter  &  Wat- 
son, Gray's  Man.  ed.  6,  320  (1890). —  Dudley  &  Thurston,  Cat.  PL 

1  See  R.  nudiflorum  on  page  136. 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  161 

Lackawanna  &  Wyoming  Valleys,  38  (1892).  —  Voss,  Vilmorin's 
Blumengart.  I.  588  (1894),  as  forma.  —  Deane,  Fl.  Metrop.  Park, 
Mass.  53  (1896);  in  Rhodora,  I.  94  (1899).  —  Robinson  &  Fernald, 
Gray's  New  Man.  ed.  7,  631  (1908).  —  J.  Jackson,  Cat.  PL  Worcester 
Co.  Mass.  75  (1909). —  Graves  &  others,  Cat.  Flow.  PL  Conn.  308 
(1910).  —  Stone,  List  PL  Franklin,  Hampshire,  Hampden  Cos.  Mass. 
48  (1913). 

Azalea  viscosa  var.  5.  floribunda  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  I.  203  (1789).  —  Willde- 
now,  Spec.  I.  832  (1798). 

Azalea  viscosa  var.  c.  glauca  Alton,  Hort.  Kew.  I.  203  (1789).  —  Willdenow, 
Spec.  I.  832  (1798).  —  Michaux,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I.  151  (1803).  —  Gray,  Man. 
268  (1848).  — M.  A.  Curtis,  Descript.  Trees  &  Shrubs  (in  Geol  Nat.  Hist. 
Surv.N.Car.  III.  Bot.98  (I860).— Britton&  Brown,  7tt.Fi.II.660  (1897).— 
Jelliffe,  Fl.  Long  Island,  124  (1899).  — Britton,  Man.  699  (1901).— 
Porter,  Fl.  Pennsylv.  239  (1903).  —  Keller  &  Brown,  Handb.  FL  Phila.  246 
(1905).  — Shreve  &  others,  PL  Life  Maryland,  466  (1910). —  Stone  in 
Ann.  Rep.  N.  Jersey  State  Mus.  1910,  614  (1911).  —  Millspaugh,  Liv.  FL 
W.  Virginia,  322  (in  W.  Va.  Geol.  Surv.)  (1913). 

Azalea  glauca  Lamarck,  Tab.  Encycl.  Meth.  I.  493,  t.  110,  fig.  2  (1791).  — 
Pursh,  FL  Am.  Sept.  I.  154  (1814).  —  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  716  (1839). 

Azalea  scabra  Hort.  ex  Michaux,  FL  Bor.-Am.  I.  151  (1803),  as  synonym. 

Azalea  floribunda  Dumont  de  Courset,  Bot.  Cult.  ed.  2,  III.  334  (1811),  as 
var.  of  A.  viscosa. 

Rhododendron  glaucum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  344  (1830).  — G.  Don,  Gen. 
SysL  III.  848  (1834)  .1 

This  variety  differs  from  the  type  in  its  glaucous  leaves,  which  may  be  glaucous 
only  below  and  green  or  more  or  less  glaucescent  above.  Sometimes,  particularly 
at  the  end  of  the  shoots,  the  leaves  are  strigose  above;  the  latter  form  was  distin- 
guished by  Aiton  as  var.  glauca  from  his  var.  floribunda  with  the  leaves  glaucous 
beneath  and  smooth  above,  but  these  two  forms  can  hardly  be  kept  distinct  and 
in  uniting  them  I  follow  Torrey  (FL  U.  S.  I.  425  [1824])  in  giving  preference  to 
the  name  glauca  which  has  been  used  for  this  form  by  all  subsequent  authors, 
though  var.  floribunda  precedes  it  on  the  page.  The  flowers  are  either  white  or 
more  or  less  suffused  with  carmine  outside,  often  very  intensely  so  before  opening; 
the  form  with  the  more  intensely  pink  or  carmine  flowers  may  be  distinguished  as 
f.  rubescens,  comb.  nov.  (?  Azalea  viscosa  pubescens  2  Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  V.  t.  441 
[1820]).  —  A.  viscosa  TJ.  rubescens  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  266  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges, 
I.  c.  XVI.  t.  1518  (1829).  —  Rhododendron  viscosum  rj.  rubescens  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit. 
ed.  2,  344  (1830). — G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  847  (1834).  —  ?#.  viscosum  6.  pubescens 
Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  344  (1830).  —  Azalea  glauca  vox.  purpurascens  Jager, 
Ziergeh.  118  (1865).  —  Azalea  glauca  var.  rosea  Jager,  1.  c.  (1865).  —  Rhododen- 
dron viscosum  f.  roseum  Hollick  in  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  XVIII.  256  (1891). 

The  var.  glaucum  both  with  white  and  red  flowers  is  found  frequently  growing 
together  with  the  typical  form  throughout  its  range,  at  least  in  the  coastal  plain 


1  ADDITIONAL  ILLUSTRATIONS.    COLORED  PLATES:  Meerburgh,  PL  Select.  Icon. 
t.  6  (1798).  —  Schmidt,  Oester.  Baumz.  III.  1. 172  (1800).  —Watson,  Dendr.  Brit.  I. 
t.  5  (1825). 

2  This  is  probably  a  mistake  for  rubescens;  there  is  apparently  nothing  pubescent 
about  this  plant  and  the  red  color  is  the  chief  character  by  which  it  is  distinguished. 


162  THE   AZALEAS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

region,  but  I  have  seen  no  specimens  of  it  from  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  nor  from 
North  and  South  Carolina.  A  specimen  from  Lee  County,  Alabama,  seems 
doubtful. 

Rhododendron  viscosum  var.  nitidum  A.  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II.  1,  41 
(1878).  —  Ward,  Guide  FL  Wash.  95  (1881).  —  Owen,  PL  Nantucket, 
39  (1888).  —  Britton,  Cat.  PL  N.  Jersey,  162  (1889). —  Coulter  & 
Watson,  Gray's  Man.  ed.  6,  320  (1890).  —  Voss,  Vilmorin's  Blu- 
mengart.  I.  588  (1894),  as  forma.  —  Deane  in  Rhodora,  I.  94  (1899); 
III.  197  (1901).  —  Fernald  &  Robinson,  Gray's  New  Man.  631  (1908). 
—  Graves  &  others,  Cat.  FL  PL  Conn.  308  (1910). 

?  Azalea  lucida  Meerburgh,  PL  Select.  Icon.  t.  7  (1798). 

?  Azalea  spathulata  Dumont  de  Courset,  Bot.  Cult.  III.  335  (1811),  as  "sous- 
var."  of  A.  viscosa. 

Azalea  nitida  Pursh,  FL  Am.  Sept.  I.  153  (1814).  —  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII. 
716  (1839). 

Rhododendron  nitidum  Torrey,  FL  U.  S.  I.  425  (1824).  —  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst. 
III.  847  (1834). 

Azalea  viscosa  var.  nitida  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2,  257  (1856).  —  Wood,  Classb.  Bot. 
489  (1870);  Am.  Bot.  FL  203  (1870).  — Nicholson,  III.  Diet.  Gard.  I.  150 
(1887).  —  Britton  in  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  V.  248  (1894) ;  Man.  699  (1901).  — 
Britton  &  Brown,  III.  FL  560  (1897).  —  Jelliffe,  FL  Long  Island,  124 
(1899).  —  Porter,  FL  Pennsylv.  239  (1903). —  Keller  &  Brown,  Handb.  Fl. 
Phila.  246  (1905).  —  Millspaugh,  Uv.  FL  W.  Virginia,  323  (in  W.  Va.  Geol. 
Surv.)  (1913). 

This  form  differs  from  the  type  chiefly  in  its  dwarfer  habit  and  in  its  smaller 
leaves  obovate-oblong  or  narrowly  elliptic  to  oblanceolate,  acute  at  the  ends  or 
abruptly  acuminate,  green  on  both  sides,  sometimes  strigose  above.  The  flowers 
are  usually  more  or  less  pinkish. 

This  form  occurs  with  the  type  from  Massachusetts  to  eastern  North  Carolina 
and  is  apparently  a  coastal  plain  form;  the  most  southern  specimens  I  have  seen 
are  from  Newbern,  Craven  County,  North  Carolina  (T.  G.  Harbison,  Nos.  45,  46, 
47,  49, 53,  55,  56,  June  6,  1918);  a  specimen  collected  near  the  same  locality  (May 
26,  1919;  No.  129)  by  the  same  collector  is  typical  R.  viscosum. 

Rhododendron  viscosum  var.  tomentosum  Rehder,  comb.  nov. 

Azalea  tomentosa  Dumont  de  Courset,  Bot.  Cult.  ed.  2,  III.  336  (1811),  as  var. 

of  A.  viscosa.  —  Bosse,  Vollst.  Handb.  Blumengart.  I.  341  (1840). 
?  Azalea  tomentosa  Dur.  ex  Steudel,  Nomencl.  1. 96  (1821),  as  var.  of  A.  pro- 

cumbens.1 
Azalea  viscosa  tomentosa  Hort.  Angl.  ex  Bosse,  I.  c.  (1840),  as  synonym. 

MARYLAND.  Prince  Georges  County:  Hyattsville,  June  27, 
F.  H.  Knowlton  (Nat.  Herb.  335,818);  June  4,  1905,  H.  D.  House 
(No.  925  a,  Nat.  Herb.  No.  492,824,  in  part). 

1  The  author  citation  "Dur."  is  possibly  a  mistake  for  "Dum."  Duroi  describes 
only  Azalea  viscosa  in  his  Harbkesche  Baumzucht.  Why  Steudel  refers  A.  tomen- 
tosa to  A.  procumbens  is  not  clear  to  me. 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  163 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.  Bancroft,  Four  Mile  Run,  June  6,  1915, 
E.  S.  Steele  (Nat.  Herb.  No.  835,632). 

NORTH  CAROLINA.  Cumberland  County:  Manchester,  June  25, 
1902,  Biltmore  Herb.  No.  6610  (Nat.  Herb.  No.  969,584;  shrub 
6-8  ft.). 

Cultivated.  A  specimen  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  without  locality 
labeled  "  28.  A.  tomentosa  Loddiges." 

This  variety  differs  from  the  type  chiefly  in  its  leaves  being  finely  but  rather 
densely  pubescent  beneath  and  more  or  less  so  above.  No  reference  to  such  a  form 
appears  in  any  American  flora,  but  the  plant  must  have  been  introduced  to  Europe 
more  than  a  hundred  years  ago  and  was  first  described  by  Dumont  de  Courset, 
who  was  in  doubt  whether  it  was  a  distinct  species  or  a  variety  of  A .  viscosa  and 
describes  it  as  having  wooly  branches,  lanceolate-oval  leaves  soft-pubescent  on 
both  sides  and  late  appearing  white,  fragrant  flowers.  Of  the  plant  cultivated  in 
England  as  A.  tomentosa  there  is  a  sterile  specimen  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  which 
was  probably  incorporated  in  the  herbarium  between  1840  and  1850,  as  "Torr. 
and  Gray,  Flora  N.  Am."  appears  on  the  label.  This  specimen  agrees  exactly  with 
the  spontaneous  specimens  cited  above  and  especially  with  the  specimen  from 
Hyattsville.  The  leaves  are  generally  oblong-obovate,  2.5  to  5.5  cm.  long,  acute 
or  acutish,  sparingly  strigillose  above,  sparingly  strigose  on  the  midrib  beneath; 
the  petioles  and  young  branchlets  are  puberulous  and  sparingly  strigose.  The 
leaves  in  the  specimen  from  Manchester  are  slightly  shorter  and  broader  and  more 
densely  pubescent  above  and  not  strigillose;  the  corolla-tube  in  this  specimen  is 
slender,  about  2.8  cm.  long,  rather  densely  villose  and  sparingly  glandular-pilose. 
The  specimen  from  the  District  of  Columbia  has  less  densely  pubescent  leaves  and 
a  more  glandular  and  less  villose  corolla  as  has  the  specimen  from  Hyattsville. 
This  is  a  rather  remarkable  variety,  as  I  have  not  observed  in  any  of  the  numer- 
ous specimens  of  R.  viscosum  that  I  have  seen  any  tendency  to  have  the  leaves 
pubescent,  although  the  midrib  may  be  sometimes  slightly  pubescent  below. 

Rhododendron  viscosum  var.  hispidum  Voss,  Vilmorin's  Blumen- 
gdrt.  I.  588  (1894),  as  forma.  —  Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laubholzk.  II. 
502  (1911),  as  var.  —  Rehder  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl  Hort.  V.  2942 
(1916). 

?  Azalea  scabra  Dumont  de  Courset,  Bot.  Cult.  ed.  2,  III.  335  (1811),  as  var. 

of  A.  viscosa. 
Azalea  hispida  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  I.  154  (1814).  —  Watson,  Dendr.  Brit.  t.  6 

(1825).  —  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  2,  716  (1839). 
Rhododendron  hispidum  Torrey,  FL  U.  S.  I.  425  (1824).  —  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit. 

II.  1144,  fig.  948  (1838).  —  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  847  (1834). 
Azalea  glauca  /3.  hispida  Heynhold,  Nomencl.  Bot.  Hort.  I.  108  (1840). 
Azalea  viscosa  var.  hispida  Wood,  Classb.  Bot.  490  (1870) ;  Am.  Bot.  Flor.  203 

(1870).  — Britton  in  Mem.   Torr.   Bot.   Club,   V.  248    (1894);  Man.  699 

(1901).  —  Britton  &  Brown,  III.  Fl.  II.  559  (1897).  —  Porter,  FL  Pennsylv. 

239  (1903). 

This  form  differs  from  the  type  chiefly  in  its  hispid  young  branchlets,  the  glau- 
cous rather  narrow  leaves  usually  strigose  above  and  in  the  hispid  pedicels.  The 
flowers  are  usually  more  or  less  carmine  and  have  according  to  Pursh  frequently 
ten  stamens.  The  habitat  of  this  form  which  is  described  as  a  shrub  3  to  5  m.  tall 


164  THE  AZALEAS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

is  given  by  Pursh  as  occurring  "on  the  borders  of  lakes  on  the  highest  parts  of  the 
Blue  Mountains:  New  York  and  Pennsylvania";  by  Britton  it  has  been  reported 
from  Shawangunk  Mountain,  Ulster  County,  New  York,  and  Montauk  Point,  Long 
Island,  and  by  Porter  from  Monroe  County,  Pennsylvania,  but  I  have  not  yet  seen 
a  specimen  which  agrees  with  Pursh's  description.  The  specimen  from  Montauk 
Point  I  consider  a  rather  copiously  strigose  specimen  of  typical  R.  viscosum. 

Rhododendron  viscosum  var.  montanum  Render,  var.  nov. 

A  typo  recedit  gemmis  floriferis  perulis  paucioribus  sericeo-pubescentibus  praedi- 
tis,  ramulis  minute-villosulis  et  praesertim  apicem  versus  pilis  longis  patentibus 
pallidis  instructis  ut  petioli,  foliis  subtus  ad  costam  sericeo-strigillosis  v.  subpaten- 
tim  hirsutis  et  satis  dense  v.  interdum  sparsissime  minute  villosulis  vel  interdum 
fere  glabris,  pedicellis  dense  glanduloso-pilosis. 

NORTH  CAROLINA.  Macon  County:  Highlands,  alt.  3825  and 
3900  ft.,  July  9  and  September  30,  1918  (No.  58,  type,  No.  60);  alt. 
3900  ft.,  June  20  and  September  30,  1918  (Nos.  40,  41),  July  9,  1918 
(No.  63),  June  13,  1918  (No.  38),  June  20,  1918  (Nos.  31,  36),  Sep- 
tember 2,  1910  (No.  117),  June  10,  1911  (No.  650),  July  2,  1911  (No. 
656),  T.  G.  Harbison-,  Mt.  Satuloh,  June  21,  1898,  A.  P.  Anderson 
(No.  1507;  Nat.  Herb.  No.  344,433).  Buncombe  County:  Bilt- 
more,  June  12,  1897  (Biltmore  Herb.  No.  1399  a),  vicinity  of  Black 
Mountain,  Sept.  8,  1913,  P.  C.  Standley  &  H.  C.  Bollman  (No.  10,453; 
Nat.  Herb.  No.  689,191).  Wake  County:  Raleigh,  June  11,  1918, 
T.  G.  Harbison. 

This  variety  differs  from  the  type  chiefly  in  its  pubescent  winter-buds  with 
comparatively  few  scales,  in  the  spreading  hairs  and  the  minute  pubescence  of  the 
branchlets  and  pedicels  and  of  the  midrib  of  the  under  side  of  the  leaves.  It  is  a 
low  densely  branched  shrub,  usually  not  exceeding  1.25  m.  in  height.  The  silky- 
pubescent  winter-buds  have  only  5  to  7  larger  broad  rounded  scales  with  3  to  4 
small  acuminate  scales  at  the  base.  The  young  branchlets  are  minutely  puberu- 
lous  and  toward  the  apex  more  or  less  densely  furnished  with  long  spreading  pale 
hairs  not  brown  and  loosely  accumbent  as  on  the  otherwise  glabrous  branchlets 
of  the  typical  plant.  The  leaves  are  obovate  to  oblong-obovate,  2.5  to  4  cm.  long, 
glabrous  and  bright  green  somewhat  lustrous  above,  the  terminal  leaves  very  rarely 
strigose,  lighter  or  paler  green  beneath,  the  midrib  with  long  pale  subaccumbent 
or  sometimes  more  or  less  spreading  hairs  and  besides  usually  minutely  villose 
particularly  toward  the  base;  the  very  short  petioles  have  a  pubescence  similar  to 
that  of  the  branchlets.  The  flowers  appear  from  the  middle  of  June  to  the  begin- 
ning of  July;  their  pedicels  are  finely  villose  and  rather  densely  glandular-pilose; 
the  corolla  is  finely  villose  and  furnished  with  numerous  red  long-stipitate  glands 
and  seems  to  be  usually  more  or  less  suffused  with  pink;  the  calyx-lobes  are  very 
short;  the  style  is  purplish  above,  with  purple  stigma.  The  capsule  is  oblong- 
ovoid,  0.8  to  1.5  cm.  long,  finely  villose  and  glandular-setose.  The  variety  seems 
to  be  similar  to  and  may  be  identical  with  Azalea  hispida  of  Pursh,  which  is  also  a 
mountain  form  of  R.  viscosum;  but  Pursh  describes  his  plant  as  10  to  15  feet  tall, 
the  leaves  as  hispid  above  and  the  calyx-teeth  as  oblong,  while  this  variety  is  a 
low  shrub,  with  the  leaves  smooth  above  or  only  very  exceptionally  strigillose 
above,  and  the  calyx- teeth  very  short. 


ENUMERATION   OF   THE   SPECIES  165 

This  variety  is  apparently  restricted  to  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and 
grows  in  swamps  or  sometimes  in  woods  or  on  mountain  slopes.  It  was  introduced 
into  cultivation  through  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  where  plants  were  raised  from 
seed  collected  in  January,  1919,  by  Mr.  T.  S.  Harbison  near  Highlands.  With  it 
grows  a  form  with  glaucescent  leaves  and  often  more  intensely  pink  flowers  which 
may  be  distinguished  as: 

Rhododendron  viscosum  var.  montanum  f.  coerulescens  Rehder, 
f.  nov. 

A  typo  recedit  foliis  subtus  glaucis  et  supra  glaucescentibus  vel  opace  coeruleo- 
viridibus  et  floribus  saepius  plus  minusve  roseis. 

NORTH  CAROLINA.  Macon  County:  Highlands,  alt.  3825  and 
3900  ft.,  July  9  and  September  30, 1918  (No.  66,  type,  Nos.  57  and  65), 
June  17,  1918  (No.  B  39),  June  19,  1918  (No.  35),  September  2,  1920 
(No.  116),  July  14, 1920  (No.  5845),  T.  G.Harbison.  Avery  County, 
Linville  (Plant  collected  by  H.  H.  Richardson  and  cultivated  in  his 
garden;  specimen  June  28,  1918).  Transylvania  County:  Little 
Pisgah  Mountain,  alt.  5100ft.,  June  24,  1909,  H.  D.  House  (No.  4311; 
Nat.  Herb.  No.  513,348).  Buncombe  County:  Asheville,  May, 
1888,  G.  McCarthy  (Nat.  Herb.  No.  42,623). 

This  form  appears  quite  distinct  with  its  bluish  green  leaves  glaucous  beneath 
and  the  more  or  less  pink  flowers  which  are  in  the  plant  brought  by  Mr.  Richard- 
son from  Linville  in  1913  carmine  in  bud  and  suffused  with  rosy  pink  all  over  when 
open.  As  an  ornamental  shrub  it  is  certainly  one  of  the  handsomest  forms  of 
Rhododendron  viscosum. 

Rhododendron  viscosum  var.  aemulans  Rehder,  var.  nov. 

A  typo  praecipue  recedit  foliis  majoribus  latioribusque  ad  6  cm.  longis  et  ad 
3.5  cm.  latis,  subtus  glaucescentibus  v.  pallidis  plerumque  obovatis  saepe  obtusius- 
culis,  ramulis  praesertim  apicem  versus  dense  ferrugineo-strigosis,  floribus  majori- 
bus, tubo  fere  3  cm.  longo  satis  dense  villoso,  perulis  dense  griseo-sericeis. 

GEORGIA.  Randolph  County:  in  low  woods  near  Cuthbert, 
May  9,  1918,  T.  G.  Harbison  (No.  39,  type,  Nos.  36,  37,  38).  Here 
may  also  belong  Harbison's  Nos.  17  and  20,  Cuthbert,  low  shrub  in 
burned-over  pine  woods,  March  29,  1918. 

This  is  a  very  perplexing  form  and  seems  to  be  equally  closely  related  to  R.  vis- 
cosum, R.  serrulatum  var.  georgianum  and  R.  oblongifolium.  From  the  first  it  differs 
chiefly  in  the  larger  leaves  glaucescent  beneath,  the  densely  rufous-strigose  branch- 
lets,  the  larger  rather  densely  villose  flowers  and  the  densely  pubescent  winter- 
buds;  from  the  second  it  differs  in  its  early  flowering  time,  the  more  villose  corolla, 
and  from  the  third  in  the  densely  rufous-strigose  branchlets,  destitute  or  nearly 
destitute  of  villose  pubescence,  in  the  more  densely  glandular  corolla  and  in  the 
small  sepals.  The  winter-buds  are  densely  grayish  pubescent.  The  leaves  are 
obovate  to  nearly  elliptic  often  almost  rounded  at  the  apex,  mucronulate,  3  to  6 
cm.  long  and  1.5  to  3.5  cm.  broad,  glabrous  above,  the  upper  ones  narrower  and 
acute  and  strigillose  above,  pale  or  glaucescent  beneath  and  glabrous  except  the 


166  THE   AZALEAS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

strigillose  midrib,  and  slightly  reticulate.  The  flower-clusters  are  large  and  many- 
flowered;  the  sepals  semiorbicular  and  minute;  the  corolla-tube  is  about  3  cm.  long, 
villose  and  glandular-hirsute;  the  setose  hairs  of  the  ovary  are  tipped  with  purple 
glands.  Part  of  No.  36  consists  of  a  branch  with  the  leaves  narrower  and  puberu- 
lous  above  and  short-villose  beneath.  Whether  the  numbers  17  and  18  collected 
in  bloom  on  March  29  belong  here  is  doubtful.  The  leaves  are  half -grown,  glauces- 
cent  on  both  sides  and  glabrous  except  the  strigillose  midrib  beneath,  the  corolla  is 
less  pubescent  and  the  tube  somewhat  more  gradually  dilated  at  the  apex.  It  has 
some  resemblance  to  R.  atlanticum,  but  the  corolla  is  less  glandular  and  more  vil- 
lose, the  winter-buds  are  pubescent  and  the  habit  is  apparently  different.  Some 
specimens  from  Lee  and  Dallas  Counties,  Alabama,  which  I  have  referred  to  typi- 
cal R.  viscoswn,  may  belong  rather  to  this  variety  than  to  R.  viscosum. 

Aiton's  Azalea  viscosa  y.  fissa  (Hart.  Kew.  I.  203  [1789].  —  Rhododendron  vis- 
cosum t.fissum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  344  [1830])  described  as  "floribus  albis  ad 
basin  usque  divisis,  foliis  saturate  viridibus  lucidis  "  is  apparently  not  a  form  with 
a  regularly  five-parted  corolla  like  his  A.  nudiflora  rj.  partita,  for  Dumont  de  Cour- 
set  describes  the  same  form  under  Azalea  serotina  N.,  A.  fissa  H.  K.  (Bot.  Cult.  ed.  2, 
III.  336  [1811]),  as  follows:  "Le  tube  de  la  corolla  est  plus  court;  le  limbe  se  fend 
quelquefois  dans  une  des  ses  divisions  jusqu'au  tiers  ou  la  moitiS  du  tube,  meme 
jusqu'a  sa  base;  dans  plusieurs  corolles  il  ne  se  fend  pas."  Such  split  corollas  may 
be  seen  occasionally  and  seem  to  occur  in  certain  individuals  more  frequently  than 
in  others;  for  instance  Harbison's  No.  656  of  var.  montanum  shows  a  large  per- 
centage of  more  or  less  deeply  split  corollas,  but  this  can  be  considered  only  as  an 
abnormality  and  not  as  a  taxonomic  form. 

A  form  with  double  flowers  is  mentioned  by  Dumont  de  Courset  in  1814  (Bot. 
Cult.  VII.  166)  as  "Azalea  visqueuse  a  fleurs  doubles,"  and  in  1864  Kirchner  (in 
Petzold  &  Kirchner,  Arb.  Muse.  479  [1864])  enumerates  an  Azalea  viscosa  flare 
pleno.  I  have  seen  neither  a  plant  nor  a  specimen  of  a  double-flowered  true  R.  vis- 
cosum; the  forms  I  have  seen  under  this  name  were  apparently  of  hybrid  origin. 
There  is  also  an  Azalea  glaucaflore  semipleno  Jager  (Ziergeh.  118  [1865]).  —  Azalea 
viscosaglauca  sousv&T.flore  pleno  Mouillefert,  Arb.  Arbriss.  II.  1021  [1897].  —  ?  Azalea 
glauca  plena  Hort.  Kew.  [in  herb.  Arnold  Arb.].  Under  the  last  named  synonym  a 
specimen  was  collected  by  G.  Nicholson  in  Kew  Gardens  in  1880;  the  leaves  are 
glaucescent  beneath  and  the  corolla  has  the  shape  of  that  of  R.  viscosum,  but  it  is 
almost  destitute  of  villose  pubescence,  the  sepals  are  well  developed  and  oblong 
and  the  young  branchlets  are  almost  glabrous  except  stipitate  glands.  These 
characters,  together  with  the  early  flowering  time  (June  1)  when  the  leaves  were 
only  partly  developed,  suggest  R.  atlanticum. 

Rhododendron  arborescens  Torrey,  Fl.  U.  8.  425  (1824).  —  G.  Don, 
Gen.  Syst.  III.  847  (1834).  —  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  IV.  1145  (1838).— 
Gray,  Syn.  FL  II.  1,  40  (1878).  —  Sargent,  Gard.  &  For,!.  400,  fig.  64 
(1888).  — Dippel,  Handb.  Laubholzk.  I.  416,  fig.  269  (1889).  —  Coul- 
ter &  Watson,  Gray's  Man.,  ed.  320  (1890).  —  Robinson  &  Fernald, 
Gray's  New  Man.  ed.  7,  631  (1908). —Schneider,  III.  Handb.  Laub- 
holzk. II.  500,  fig.  329  1-m,  330  b  (1911).  — Millais,  Rhodod.  115 
(1917). 

?  Azalea  viscosa  Marshall,  Arbust.  Am.  15  (1785),  not  Linnaeus. 
Azalea  arborescens  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  152  (1814).  —  De  Candolle,  Prodr. 
VII.  2,  716  (1839).  —  Gray,  Man.  268  (1848);  ed.  5,  299  (1867).  —  M.  A. 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  167 

Curtis,  Descript.  Trees  &  Shrubs  (in  Geol.  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  N.  Car.  III.  Bot.) 
(I860).  — Britton  &  Brown,  III.  Fl.  II.  559,  fig.  2746  (1897).  —  Britton, 
Man.  698  (1901).  —  Gattinger,  Fl.  Term.  131  (1901). —  Porter,  Fl.  Penn- 
sylv.  238  (1903).  —  Keller  &  Brown,  Handb.  Fl.  Phila.  246  (1905).  —  Small, 
Fl.  S.  E.  U.  S.  883  (1903);  in  N.  Am.  Fl.  XXIX.  43  (1914).  —  Millspaugh, 
Uv.  Fl.  W.  Virginia,  322  (in  W.  Va.  Geol.  Surv.)  (1913). 

Azalea  vertidllata  Carr,  Cat.  Trees  &  Shrubs  Bartram's  Bot.  Gard.  11  (1814), 
name  only.  —  Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  XVII.  t.  1632  (1830). 

Azalea  arborea  Bartram  ex  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  152  (1814),  as  synonym. 

Azalea  fragrans  Rafinesque,  Ann.  Nat.  12  (1820),  not  Adams.1 

Upright  shrub  to  3  m.,  rarely  a  small  tree  6  m.  tall;  young  branchlets  glabrous 
or  rarely  with  a  few  scattered  strigose  hairs,  often  slightly  bloomy,  yellowish  brown 
or  reddish  brown  at  the  end  of  the  first  season,  becoming  light  gray  or  light  gray- 
ish brown  the  second  year;  floral  winter-buds  glabrous,  light  brown,  with  broadly 
ovate  rounded  and  usually  mucronulate  ciliate  scales.  Leaves  obovate  or  some- 
times elliptic  to  oblong-oblanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse  and  gland-tipped  at  the  apex, 
cuneate  at  base,  3  to  8  cm.  long  and  1.3  to  3  cm.  broad,  ciliate,  lustrous  bright 
green  above,  glaucous  or  glaucescent  or  sometimes  nearly  green  beneath,  glabrous 
except  sparingly  short-villose  on  the  midrib  above  and  sparingly  strigose  on  the 
midrib  beneath  or  sometimes  quite  glabrous  beneath;  petioles  slender,  3  to  7  mm. 
long,  glabrous  or  rarely  with  a  few  strigose  hairs.  Flowers  very  fragrant,  appear- 
ing the  end  of  June  or  beginning  of  July  in  3-  to  6-flowered,  umbel-like  clusters; 
pedicels  slender,  0.8  to  2  cm.  long,  glandular-hirsute  or  without  glands,  sometimes 
glabrous;  sepals  ovate  to  linear-oblong,  usually  obtuse,  3  to  6  mm.  long,  glandu- 
lar-ciliate,  otherwise  glabrous  or  sometimes  villose;  corolla  funnel-form,  white  or 
pinkish,  the  tube  2.5  to  3  cm.  long,  slightly  dilated  at  the  apex,  usually  sparingly, 
rarely  densely  glandular-hirsute  outside,  otherwise  glabrous  or  slightly,  rarely 
rather  densely  villose,  pubescent  inside  except  on  the  lower  third,  lobes  ovate- 
oblong,  acuminate  1.5  to  2  cm.  long;  stamens  exserted  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
tube,  the  filaments  purple  above,  pubescent  below  the  middle;  anthers  2  to  3  mm. 
long,  ochraceous;  style  as  long  or  somewhat  longer  than  the  stamens,  5.5  to  7  cm. 
long,  purple  above,  glabrous  or  sometimes  finely  pubescent  near  the  base,  rarely 
villose  on  the  lower  third;  ovary  glandular-setose,  with  reddish  glands.  Capsule 
oblong-ovoid,  0.8  to  1.7  cm.  long,  densely  glandular-hispid. 

This  species  is  distinctly  a  species  of  the  Appalachian  Mountain  regions  and 
does  not  occur  in  the  coastal  plane  but  along  the  Susquehanna  it  descends  to  the 
southern  part  of  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  along  the  Potomac  to  Fairfax 
County,  Virginia,  along  the  Savannah  River  to  Richmond  County,  Georgia, 
and  along  the  Chattahoochee  River  to  Decatur  County,  Georgia;  it  is  distributed 
from  southern  Pennsylvania  through  western  Maryland,  northern  and  western 
Virginia,  eastern  West  Virginia,  and  eastern  Kentucky,  western  North  Carolina, 
northwestern  South  Carolina,  eastern  Tennessee  to  northern  (Winston  County) 
and  eastern  Alabama  (Talladega  and  Clay  Counties) 2  and  to  eastern  (Richmond 
County)  and  southwestern  Georgia  (Decatur  County).  It  grows  chiefly  on  the 
banks  of  mountain  streams,  rarely  on  the  borders  of  swamps  and  ascends  to  an 
altitude  of  5200  feet  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina. 


1  ADDITIONAL  ILLUSTRATIONS.  COLORED  PLATE:  Lounsberry,  Guide  to  Trees,  t. 
75  (1900).  —  BLACK  FIGURES:  Keeler,  Our  North.  Shrubs,  353,  fig.  (1903).  —  Garden 
Mag.  V.  219,  fig.  (1907).  —  Country  Life  Am.  XL  496  (1907).  —Bailey,  Stand. 
Cyd.  Hort.  V.  f.  3388  (1916),  after  Gard.  &  For. 

a  Sheet  No.  770,587  in  the  National  Herbarium  labeled  "Rhododendron  visco- 
sum,  borders  of  stream  in  thickets,  Pointclear,  C.  Mohr,  June  16,  1889,"  contains 


168  THE   AZALEAS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Rhododendron  arborescens  is  most  nearly  related  to  R.  viscosum,  but  is  easily 
distinguished  from  this  and  other  Azaleas  by  the  glabrous  branchlets,  glabrous 
leaves  glaucous  beneath  and  the  large  white  or  pinkish  flowers.  It  shows  little 
variation  except  in  the  length  and  shape  of  the  sepals,  in  the  amount  of  pubescence 
on  the  outside  of  the  corolla,  in  the  pubescence  of  the  pedicels  occasionally  quite 
or  nearly  glabrous,  in  the  pubescence  of  the  style,  which  is  glabrous  or  sometimes 
more  or  less  pubescent  below. 

Rhododendron  arborescens  was  probably  discovered  by  John  or  William  Bartram 
and  appeared,  according  to  Pursh,  in  Bartram' s  catalogue  as  Azalea  arborea,  while 
in  the  catalogue  issued  by  Robert  Carr  in  1814  it  appears  as  A.  vertidllata;  also 
"Azalea  caroliniana,  Sweet  Honeysuckle,"  in  an  undated  "Catalogue  of  American 
trees  and  shrubs  ...  in  John  Bartram's  Garden"  may  possibly  be  the  same 
species.  Also  Humphrey  Marshall  seems  to  have  known  it,  for  his  Azalea  viscosa 
(Arbust.  Am.  15  [1785]),  which  he  describes  as  a  shrub  five  or  six  feet  high  growing 
in  rich  rocky  places  near  streams  of  water,  is  probably  R.  arborescens,  while  his 
A.  viscosa  palustris  is  the  true  R.  viscosum. 

Michaux  observed  it  in  May,  1795  (see  his  Jour.  ed.  Sargent,  116),  on  the  Blue 
Ridge  in  North  Carolina,  but  there  seems  to  be  no  specimen  of  it  in  his  herbarium. 
Loddiges,  who  published  an  excellent  colored  plate  of  this  species  under  the  name 
Azalea  vertidllata,  states  that  it  was  received  "many  years  since  from  our  old 
friend  Bartram  under  this  name,"  which  tends  to  show  that  it  was  introduced 
before  the  plant  was  known  as  A.  arborescens  and  before  1818,  the  date  given  by 
Sweet  in  his  Hortus  Britanicus  under  A .  arborescens  as  the  date  of  its  introduction 
to  England,  but  neither  Sweet  nor  Loudon  say  who  introduced  it  at  that  date; 
probably  it  was  John  Lyon,  who  was  an  active  collector  in  North  America  up 
to  that  time.  It  was  first  described  in  1814  as  a  new  species  by  Pursh,  who  dis- 
covered it  on  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  and  also  saw  it  cultivated  in 
John  Bartram's  garden  at  Philadelphia;  he  called  it  the  finest  ornamental  shrub 
he  knew.  It  certainly  is  a  very  handsome  shrub  and  it  seems  strange  that  it  is 
still  so  little  known  in  cultivation;  the  dry  leaves  have  a  very  pleasing  smell  of 
coumarin,  like  Melilotus  and  Anthoxanthum,  and  retain  it  for  many  years  in  her- 
barium specimens. 

Rhododendron  arborescens  var.  Richardsonii  Rehder,  var.  nov. 

A  typo  praecipue  recedit  statu  humiliore  plerumque  0.60-1.5,  rarius  ad  2.5  m. 
altum,  foliis  paulo  minoribus  et  magis  glaucescentibus,  corolla  densius  villosa  et 
magis  glanduloso-hirsuta,  sepalis  plerisque  brevibus  ovatis  vel  semiorbicularibus 
extus  villosis,  stylo  plerumque  in  triente  inferiore  dense  villoso. 

NORTH  CAROLINA.  Macon  County:  on  Wayoh  Bald,  alt.  5200 
feet,  June  7,  1919,  T.  G.  Harbison  (No.  170,  type,  compact  shrub, 
4  feet  tall,  growing  in  dense  patches),  alt.  4800  feet  (No.  176);  High- 
lands, on  mountain  side  in  moist  soil,  alt.  4400  or  4500  feet,  June  23, 
1918,  T.  G.  Harbison  (Nos.  G  34,  D  42);  alt.  4000  feet,  July  9,  1918, 
T.  G.  Harbison  (No.  62) ;  without  precise  locality,  alt.  3800  feet,  July  2, 
1911  (No.  655);  high  mountains,  Sept.  2  and  6,  1910  (Nos.  114,  132), 

two  different  species,  one  being  R.  arborescens.  If  the  locality,  which  is  not  clearly 
written,  is  Pointclear,  Baldwin  County,  the  range  of  R.  arborescens  would  extend 
to  the  coast  of  Alabama,  but  until  the  occurrence  of  the  species  there  is  confirmed 
by  other  collections  I  consider  it  doubtful. 


ENUMERATION   OF  THE   SPECIES  169 

alt.  48,500  feet  (No.  5788),  alt.  4800  feet  (No.  5790),  July  1,  1920, 
alt.  3800  feet  (Nos.  5841,  5842),  alt.  4000  feet  (No.  5843),  alt.  4500 
feet  (No.  5844),  T.  G.  Harbison. 

This  is  the  form  of  the  high  mountain  which  replaces  the  typical  tall-growing 
form  at  altitudes  of  from  3800  to  5200  feet.  It  is  a  low  compact  or  wide-spreading 
shrub,  usually  about  1  m.  but  occasionally  up  to  2.5  m.  tall.  The  leaves  are  some- 
what smaller  and  more  glaucous.  The  corolla  is  rather  densely  villose  and  copi- 
ously glandular-pilose  outside,  but  slightly  villose  in  Nos.  5790,  5841  and  5842; 
the  sepals  are  usually  short,  but  sometimes,  as  in  Harbison's  Nos.  G.  34  and  D.  42, 
they  are  as  long  as  in  the  type;  the  style  is  densely  villose  on  the  lower  third  except 
in  Nos.  62,  655, 5790, 5841, 5842,  and  5844,  which  have  a  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous 
style;  the  leaves  are  glaucous  beneath,  but  green  in  No.  5843. 

What  appears  to  be  the  same  form  has  been  collected  near  Great  Falls,  Fairfax 
County,  Virginia,  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Ashe  (see  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  XLVII.  582  [1920]), 
who  kindly  sent  us  a  specimen  which  agrees  in  every  respect  with  the  mountain 
form  described  above. 

The  variety  Richardsonii  was  introduced  into  cultivation  in  1917  by  Mr.  H.  H. 
Richardson,  who  has  in  his  garden  at  Brookline,  Mass.,  an  interesting  collection  of 
spontaneous  forms  of  American  Azaleas. 

Rhododendron  prunifolium  Millais,  Rhodod.  230  (1917).  —  Millais  & 
Williams  in  Rhodod.  Soc.  Notes,  I.  125  (1918)  .x 

Azalea  prunifolia  Small,  FL  S.  E.  17.  S.  ed.  2, 1356  (1913) ;  in  Fl.  N.  Am.  XXIX. 

44  (1914). 

Slender  shrub  to  3  m.  tall  with  irregularly  whorled  branches;  young  branchlets 
glabrous,  dark  purplish  red,  rarely  light  grayish  brown  at  the  end  of  the  first  season, 
becoming  light  grayish  brown  or  grayish  the  second  year;  winter-buds  glabrous, 
light  brown  or  reddish  brown,  with  broadly  ovate  scales  rounded  and  mucronulate, 
sometimes  nearly  aristate  at  the  apex  and  ciliolate.  Leaves  elliptic,  or  sometimes 
obovate  to  oblong,  acute  or  short-acuminate  and  gland-tipped,  cuneate  or  broadly 
cuneate  at  base,  3  to  10  cm.  or  occasionally  to  13.5  cm.  long  and  1.7  to  4  cm.  broad, 
ciliate,  dark  or  bright  green,  glabrous  above  except  the  slightly  villose  midrib  and 
dull  green,  very  rarely  sparingly  strigillose,  lighter  green  beneath  and  sparingly 
strigose  on  the  midrib  and  sometimes  on  the  veins,  midrib  and  secondary  veins 
often  rather  prominent  beneath  and  light-colored,  slightly  impressed  above;  peti- 
oles 3  to  6  mm.  long,  glabrous  or  rarely  sparingly  strigose.  Flowers  about  the 
middle  of  July  in  4-  to  5-flowered  umbel-like  clusters;  pedicels  about  5  mm.  long, 
hirsute;  sepals  semi-orbicular  to  ovate,  about  1  mm.  long,  long-ciliate;  corolla 
funnel-form,  crimson,  the  tube  gradually  widened  above  the  middle,  2  to  2.5  cm. 
long,  glabrous  or  sparingly  hirsute,  pubescent  inside,  the  lobes  broadly  ovate, 
abruptly  acuminulate,  about  1.5  cm.  long  and  0.9  to  1.3  cm.  broad  and  more  or  less 
finely  villose  and  sometimes  slightly  glandular-pilose  outside;  stamens  much  ex- 
serted,  nearly  three  times  as  long  as  the  tube,  5  to  6.5  cm.  long,  villose  on  and 
below  the  middle;  anthers  2  to  3  mm.  long,  ochraceous;  style  much  exceeding  the 
stamens,  about  8  cm.  long,  glabrous,  purple  above;  ovary  covered  with  long  se- 
tose, glandless  hairs.  Capsule  ovoid-oblong,  about  2  cm.  long,  strigose  and  finely 
puberulous. 


1  Rhododendron  prunifolium  Forbes,  Hort.  Woburn,  91  (1833),  is  a  nomen  nudum 
and  cannot  invalidate  Millais'  combination. 


170  THE  AZALEAS  OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

This  plant  is  known  only  in  southwestern  Georgia  and  eastern  Alabama  and 
grows  in  shady  ravines  on  the  banks  of  streams.  The  type  locality  is  about  two 
miles  northwest  of  Cuthbert,  where  it  was  collected  by  R.  M.  Harper  in  1903  and 
first  described  by  Small  in  1913.  It  is  the  most  distinct  of  the  American  species  of 
the  section  Pentanthera  and  shows  no  very  close  relation  to  any  species  of  this 
section.  It  is  the  most  glabrous  of  all  American  species  and  entirely  destitute  of 
any  glandular  pubescence  except  occasionally  some  glands  on  the  outside  of  the 
corolla-lobes;  in  its  glabrousness  it  comes  nearest  to  the  preceding  species,  but  that 
has  generally  obovate  smaller  leaves  distinctly  glaucous  beneath  and  a  glandular 
and  pubescent  corolla;  in  the  leaves,  the  winter-buds  and  in  the  branchlets  it  re- 
sembles R.  Vaseyi  so  much  that  it  is  not  easy  to  distinguish  sterile  specimens, 
but  the  flowers  are  entirely  different.  The  shape  of  the  corolla  of  R.  prunifolium 
is  much  like  that  of  R.  calendulaceum  and  R.  occidentals,  but  these  species  differ 
widely  from  R.  prunifolium  in  most  other  characters. 

Rhododendron  prunifolium  was  introduced  into  cultivation  through  the  Arnold 
Arboretum,  where  plants  were  raised  in  1918  from  seeds  collected  by  T.  G.  Harbison 
near  Cuthbert,  Georgia,  in  November,  1917. 


ENUMERATION  OF  THE  SPECIES 

SPONTANEOUS    HYBRIDS 

No  spontaneous  Azalea  hybrids  have  been  as  yet  recorded,  but  I 
have  before  me  several  specimens  which  may  possibly  be  of  hybrid 
origin.  There  are  some  specimens  collected  by  Professor  C.  S.  Sar- 
gent near  Bath,  Georgia,  on  April  29,  1914,  which  appear  interme- 
diate between  R.  canescens  and  R.  spedosum.  They  differ  from  the 
former  in  the  red  flowers  with  shorter  more  dilated  corolla-tube  desti- 
tute of  glands  and  with  larger  limb  and  from  R.  spedosum  in  their 
smaller  flowers,  more  densely  pubescent  leaves  and  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent winter-buds.  As  the  two  supposed  parent  species  have  been 
collected  at  the  same  locality,  and  flower  at  about  the  same  time,  the 
occurrence  of  such  a  hybrid  is  not  improbable.  Possibly  of  the  same 
origin  is  T.  G.  Harbison's  No.  900  from  Stone  Mountain,  De  Kalb 
County,  April  29,  1912;  it  much  resembles  R.  speciosum,  but  the  flow- 
ers are  apparently  of  much  lighter  color  and  the  winter-buds  are 
pubescent;  both  supposed  parent  species  occur  in  the  region. 

On  the  Nantahala  Mountains,  Macon  County,  North  Carolina, 
T.  G.  Harbison  collected  a  specimen  (No.  186;  June  7,  1919)  similar 
to  R.  calendulaceum  but  with  narrower  and  longer  corolla-tube  and 
pink  flowers;  it  may  possibly  be  a  hybrid  between  R.  calendulaceum 
and  R.  nudiflorum,  but  I  am  not  aware  whether  the  latter  species  is 
found  in  that  particular  locality,  though  it  occurs  in  Macon  County. 
On  the  Chilhowee  Mountain,  Tennessee,  A.  H.  Curtiss  collected  an 
Azalea  (No.  1719)  which  resembles  closely  R.  arborescens,  but  has 
pubescent  branchlets;  whether  this  is  a  hybrid  possibly  with  R.  vis- 
cosum}  I  am  not  prepared  to  say. 


171 


GARDEN  HYBRIDS 

There  exists  in  gardens,  especially  in  Europe,  on  the  Continent  as 
well  as  in  England,  a  bewildering  variety  of  Azaleas  which  are  un- 
doubtedly of  hybrid  origin;  in  fact  almost  all  of  the  so-called  hardy 
Azaleas  in  cultivation  are  hybrids,  the  true  species  having  almost 
entirely  disappeared  from  gardens.  The  parentage  of  most  of  these 
forms  is  so  mixed  that  it  is  impossible  to  recognize  their  origin  with 
certainty,  particularly  if  one  is  not  sure  of  at  least  one  of  the  parents. 
The  difficulty  is  increased,  as  pointed  out  before,  by  the  absence  of 
strong  morphological  characters  between  the  different  species  of  this 
group,  so  that  it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  separate  even  the  spontane- 
ous forms  satisfactorily.  Many  of  the  older  hybrids  have  been  figured, 
but  usually  without  adequate  description  and  with  often  vague  and 
indefinite  indication  of  the  parentage;  and  as  no  herbarium  material 
is  available  to  supplement  the  illustrations,  we  have  to  depend  on  the 
figures  and  the  indication  of  the  parentage  as  given.  Some  of  these 
older  forms  may  still  be  in  cultivation,  and  if  one  were  able  to  observe 
and  compare  a  large  collection  of  them  in  cultivation,  many  of  the 
problems  might  be  solved,  though  the  only  sure  way  to  elucidate  the 
origin  of  these  hybrids  would  be  by  raising  plants  from  seed  of  self- 
fertilized  flowers,  that  is  from  flowers  carefully  protected  from  foreign 
pollination  and  fertilized  by  pollen  from  the  same  plant.  In  some 
cases  it  may  be  necessary  to  raise  more  than  one  generation  to  arrive 
at  satisfactory  results.  All  I  can  do  here  is  to  assemble  the  more  im- 
portant literature  relating  to  these  hybrids  as  a  basis  for  further 
studies. 

It  seems  rather  strange  that  the  first  hybrids  known  to  have  been 
raised  in  this  genus  are  not  between  species  of  the  Azalea  group,  but 
between  Azaleas  and  true  Rhododendrons.  The  very  first  hybrid 
which  we  know  is  one  raised  between  Rhododendron  ponticum  and  some 
form  of  Azalea;  it  originated  at  Thompson's  Nursery  at  Mile  End  near 
London  before  1800  and  was  figured  by  Andrews  in  1801  as  R.  ponti- 
cum var.  deciduum.  This  is  possibly  the  plant  Distributed  afterwards 
as  R.  azaleoides  by  English  nurserymen,  for  in  1811  and  1814  Dumont 
de  Courset  describes  an  identical  or  very  similar  form  under  that 
name,  giving  "  Hort.  lond."  as  author  citation.  Similar  crosses  have 

172 


HYBRIDS  173 

been  made  afterwards  during  the  first  quarter  of  last  century,  for  dis- 
tinct forms  of  similar  origin  appeared  in  horticultural  literature  at 
that  time,  e.  g.,  a  cross  between  R.  viscosum  and  R.  maximum  pub- 
lished by  Ker  in  Botanical  Register  (t.  195)  in  1817  and  a  cross  between 
R.  viscosum  and  R.  ponticum  published  by  Suns  in  Botanical  Magazine 
(t.  2308)  in  1822,  both  raised  by  Wm.  Herbert  at  Spofforth,  England, 
and  other  forms  of  unknown  origin  partly  cultivated  under  the  name 
R.  azaleoides.  Many  such  hybrids  were  raised  at  Coombe  Wood  and  at 
Highclere,  as  a  report  in  the  Edinburgh  New  Philosophical  Journal  (VI. 
193)  in  1829  shows:  "  It  has  been  found  that  different  species  in  the 
genera  Azalea,  Rhododendron  and  Rhodora  fertilize  each  other  .  .  . 
this  has  occurred  at  the  Earl  of  Liverpool's  collection  at  Coombe  Wood 
and  still  more  remarkably  at  the  Earl  of  Caernarvon's  [sic]  extensive 
collection  at  High  Clerc  [sic],"  and  at  the  same  place  Mr.  Gowen  men- 
tions that  there  are  hundreds  of  seedlings  of  different  varieties  of 
Azalea  nudiflora  and  A.  viscosa  fertilized  with  pollen  of  a  Rhododen- 
dron intermediate  between  R.  ponticum  and  R.  catawbiense. 

The  raising  of  hybrids  between  different  species  of  Azaleas  seems  to 
have  been  started  almost  simultaneously  in  England  and  in  Belgium. 
In  England  it  was  chiefly  at  Highclere  in  the  Earl  of  Carnarvon's 
gardens  where  these  hybrids  were  raised.  In  a  report  in  the  Edin- 
burgh New  Philosophical  Journal  (X.  185)  in  1831  it  is  stated  that  Mr. 
Gowen  raised  seedlings  of  Azalea  coccinea  var.  major,  minor  and 
rubescens1  "  dusted  with  pollen  of  a  late  A.  pontica"  and  of  A. 
coccinea  rubescens2  "impregnated  with  pollen  of  A.  calendulacea 
triumphans."  In  Belgium  it  was  a  baker  at  Ghent,  P.  Mortier,  who 
conceived  about  1825  the  idea  of  retarding  the  early  flowering  varie- 
ties, which  are  often  injured  by  late  frosts,  by  crossing  them  with  late 
flowering  varieties,  and  he  achieved  splendid  results.  In  1834  he  sold 
his  last  seedlings  to  Louis  Verschaffelt  of  Ghent,  who  continued  the 
work.  By  Sweet,  who  figured  one  of  these  hybrids  in  1831,  they  were 
called  R.  Mortieri  and  later  by  Spae  and  Morren  Azalea  Mortieriana. 

These  hybrids  were  chiefly  crosses  between  the  American  Azaleas, 

1  This  is  probably  a  mistake  and  should  read  A.  viscosa  var.  rubescens,  for  in 
1832  Sweet  states  (Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  ser.  3,  II.  t.  137)  under  R.  ornatum,  that  the 
specimen  figured  was  received  in  1830  and  that  "the  seeds  were  raised  by  Lord 
Carnarvon's  gardener  from  Azalea  viscosa  rubescens  fertilized  by  A.  pontica  under 
Mr.  Gowen's  own  inspection." 

2  Lindley  (in  Bot.  Reg.  XVI.  t.  1366  [1830])  states  under  A.  calendulacea  sub- 
cuprea,  quoting  from  Mr.  Gowen's  letter,  that  this  form  was  raised  at  Highclere 
between  A.  nudiflora  rubescens  and  A.  calendulacea  triumphans.    There  is  no  such 
name  as  A.  coccinea  rubescens  known  to  me. 


174  THE  AZALEAS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA 

R.  calendulaceum,  R.  nudiflorum,  R.  speciosum,  R.  viscosum  and  the 
Old  World  R.  luteum.  An  interesting  hybrid  was  raised  by  the  Rev. 
William  Herbert  at  Spofforth  by  crossing  R.  luteum  and  R.  canadense, 
the  species  representing  two  different  sections;  it  was  figured  by  Lind- 
ley  in  1838  as  Azalea  Seymouri,  but  apparently  disappeared  soon 
from  cultivation,  as  it  had  no  particular  ornamental  merits. 

After  R.  molle  G.  Don  (Azalea  sinensis  Lodd.),  introduced  in  1823 
from  China,  had  found  its  way  into  the  gardens  it  also  was  used  to  pro- 
duce new  hybrids,  and  a  hybrid  with  R.  viscosum  was  figured  as  Azalea 
altadarense  in  1842,  one  with  R.  speciosum  as  Azalea  marginata  in  1835 
and  one  with  a  form  of  R.  Mortieriw&s  figured  in  1845  as  A.  sinensis 
var.  Bylsiana.  The  influence  of  R.  molle,  however,  does  not  seem  to 
have  left  a  perceptible  trace  among  the  older  Azalea  hybrids,  but 
when  crossed  with  R.  occidentals  A.  Gray  introduced  about  1850, 
which  was  used  by  Anthony  Waterer  of  Knap  Hill  and  by  others  in 
hybridization  work  with  this  and  other  hardy  Azaleas,  a  very  hand- 
some race  of  hardy  free-flowering  Azaleas  with  large  flowers  of  prevail- 
ingly light  colors  was  developed,  classed  here  under  R.  albicans.  A 
still  greater  influence  on  the  development  of  hybrid  Azaleas  took  place 
when  R.  japonicum  was  introduced  into  the  gardens  in  the  early  six- 
ties. It  became  soon  widely  known  under  the  name  Azalea  mollis 
and  by  hybridizing  it  with  other  hardy  Azaleas  a  distinct  race  known 
as  "  Azalea  mollis  hybrids  "  (R.  mixtum)  was  raised,  characterized 
by  low  compact  habit  and  dense  clusters  of  large  scentless  flowers 
with  a  wide  limb  and  short  tube.  Among  the  "  Mollis  hybrids  "  are 
often  included  the  hybrids  of  R.  japonicum  with  R.  sinense  for  which 
the  name  R.  Kosterianum  has  been  proposed;  the  first  hybrids  of  this 
kind  appear  to  have  been  raised  in  the  seventies  (see  p.  97).  About 
1890  another  race  of  hybrids  was  raised  by  crossing  R.  japonicum 
with  evergreen  Rhododendrons  (see  p.  99) ;  these  were  called  by  Andre" 
"  Azaleodendron."  Recently  an  interesting  hybrid  between  two  dif- 
ferent sections  was  raised  by  G.  Fraser  of  Ucluelet,  Vancouver,  B.  C., 
by  crossing  R.  japonicum  with  R.  canadense.  This  promises  to  be  a 
very  ornamental  plant  unlike  the  older  R.  Seymouri,  the  first  known 
hybrid  of  R.  canadense. 

In  the  following  enumeration  the  different  garden  forms  are  placed 
under  their  supposed  parents,  though  in  many  cases  it  is  not  certain 
whether  the  parentage  given  in  the  original  description  or  the  opinion 
based  on  the  evidence  presented  is  correct.  If  an  available  binomial 
exists,  it  follows  the  indication  of  the  parentage  and  is  printed  in 


HYBRIDS  175 

heavy  type.  No  attempt  has  been  made  to  have  binomial  designa- 
tions for  all  the  different  crosses;  only  when  the  plant  is  known  to  be 
still  in  cultivation  and  had  no  available  name  under  Rhododendron, 
new  combinations  have  been  formed.  The  hybrids  between  Old 
World  species  have  been  included,  as  far  as  they  have  not  been  men- 
tioned in  the  preceding  paper  by  my  colleague,  E.  H.  Wilson,  to  make 
the  enumeration  of  the  Azalea  hybrids  as  complete  as  possible. 


SECT.   PENTANTHERA 

Rhododendron  calendulaceum  x  nudiflorum  (and  partly  x  speci- 
osum)  =  Rhododendron  Mortieri  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830), 
as  R.  Morterii,  name  only. 

Rhododendron  Morterii  var.  a.  cornea  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830), 

name  only;  Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  ser.  2,  I.  t.  10  (1831). 
Azalea  calendulacea  i.  Morterii  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  718  (1839). 
Azalea  Mortieriana  Spae  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  II.  325,  t.  81  (1846), 

in  part. 
"Azaleae  Mortierianae"  Morren  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  III.  9,  t.  106 

(1847),  in  part. 

Azalea  Mortieri  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  II.  190  (1872),  as  synonym. 
Rhododendron  calendulaceum  var.  Morteri  Nicholson  in  Kew  Hand-list  Arb. 

ed.  2,  497  (1902). 
Rhododendron  Mortieri  Zabel  in  Mitteil.  Deutsch.  Dendr.  Ges.  XI.  30  (1902). 

This  is  stated  by  Sweet  to  be  a  hybrid  of  and  intermediate  between  R.  calen- 
dulaceum and  R.  nudiflorum  and  judging  from  the  colored  plate  there  is  no  reason 
to  doubt  that  statement.  The  pink  flowers  are  large  with  spreading  limb  consist- 
ing of  broad  lobes  of  which  the  upper  is  almost  covered  by  an  orange-yellow  blotch. 
From  this  form  named  a.  cornea,  which  must  be  considered  the  type,  the  form  praes- 
tans  differs  in  its  pale  copper-colored  flowers  tinged  with  blush  and  with  the  upper 
lobe  of  the  limb  coppery  yellow.  Sweet  states  that  this  plant  was  received  from 
the  Continent  under  the  adopted  specific  name. 

Of  the  same  parentage  and  probably  referable  here  as  synonyms  or  varieties 
are  the  following  forms: 

Azalea  calendulacea  a.  flammea  Sims  in  Bot.  Mag.  XL VII.  t.  2143  (1820),  not 
Michaux. 

The  plant  figured  is  apparently  neither  R.  speciosum  nor  a  true  R.  calendulaceum; 
the  pink  corolla  tube  and  the  partly  pink,  partly  orange-colored  lobes,  except  the 
upper  one  which  is  entirely  orange,  may  be  taken  to  indicate  the  influence  of  R. 
nudiflorum,  though  there  is  a  possibility  that  a  variation  of  R.  calendulaceum  with 
more  or  less  pinkish  flowers  exists. 

Azalea   nudiflora  TTTT.  tricolor  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  265  (1826),  name  only.  — 

Loddiges,  Bot.  Cab.  XIV.  t.  1382  (1828). 
?  Azalaea  tricolor  Carr,  Cat.  Trees  &  Shrubs  Bartram's  Bot.  Gard.  10  (1814), 

name  only. 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  inr.  tricolor  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  344  (1830). 
Rhododendron  tricolor  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830),  "Hybrid  1816."  — 

Millais,  Rhodod.  255  (1917). 

This  form  is  stated  to  have  been  received  from  Philadelphia  in  1821,  but  it 
belongs  apparently  to  this  group  of  hybrids;  the  rather  slender  deep  red  tube  and 

176 


HYBRIDS  177 

the  pale  pink  limb  indicate  a  R.  nudiflorum  form,  while  the  rather  broad  and  large 
limb  with  an  orange-yellow  lobe  indicates  the  influence  of  R.  calendulaceum. 

Azalea  calendulacea  var.  subcuprea  Gowen  apud  Lindley  in  Bot.  Reg.  XVI.  t. 

1366  (1830). 
Rhododendron  calendulaceum  i.  subcupreum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  3,  443  (1839). 

This  form,  which  has  flowers  very  similar  in  shape  to  those  of  R.  calendulaceum 
and  of  a  peculiar  dull  salmon-pink  with  an  orange-colored  upper  lobe,  is  said  to 
have  been  raised  at  Highclere  between  A.  nudiftora  rubescens  and  A.  calendulacea 
triumphans,  which  is  apparently  correct. 

Azalea  calendulacea  var.  lepida  Gowen  apud  Lindley  in  Bot.  Reg.  XVII.  t. 

1402  (1831). 
Rhododendron  calendulaceum  K.  lepidum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  3,  443  (1839). 

This  form,  which  has  flowers  similar  in  shape  to  those  of  R.  calendulaceum  but 
with  bright  pink  tube,  white  lobes  bordered  with  light  pink  and  with  a  large 
yellow  blotch  on  the  upper  lobe,  is  stated  to  have  been  raised  of  the  same  parentage 
aa  var.  subcuprea. 

Azalea  calendulacea  var.  Stapletoniana  Lindley  in  Bot.  Reg.  XVII.  t.  1407 

(1831). 
Rhododendron  calendulaceum  p.  Stapletonianum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  3,  443 

(1839). 

The  flowers  are  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  varieties,  but  of  bright  deep 
rose  color  with  a  large  yellow  blotch  on  the  upper  lobe.  This  is  also  one  of  the 
Highclere  Azaleas,  but  its  particular  parentage  is  not  stated. 

Azalea  pontica  var.  versicolor  Lindley  in  Bot.  Reg.  XVIII.  t.  1559  (1833). 
Rhododendron  flavum  r.  versicolor  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  3,  442  (1839). 

Though  this  hybrid  which  was  raised  at  Highclere  was  published  without  indi- 
cation of  its  parentage  as  a  variety  of  Azalea  pontica,  I  cannot  see  any  indication 
of  R.  luteum  in  it.  The  flowers  are  rose-red  in  different  shades  with  a  deep  orange 
upper  lobe  and  the  tube  is  conspicuously  pilose.  A  specimen  before  me  collected 
at  Kew  in  1880  and  labeled  Azalea  versicolor  grandiflora  may  be  this  form.  It 
resembles  more  a  form  of  R.  nudiflorum;  the  corolla  is  very  pilose  and  only  spar- 
ingly glandular  and  the  leaves  do  not  show  the  slightest  influence  of  R.  luteum  in 
their  pubescence  and  shape. 

Rhododendron  luteum  x  nudiflorum. 

Rhododendron  calendulaceum  var.  fulgidum  Hooker  in  Bot.  Mag.  LXII.  t. 

3439  (1835). 

Azalea  calendulacea  v&r.fulgina  Mouillefert,  Arb.  Abriss.  II.  1022  (1897). 
Azalea  calendulacea  var.  frigida  Mouillefert,  I.  c. 

Hooker  states,  this  Azalea  was  received  from  the  Glasgow  Botanic  Garden  as 
Azalea  calendulacea  v&r.fulgida,  but  that  it  has  the  appearance  of  a  hybrid  between 
R.  ponticum  (probably  a  mistake  for  Azalea  pontica)  and  R.  nudiflorum  var.  cocci- 
neum.  It  certainly  does  not  belong  to  R.  calendulaceum,  and  may  be  either  a  form 
of  R.  nudiflorum  or,  as  Hooker  suggests,  a  hybrid  of  that  species  with  R.  luteum. 
The  flowers  are  bright  pink  with  a  whitish  upper  lobe  and  their  shape  is  more  like 
that  of  R.  nudiflorum.  Mouillefert's  two  synonyms  probably  owe  their  origin  to 
some  slip  of  the  pen,  for  he  cites  for  both  "B.  M.  3439." 

I 


178  THE  AZALEAS   OF  NOKTH   AMERICA 

Rhododendron  luteum  x  speciosum. 

Azalea  nudiflora  var.  scintillans  »  Lindley  in  Bot.  Reg.  XVII.  t.  1461  (1831). 
Rhododendron  nudiflorum  var.  scintillans  Hooker  in  Bot.  Mag.  LXV.  t.  3667 
(1839). 

In  the  Botanical  Register  Mr.  Gowensays:  "This  Azalea  was  raised  at  Highclere 
in  the  same  year  with  those  already  figured  in  previous  parts  of  this  work  and  is 
a  seedling  from  Azalea  coccinea  major  impregnated  by  the  pollen  of  Azalea  pontica. 
The  flowers  are  bright  pink  with  the  narrow  lobes  of  R.  nudiflorum  and  with  the 
upper  lobe  of  a  pale  buff  color  or  nearly  whitish." 

The  following  are  probably  of  the  same  parentage: 

Rhododendron  flavum  var.  ardens  Sweet,  Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  ser.  2,  IV.  t.  306 

(1835). 
Azalea  pontica  *  coronaria  /3.  ardens  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  718  (1839). 

This  form  was  introduced  from  Holland,  according  to  Sweet,  and  he  says  that 
it  "is  doubtless  a  production  between  R.  flavum  and  one  of  the  varieties  of  R.  nudi- 
florum." Judging  from  its  bright  scarlet  flowers  borne  in  a  very  large  dense  head 
it  is  near  R.  speciosum  and  if  not  simply  a  form  of  that  species  it  may  very  well  be 
a  hybrid  between  it  and  R.  luteum. 

Rhododendron  flavum  var.  coronarium  Sweet,  Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  ser.  2,  IV.  t. 

331  (1836). 
Azalea  pontica  *  coronaria  a.  flavum  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  718  (1839). 

This  is  very  similar  to  the  preceding  except  that  the  flowers  are  orange-yellow 
with  a  red  tinge.  It  also  was  imported  from  Holland. 

Rhododendron  luteum  x  viscosum  =  Rhododendron  ornatum  Sweet 
Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  ser.  2,  II.  t.  137  (1832). 

Azalea  pontica-rubescens  Gowen  ex  Sweet,  I.  c.  (1832)  as  synonym. 
Rhododendron  viscosum  ft.  ornatum  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  847  (1834). 
Azalea  viscosa  *  ornata  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  617  (1839). 

Sweet  states  that  he  received  the  specimen  figured  the  end  of  May,  1830,  and 
that  "the  seeds  were  raised  by  Lord  Carnarvon's  gardener  from  Azalea  viscosa  /5. 
rubescens,  fertilized  by  A.  pontica  under  Mr.  Gowen's  own  inspection." 

Four  varieties  are  distinguished  and  figured: 

a.  speciosum,  with  reddish  orange  flowers  (fig.  1). 

0.  incarnatum,  with  pale  pink  flowers  tipped  with  white,  the  upper  lobe  yellow 

(fig.  3;  in  the  text  by  mistake  as  var.  and  fig.  2). 

7.  luteum  with  pale  yellow  flowers  slightly  tinged  with  blush,  the  upper  lobe 
deep  yellow  (fig.  2;  in  the  text  by  mistake  as  var.  3  and  fig.  3). 

1.  roseum  with  pale  rose  flowers,  the  upper  lobe  with  a  large  orange  blotch 

(fig.  4). 

Rhododendron  Mortieri  x  luteum  (and  partly  viscosum  or  arbores- 
cens)  =  Rhododendron  gandavense  Rehder,  comb.  nov. 

1  This  name  should  not  be  used  for  this  plant  as  a  binomial  designation 
under  Rhododendron,  as  there  is  already  a  R.  scintillans  Bah",  f.  &  W.  W.  Sm. 


HYBRIDS  179 

Azalea  Mortieriana  Spae  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  II.  325,  t.  81  (1846), 

in  part  (twelve  named  varieties  are  figured). 
"Azaleae  Mortierianae  "  Morren  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  9,  t.  106 

(1847),  in  part. 

Azalea  pontica  et  var.  Witte,  Flora,  290,  t.  73  (1868). 
Azaleae  Gandavenses  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  II.  185  (1872),  as  synons. 
Azalea  Gandavensis  Hort.  apud  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  II.  2,  367  (1873),  in  the 

index.  —  Render  in  Bailey,  Cycl.  Am.  Hort.  I.  121  (1900),  in  part. 

This  collective  group  is  intended  to  include  all  the  hybrids  between  the  different 
species  of  American  Azaleas  (exclusive  of  R.  occidentale)  and  R.  luteum  which  can- 
not be  traced  to  any  of  the  binary  hybrids  but  are  apparently  of  more  mixed  and 
uncertain  parentage.  It  comprises  the  garden  forms  known  as  Ghent  Azaleas  or 
Azalea  pontica  varieties,  also  sometimes  called  Azalea  Mortieriana,  though  Rhodo- 
dendron Mortieri  as  first  figured  and  described  by  Sweet  is  apparently  a  binary 
hybrid  between  R.  calendulaceum  and  R.  nudiflorum.  As  it  is  desirable  for  prac- 
tical reasons  to  have  a  definite  name  for  this  group  of  hybrids,  I  have  adopted  the 
name  gandavense,  which  has  been  used  in  some  nursery  catalogues  in  the  combina- 
tion "Azaleae  gandavenses  "  for  this  group  of  hybrids.  It  is  one  of  those  cultigen 
groups  which  as  L.  H.  Bailey  points  out  (in  Science,  XLVII.  306  [1918])  need 
names  in  the  taxonomic  treatment  of  cultivated  plants,  though  such  groups  can- 
not be  pinned  down  to  a  type  and  are  more  or  less  heterogenous  and  therefore  not 
exactly  in  accordance  with  present  taxonomic  usage. 

The  following  forms  seem  also  to  belong  here: 

"Azaleas  de  Jardins  "  Lemaire  in  III.  Hort.  II.  pi.  75  (1855). 

Sixteen  different  named  varieties  are  figured,  a  flower  of  each;  most  of  them  are 
similar  to  the  forms  of  R.  Morteri,  some  suggest  the  influence  of  A.  spedosum  and 
some  of  R.  luteum. 

"Azaleas  rustiques  de  Gand  "  Van  Houtte  in  Rev.  Hort.  Beige,  III.  3  tab. 
(1877). 

Two  named  varieties  of  the  R.  Mortieri  type. 

"Hardy  Azaleas  "  Osborn  in  Gard.  XV.  318  t.  176  (1879). 
Four  varieties,  probably  all  representing  hybrids  of  R.  Morteri. 

Rhododendron  gandavense  var.  plenum  Rehder,  nom.  nov. 

Under  this  name  all  the  double-flowered  forms  of  R.  gandavense  may  be  classed. 
I  refer  here  the  following  forms,  of  which  the  first  may  serve  as  a  type  of  this  group. 

Azalea  Van  Houttei  flore  pleno  Van  Houtte  in  Fl.  des  Serres,  XIII.  t.  1298 
(1858). 

Raised  from  seed  of  a  form  of  R.  Mortieri.  The  flowers  are  semidouble  with 
5  to  10  stamens,  and  of  pink  color  with  the  3  or  4  upper  lobes  orange. 

"Azaleas  rustiques  de  Gand  "  Van  Houtte  in  Fl.  des  Serres,  XIX.  t.  2019- 
2024  (1873),  excl.  t.  2019,  2020. 

The  plants  were  bought  by  Van  Houtte  from  the  widow  and  sons  of  Louis 
Hellebuyck,  a  contemporary  of  Mortier.  Six  forms  are  figured;  four  of  them  are 
double-flowered,  two  of  them  (t.  2019  and  2020)  are  single. 

"Hardy  double  Azaleas  "  Moore  in  Flor.  &  Pomol.  1880,  89.  t.  516. 


180  THE   AZALEAS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Three  forme  are  figured:  "Narcissiflora,"  "Graf  von  Meran"  and  "Sappho." 
The  two  first  named  are  in  cultivation  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  Of  the  form 
"Narcissiflora  "  R.  luteum  seems  to  be  the  dominant  parent,  while  Graf  von  Meran, 
though  similar,  shows  in  its  color  and  the  less  glandular  pubescence  the  influence 
of  R.  nudiflorum. 

Rhododendron  molle  x  occidentale  =  R.  albicans  Waterer  apud 
Zabel  in  Mitteil.  Deutsch.  Dendr.  Ges.  XI.  30  (1902).  — For  further 
citations  see  page  97. 

The  following  references  may  be  added  to  those  given  on  pages  97  and  98. 

Azalea  "Waterer's  New  Hardy  "  Moore  in  Flor.  &  Pomol.  1883,  177,  t.  in 
part. 

Three  forms  are  figured,  stated  to  have  been  raised  by  Anthony  Waterer  by 
crossing  A.  occidentalis  with  various  hybrids.  Two  of  them,  "C.  S.  Sargent"  with 
yellow  flowers  and  "Henrietta  Sargent"  with  bright  rose-colored  flowers,  are 
probably  hybrids  with  R.  Kosterianum  forms  and  may  be  referred  to  R.  albicans, 
while  "Rubra  plena  "  is  probably  a  hybrid  of  R.  occidentale  with  one  of  the  double- 
flowered  R.  gandavense  and  does  not  belong  here. 

"New  Hybrid  Azaleas  "  W.  G.  in  Gard.  XXIX.  550,  t.  548  (1886),  in  part. 

Two  unnamed  varieties  are  figured  of  which  the  white-flowered  one  apparently 
belongs  here. 

Azalea  albicans  [Waterer]  apud  Gard.  XLV.  229,  322  (1894);  apud  Jour.  Roy. 
Hort.  Soc.  XVII.  XLVI  (1895). 

Described  as  a  hybrid  between  Azalea  mollis  and  A.  occidentalis  with  white 
flowers  just  touched  with  yellow  and  with  an  orange  suffusion  on  the  upper  lobes. 

I  am  in  favor  of  restricting  the  name  R.  albicans  to  the  hybrid  forms  between 
R.  molle  (including  perhaps  x  R.  Kosterianum)  and  R.  occidentale,  for  which  it  was 
originally  intended,  and  to  refer  the  last  reference  given  on  page  98  to  R.  mixtum. 
Of  the  varieties  cited  by  Wilson,  "Graciosa"  and  "Exquisite"  belong  certainly 
to  R.  albicans,  of  the  other  two  I  am  not  sure.  The  forms  of  R.  albicans  are  char- 
acterized by  large  light-colored  flowers  with  rather  short  tube,  puberulous  and 
scarcely  glandular  outside  and  with  the  orange  blotch  consisting  of  more  or  less 
separate  dots  and  with  not  or  slightly  exserted  stamens;  from  R.  molle  and  R.  Kos- 
terianum they  differ  chiefly  in  the  longer,  more  cylindric  tube  and  the  generally 
pinkish  white  color  of  the  flowers. 

Rhododendron  gandavense  x  occidentale. 

Azalea  "Waterer's  New  Hardy  "  Moore  in  Flor.  &  Pomol.  1883,  177,  t.;  as  to 

var.  "Rubra  plena." 
"New  Hybrid  Azaleas  "  W.  G.  in  Gard.  XXIX.  550,  t.  548  (1886),  as  to  the 

red-flowered  variety. 

To  this  group  I  am  inclined  to  refer  such  forms  as  "Emelie  "  and  "Roi  des 
Beiges."  They  are  rather  difficult  to  distinguish  from  the  forms  of  R.  gandavense, 
but  may  be  recognized  by  the  larger  flowers  with  broad  open  limb,  the  compara- 
tively short  tube,  the  many-flowered  dense  inflorescence. 

Rhododendron  occidentale  x  (arborescens  x  japonicum). 

Azalea  occidentalis  x  arborescens  x  mollis  Rehnelt  in  Gartenwelt,  XX.  8,  t. 
(1916). 


HYBRIDS  181 

The  two  varieties  figured,  one  with  white  flowers  flushed  pink  (Verna  Berger) 
and  one  with  deeper  pink  flowers  (Schone  von  Giessen),  were  raised  from  seed  of 
R.  occidentale,  the  other  parent  not  being  stated  in  the  text,  but  on  the  plate  the 
hybrid  is  called  Azalea  occidentale  x  arborescens  x  mollis.  I  have  not  seen  any  of 
these  forms. 

Rhododendron  calendulaceum  x  occidentale. 

A  hybrid  between  these  two  species  has  been  raised  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum 
by  W.  H.  Judd  in  1915,  and  one  plant  flowered  in  1920  for  the  first  time,  bearing 
only  a  single  inflorescence  with  white  flowers  suffused  with  pink  and  marked  with  a 
large  orange  blotch  on  the  upper  lobe. 

Rhododendron  arborescens   x  calendulaceum   =   R.  Anneliesae 

Rehder,  hybr.  nov. 

Rhododendron  arborescens  x  calendulaceum  Zabel  in  Beissner,  Schelle  &  Zabel, 
Handb.  Laubholz-Ben.  380  (1903),  name  only. 

This  hybrid  originated  accidentally  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum  and  was  raised 
probably  in  1896  from  seed  of  R.  calendulaceum  or  R.  arborescens  collected  in  the 
Arboretum.  It  is  exactly  intermediate  between  R.  calendulaceum  and  R.  arbor- 
escens and  I  have  little  doubt  that  it  is  a  hybrid  between  these  two  species.  The 
first  flowers  of  R.  arborescens  are  usually  just  beginning  to  open  about  the  middle 
of  June  when  late  blooming  forms  of  R.  calendulaceum  bear  the  last  flowers;  and 
with  dichogamous  plants  this  is  just  a  favorable  condition  for  cross-fertilization. 
From  R.  calendulaceum  it  differs  chiefly  in  the  glaucous  and  glabrous  under  side  of 
the  leaves,  only  the  midrib  being  furnished  with  strigose  hairs  and  slightly  pubes- 
cent toward  the  base,  in  the  very  sparingly  hairy  branchlets  and  in  the  longer  corolla- 
tube  of  the  pinkish  white  fragrant  flowers  marked  with  a  large  yellow  blotch  and 
in  the  style  puberulous  only  near  the  base.  From  R.  arborescens  it  differs  in  the 
slightly  pilose  and  slightly  puberulous  branchlets,  glabrescent  toward  the  base, 
in  the  pubescent  and  strigose  midrib  of  the  under  side  of  the  leaves,  in  the 
large  yellow  blotch  on  the  upper  lobe  of  the  pinkish  white  flowers,  in  the  shorter 
ovate  calyx-lobes  and  in  the  style  being  puberulous  near  the  base. 

It  is  a  shrub  of  vigorous  habit,  very  handsome  in  flower  with  its  large  fragrant, 
pinkish  white  flowers  marked  with  a  conspicuous  yellow  blotch;  the  pinkish  corolla- 
tube  is  rather  densely  furnished  with  short  glandular  hairs  and  the  style  is  purple 
toward  the  apex.  The  leaves  are  elliptic  or  broadly  elliptic  and  somewhat  bluish 
green  above. 

This  hybrid  is  named  for  my  wife. 

Rhododendron  speciosum  x  molle. 

Azalea  marginata  Paxton  in  Paxton's  Mag.  Bot.  II.  121,  t.  (1835). 

Azalea  sinensis  coccinea  Cunningham  Msc.  ex  Paxton,  /.  c.  (1836),  as  synon. 

The  plant  is  stated  to  be  "a  hybrid  produced  from  A.  coccinea  fertilized  with  the 
pollen  of  A.  sinensis.  The  size  of  the  flowers  and  the  foliage  with  the  entire  habit 
of  the  plant  is  quite  like  that  of  the  A.  sinensis  with  the  exception  of  the  color 
which  differs  only  in  the  light  orange-red  margin  of  the  corolla."  The  hybrid  was 
raised  by  Mr.  Cunningham  of  Comely  Bank  near  Edinburgh,  in  whose  collection 
it  flowered  February,  1835.  The  parentage  given  is  probably  correct  as  far  as  can 
be  judged  from  the  colored  plate. 


182  THE   AZALEAS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

Rhododendron  calendulaceum  x  viscosum. 

Such  a  cross  is  mentioned  by  Herbert  (Amaryll.  360)  in  1837:  "I  have  raised 
seedlings  from  Azalea  Pontica-viscosa  var.  alba  and  Calendulacea-viscosa  var. 
rubescens."  Nothing  more,  however,  seems  to  have  been  published  about  the 
latter  cross;  R.  luteum  x  viscosum,  see  on  page  178. 

Rhododendron  molle  x  viscosum  =  Rhododendron  viscosepalum 
Rehder,  comb.  nov. 

Azalea  viscosepala  R.  A.  in  Gard.  Chron.  II.  348  (1842). 
Azalea  viscocephala  Arb.  Kew.  in  Herb.  Arnold  Arb. 

In  Gardener's  Chronicle  (1.  c.)  this  is  stated  to  have  been  raised  by  Mr.  Waterer 
at  Knap  Hill  and  is  described  as  "Azalea  viscosepala,  white  with  yellow  throat. 
This  is  a  cross  between  viscosa  and  Indica  alba  which  latter  it  very  much  resembles 
in  foliage." 

I  have  before  me  specimens  collected  at  Kew  in  1880  as  Azalea  viscocephala 
and  specimens  from  plants  growing  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum  which  probably 
represent  the  same  plant.  They  appear  to  be  intermediate  between  R.  viscosum 
var.  glaucum  and  R.  molle.  From  R.  viscosum  they  differ  chiefly  in  the  earlier 
larger  flowers  with  a  yellow  blotch,  slightly  yellowish  in  bud,  with  a  stouter  tube 
more  dilated  above  the  middle,  in  the  shorter  stamens  not  or  slightly  exceeding 
the  lobes,  in  the  more  densely  puberulous  tube,  in  the  tomentulose  pedicels  and 
calyx  and  in  the  thinly  pubescent  under  side  of  the  leaves.  From  R.  molle  they 
differ  in  the  fragrant  white  flowers  with  a  longer,  more  cylindric  tube  glandular- 
pilose  outside,  in  the  glandular-pilose  pedicels  and  in  the  smaller  and  broader 
usually  elliptic  leaves  glaucous  beneath  and  only  slightly  pubescent.  There  is  not 
the  slightest  trace  of  Azalea  indica  alba,  which  is  R.  mucronatum,  in  the  plant. 

Rhododendron  viscosepalum  var.  Daviesii  Rehder,  comb.  nov. 

Azalea  Daviesii  R.  D.  in  Gard.  Chron.  ser.  2,  XII.  200  (1879).1 
Azalea  hybrida  Daviesii  Hort.  apud  Brettschneider  in  Gartenfl.  XLII.  65,  t. 
1387  (1893). 

This  form  differs  from  R.  viscosepalum  chiefly  in  the  larger  flowers  with  a  more 
conspicuous  yellow  blotch  and  with  a  shorter,  wider  tube.  The  leaves  are  almost 
identical  in  shape,  color  and  pubescence. 

This  hybrid  was  raised  by  Isaac  Davies  of  Brook  Lane  Nursery,  Ormskirk, 
and  is  stated  to  have  been  "produced  from  A.  sinensis  crossed  with  a  hardy  white 
Azalea  "  and  the  flowers  are  described  as  pale  sulphur  yellow,  changing  to  white 
immediately  they  are  fully  expanded,  and  deliciously  sweet-scented.  A  form 
"Avalanche"  is  mentioned,  produced  from  the  same  cross  and  similar  but  with 
pure  white  smaller  flowers.  This  must  be  very  similar  to  A.  viscosepala. 

Very  similar  to  var.  Daviesii  are  the  following  forms: 

Azalea  altaclarensis  Gowen  apud  Lindley  in  Bot.  Reg.  XXVIII.  t.  27  (1842), 
not  Rhododendron  altaclarense  Lindl. 

This  handsome  hybrid  was  raised  at  Highclere  by  J.  R.  Gowen,  who  states 
that  "it  was  produced  by  fertilizing  the  flowers  of  Azalea  sinensis  with  the  pollen 


1  Not  to  be  confused  with  R.  Daviesii  Dean,  Floral  Mag.  n.  ser.  XX.  t.  474 
(1881),  a  hybrid  of  R.  javanicum  and  R.  retusum. 


HYBRIDS  183 

of  the  late  flowering  variety  of  Azalea  viscosa,  called  by  nurserymen  A.  rubescens 
major."  The  flowers  are  large  white,  slightly  bordered  pink,  with  a  faint  yellow 
tinge  at  the  base  of  the  lobes,  and  with  the  upper  lobe  distinctly  dotted  yellow 
and  the  tube  pinkish  outside.  The  gradually  dilated  tube  and  the  yellow  tinge 
and  the  spotted  upper  lobe  indicate  the  influence  of  R.  sinense  and  the  white 
color  and  hirsute  tube  of  the  corolla  and  the  delicious  fragrance  the  influence  of 
R.  viscosum. 

Azalea  sinensis  alba  Van  Houtte  in  Fl.  des  Serres,  XX.  151.  t.  2143-44  (1874). 

Van  Houtte  gives  no  description  and  no  hint  of  the  origin  of  the  plant  save  the 
remark  that  it  is  far  removed  from  the  true  A .  sinensis.  It  is  possibly  the  same  form 
of  which  a  plant  was  received  by  the  Arnold  Arboretum  from  Koster  and  Son  in 
1904  under  the  name  Azalea  chinensis  alba  grandiflora. 

Rhododendron  ?  gandavensis  x  molle. 

Azalea  sinensis  var.  Bylsiana  Morren  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  I.  278, 
t.  27  (1845). 

This  form  was  raised  by  the  Ghent  horticulturist  Byls  from  seeds  of  A.  sinensis. 
It  is  apparently  a  hybrid  and  has  large  white  flowers  edged  pink  and  the  upper 
lobe  with  a  large  yellow  blotch.  This  is  not  to  be  confused  with  R.  Bylsianum 
Henderson,  III.  Bouquet,  I.  t.  18  (1857-59),  a  hybrid  form  of  Eurhododendron. 

Azalea  sinensis  var.  macrantha  Spae  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  III.  127, 
t.  122  (1847). 

This  form  is  of  the  same  origin  as  the  preceding;  its  flowers  are  white  tinged 
with  pale  rose  and  marked  with  a  large  yellow  blotch  dotted  orange.  As  a  similar 
form  is  mentioned  A.  sinensis  var.  versicolor  raised  by  Buyck-Vander  Meersch. 

Rhododendron  japonicum  x  nudiflorum. 

Azalea  nudiflora  x  sinensis  Van  Fleet  in  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  Bur.  PL  Indust. 
CCXXIII.  17  (1911). 

"Vigorous  hybrids  with  profuse  cream,  rose  and  salmon  colored  blooms,"  raised 
by  Dr.  W.  Van  Fleet  at  Little  Silver,  N.  J.,  and  presented  to  the  Plant  Introduc- 
tion Garden  in  Chico,  California,  in  1910.  The  parent  species  called  Azalea  sinensis 
is  probably  R.  japonicum,  for  the  former  is  not  known  to  have  been  in  cultivation 
in  this  country  before  1910  except  young  seedlings  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum, 
raised  in  1908. 

Rhododendron  japonicum  x  molle  =  Rhododendron  Kosterianum 

Schneid.    See  page  97. 

Rhododendron  gandavense  x  Kosterianum  =  Rhododendron  mix- 
turn  Wilson.  See  page  98. 

Azalea  rustica  flore-pleno  Vandevoorde  in  Rev.  Hort.  Beige,  XIX.  232  t.  (1893). 
Azalea  mollis  fl.  pleno  "Virgil"  Reiter  in  Gartenwelt,  XV.  493,  fig.  (1911), 

habit  figure. 
Rhododendron  occidentale  x  molle  x  "Ghent  Azaleas"  Millais,  Rhodod.  220, 

fig.  (habit)  (1917). 


184  THE   AZALEAS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

Three  forms  are  represented  in  the  colored  plate  with  pink,  yellow  and  orange 
flowers.  They  are  called  double-flowered  A.  mollis,  but  are  probably  hybrids  of 
R.  gandavense  and  R.  Kosterianum.  I  have  seen  neither  plants  nor  specimens  of 
these  double-flowered  forms. 

Wilson  has  based  the  name  R.  mixtum  on  the  double-flowered  Azalea  rustica 
flore-pleno,  but  we  may  include  under  this  name  all  the  different  forms  probably 
of  the  same  parentage  as  given  by  Wilson. 


SECT.  PENTANTHERA  x  RHODORA 

Rhododendron  canadense  x  luteum  =  Rhododendron  Seymouri 

Herbert  ex  Lindley  in  Bot.  Reg.  XXIII.  t.  1975  (1837),  as  synon.  — 
De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  728  (1839). 

Azalea  Seymouri  Lindley  in  Bot.  Reg.  XXIII.  t.  1975  (1837). 
Rhododendron  flavum  i.  Seymourii  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  3,  442  (1839). 

This  is  a  very  interesting  hybrid,  being  the  first  raised  between  species  of  the 
sections  Pentanthera  and  Rhodora.  It  is  clearly  intermediate  between  R.  cana- 
dense and  R.  luteum;  the  flowers  are  small,  of  a  pale  yellow  color  with  a  faint  tinge 
of  pink  and  appear  with  the  leaves;  the  stamens  are  shorter  than  the  corolla-lobes 
and  7  to  9  in  number.  According  to  Herbert  "A  great  number  of  plants  were 
raised  at  Spofforth  from  Rhodora  Canadensis  impregnated  with  the  pollen  of  Azalea 
Pontica.  Their  constitution  seemed  ticklish  or  the  peat  in  which  they  were  grown 
disagreed  with  them  and  only  one  plant  was  preserved,  which  formed  a  healthy 
low  bush,  more  spreading  than  Rhodora." 

Rhododendron  Seymouri  is  apparently  no  longer  in  cultivation.  It  was  not  a 
showy  plant  with  its  small  pale  yellow  flowers  and  thus  the  chief  incentive  to  propa- 
gate it  was  lacking.  There  is,  however,  no  reason  why  among  seedlings  of  this 
cross  should  not  appear  plants  with  the  color  of  R.  canadense ,  and  those  certainly 
would  be  much  handsomer  and  more  like  the  following  hybrid. 

Rhododendron    canadense  x  japonicum  =  Rhododendron    Fraseri 

W.  Watson  in  Gard.  Chron.  ser.  3,  LXVII.  225  (1920).  —  See  also  page 
103. 

This  interesting  and  handsome  hybrid  was  raised  by  Mr.  G.  Fraser  of  Ucluelet, 
Vancouver  Island,  B.  C.,  by  crossing  R.  canadense  with  R.  japonicum  in  1912. 
The  young  plants  flowered  for  the  first  time  in  1919  and  the  same  year  Mr.  Fraser 
kindly  sent  a  living  plant  to  the  Arnold  Arboretum  which  flowered  in  the  spring 
of  1920.  On  account  of  the  earliness  of  its  profusely  produced,  rosy  mauve  flowers 
much  larger  than  those  of  Rhodora  the  new  hybrid  will  have  a  decided  ornamental 
value  and  will  also  be  useful  for  forcing.  To  supplement  the  short  description  in 
the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  (I.  c.)  a  fuller  description  may  be  given  here. 

Low  shrub  of  slender  twiggy  habit;  young  branchlets  finely  pubescent  and 
strigose,  yellow-brown  and  glabrous  the  second  year;  winter-buds,  consisting  of 
10  to  12,  finely  pubescent,  ovate  and  mucronulate  scales.  Leaves  elliptic-oblong  to 
oblong,  acute  and  gland-tipped  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  4  to  6  cm.  long  and  about 
2  cm.  broad,  ciliate,  bright  green,  sparingly  and  finely  villose  and  strigillose  above, 
lighter  green  or  sometimes  glaucescent  beneath  and  short-villose,  strigillose  on  the 
midrib  and  veins,  rather  thin  and  often  only  slightly  villose  at  maturity,  with 
10  to  12  pairs  of  veins  prominent  beneath  and  yellowish;  pedicels  slender,  5  to 
8  mm.  long,  slightly  villose  and  strigose  while  young.  Flowers  scentless,  in  dense 
8-  to  15-flowered  clusters;  pedicels  1  to  1.5  cm.  long,  finely  pubescent  and  glandu- 
lar-pilose; sepals  unequal,  ovate,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  ciliate  with  long  setose  eglandular 

185 


186  THE  AZALEAS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

hairs;  corolla  deeply  two-lipped,  rosy-lilac,  the  upper  lip  spotted,  slightly  villose 
and  short-pilose  and  sparingly  glandular  outside,  tube  funnel-form,  6  to  8  mm. 
long,  sparingly  pubescent  inside,  the  two  lower  lobes  separated  nearly  to  the  base 
of  the  limb,  oblong,  2  to  2.5  cm.  long  and  1  to  1.2  cm.  broad,  obtuse  or  obtusish, 
upper  lip  as  long  and  about  3  cm.  broad,  divided  to  about  the  middle  into  3  ovate 
lobes;  stamens  10,  unequal,  the  longer  about  two  thirds  as  long  as  corolla;  the  fila- 
ments pilose  on  the  lower  fourth;  the  anthers  about  1  mm.  long;  style  finely  pilose 
at  base,  with  green  stigma;  ovary  setosely  pilose,  eglandular. 


SECT.  TSUTSUTSI 

Rhododendron  ?  indicum  x  linearifolium  =  Rhododendron  Eeck- 
hautei  Rehder  in  Bailey,  Stand.  Cycl  Hort.  V.  2945  (1916). 

Azalea  Eeckhautei  Pynaert  in  Rev.  Hort.  Beige,  XXXVII.  117,  t.  (1911). 

This  very  distinct  hybrid  was  raised  by  Eeckhaute  of  St.  Denis  Westrem,  Bel- 
gium, from  "Azalea  linearifolia  feconde"  par  VA.  indica  var.  Souvenir  du  Recteur 
Kickx."  The  shape  of  the  corolla  and  of  the  leaves  is  similar  to  that  of  the  mother 
plant,  but  the  flowers  are  larger  and  bright  rose-colored. 

Rhododendron  Simsii  x  obtusum  =  Rhododendron  Sanderi  Wil- 
son. See  page  43. 

There  are  probably  other  hybrids  in  this  section  as  e.  g.  R.  phoeniceum  (see  page 
61)  which  according  to  Wilson  is  possibly  a  hybrid  between  R.  mucronatum  G.  Don 
and  R.  scabrum  G.  Don;  and  some  of  the  varieties  cultivated  as  Indian  Azaleas  are 
in  all  probability  hybrids  between  R.  indicum  and  R.  Simsii  (see  page  25).  Rhodo- 
dendron pulchrum  Sweet,  which  is  considered  by  Sweet  a  hybrid  between  R.  indicum 
and  R.  ledifolium  ( =  mucronatum),  is  according  to  Wilson  probably  a  form  of  R. 
phoeniceum  (see  page  62). 


187 


SUBGEN.  ANTHODENDRON  x  EURHODODENDRON 
SECT.  PENTANTHERA  x  LEIORHODION 

Rhododendro-Azalea  Herbert,  Amaryllid.  360  (1837). 

Azaleodendron  Rodigas  in  III.  Hort.  XXXIX.  53  (1892).  —  Masters  in  Gard. 

Chron.  ser.  3,  XIII.  665  (1893).  —  Andre  in  Rev.  Hort.  1893,  369. 
Rhodazalea  Croux  &  fils  in  Jour.  Soc.  Hort.  France,  se"r.  4,  IX.  328  (1908).  — 

Genome  in  Jardin,  XXIV.  279  (1910). 

The  first  hybrid  known  to  have  been  raised  in  the  genus  Rhododendron  is  one 
between  species  of  the  two  subgenera  Anthodendron  and  Eurhododendron,  which 
originated  before  1800  in  Thompson's  Nursery  at  Mile  End  near  London.  Later 
other  hybrids  of  similar  origin  were  raised  at  Highclere  in  the  gardens  of  the  Earl  of 
Carnarvon,  by  William  Herbert  at  Spofforth,  by  Wm.  Smith  at  Norbiton,  who  is 
particularly  known  for  forms  with  yellow  flowers  produced  by  crossing  R.  molle 
with  various  evergreen  Rhododendrons,  by  Isaac  Davies  of  Brook  Lane  Nursery, 
Ormskirk,  and  others.  Another  race  consisting  of  the  hybrids  between  evergreen 
Rhododendrons  and  R.  japonicum  was  raised  by  Vander  Meulen  of  Ghent  about 
1890  and  more  recently  by  Croux  &  fils,  Val  d'Aulnay,  at  Chateney  (Seine). 

By  those  who  keep  Azalea  and  Rhododendron  distinct  new  generic  names  have 
been  coined.  The  oldest  of  them  is  Rhododendro-Azalea  of  Herbert,  mentioned 
only  incidentally  by  the  author  and  not  formally  proposed.  The  second  was  pro- 
posed by  Rodigas  for  the  hybrids  between  R.  japonicum  and  evergreen  Rhodo- 
dendrons. The  third  name  was  given  for  hybrids  of  similar  origin,  but  Rhodazalea 
Crouxii,  the  type  of  this  group,  has  only  five  stamens  and  thus  differs  from  Azaleo- 
dendron  which  has  ten  stamens. 

Rhododendron  ?  nudiflorum  x  ponticum  =  Rhododendron  azale- 
oides  Hort.  Lond.  apud  Dumont  de  Course!,  Bot.  Cult.  III.  327  (1811); 
VII.  165  (1814).  — Desfontaines,  Tabl.  Jard.  Paris,  272  (1815),  as 
R.  azaloides,  name  only. 

Rhododendron  ponticum  var.  deciduum  Andrews,  Bot.  Rep.  VI.  t.  379  (1801). 
Rhododendron  ponticum  0.  subdeciduum  "A.  R."  apud  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  264 

(1826). 
Rhododendron  ponticum  b.  azaleoides  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  II.  1131  (1838). — 

De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  722  (1839). 
Rhododendron  azaleoides  inodorum  Andre",  PL  Terre  Bruy.  162  (1864). 

According  to  Andrews  this  hybrid  originated  in  Thompson's  Nursery  at  Mile 
End  near  London  and  its  supposed  mother  plant  is  Rhododendron  ponticum  fer- 
tilized by  some  Azalea.  The  leaves  are  rather  large,  oblong  and  acuminate,  and 
the  corolla  is  pale  purple,  not  spotted  or  blotched,  with  the  corolla-lobes  very  wavy 
at  the  margin;  the  stamens  have  purple  anthers.  It  is  likely  that  a  form  of  R.  nudi- 
florum is  the  male  parent,  as  there  is  no  indication  of  R.  viscosum  in  the  hybrid  and 
these  two  species  are  the  only  Azaleas  well  known  before  1800.  The  plant  described 
by  Dumont  de  Courset  seems  very  similar,  the  flowers  are  about  the  same  color 
and  nothing  is  said  about  fragrance,  while  the  plants  described  and  figured  by  later 
authors  as  R.  azaleoides  differ  in  their  usually  white  or  nearly  white  very  fragrant 
flowers  and  are  apparently  of  different  origin.  The  R.  azaleoides  of  Sprengel  (Neu 

188 


HYBRIDS  189 

Entdeck.  II.  130  [1821])  is  different  from  both,  as  he  describes  his  plant  as  with 
obtusish  leaves  pubescent  on  both  sides,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  it  belongs  here  at  all. 
Whether  Hoffmannsegg's  R.  azaleoides  (Verzeichn.  1826,  194)  belongs  here,  I  am 
unable  to  say,  as  I  have  no  access  to  that  publication.  Similar  to  R.  azaleoides  are 
the  following: 

Rhododendron  gemmiferum  Hort.  apud  Zabel  in  Beissner,  Schelle  &  Zabel,  Handb. 
Laubholz-Ben.  379  (1903),  name  only. — Bean,  Trees  &  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl.  II.  358 
(1914).  —  Rehder  in  Bailey,  Hand.  Cycl  Hort.  V.  2946  (1916).  —  Millais,  Rhodod. 
172  (1917). 

Bean  does  not  say  anything  about  its  parentage,  but  according  to  a  plant  culti- 
vated at  the  Arnold  Arboretum  it  seems  to  be  little  different  from  Andrew's  plant 
except  that  it  has  broader  obtusish  or  acutish  leaves  slightly  pubescent  beneath 
and  when  very  young  also  above;  the  flowers  are  nearly  glabrous  outside.  A  cross 
between  R.  roseum  and  R.  catawbiense  might  produce  a  similar  offspring. 

Rhododendron  Gowenianum  Sweet,  Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  III.  t.  263  (1828).  — De 
Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  728  (1839).—  Bean,  Trees  &  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl  II.  344 
(1914). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  6.  Govenianum  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  847  (1834). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  x  (catawbiense  x  ponticum)  ex  Sweet,  I.  c. 

This  hybrid  was  raised  in  the  collection  of  the  Earl  of  Carnarvon  at  Highclere 
by  J.  R.  Gowen  from  seed  of  "A.  nudiflora  or  viscosa  .  .  .  fertilized  with  the  pollen 
of  a  hybrid  Rhododendron  between  R.  ponticum  and  R.  catawbiense."  The  leaves 
are  evergreen  or  scarcely  deciduous,  elliptic-oblong  to  lanceolate-oblong,  pubescent 
on  both  sides  when  young,  glabrous  above  and  glossy  when  old.  The  flowers  are 
light  purple,  rather  small,  with  a  comparatively  long  and  narrow  tube.  From  the 
illustration  it  is  impossible  to  judge  whether  R.  nudiflorum  or  R.  viscosum  is  one  of 
the  parents;  G.  Don  calls  it  a  hybrid  of  R.  nudiflorum  and  makes  it  a  variety  of 
that  species,  but  Bean  says  that  it  is  very  near  his  R.  azaleoides  which  is  referred 
here  to  R.  hybridum. 

Rhododendron  Cartonianum  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  727  (1839). 
"Carton's  Rhododendron"  Lindley  in  Bot.  Reg.  XVII.  t.  1449  (1831). 
Rhododendron  nudiflorum  W.  Cartoni  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  3,  442  (1839). 
Rhododendron  Cartoni  Bean,  Trees  &  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl.  II.  344  (1914). 
Rhododendron  nudiflorum  x  catawbiense  ex  Lindley,  I.  c. 

According  to  Gowen  "ninety-seven  plants  were  raised  in  the  Highclere  Garden, 
in  the  year  1825,  from  a  specimen  of  Azalea  nudiflora  purposely  touched  with  pollen 
of  Rhododendron  Catawbiense.  They  vary  in  habit  in  the  size  of  the  umbel  and  in 
the  deeper  or  fainter  purple  tint  of  the  corolla."  Lindley  named  the  plant  figured 
"the  finest  of  the  above  set  of  hybrids  in  compliment  to  the  Gardener  of  the  Earl 
of  Caernarvon,  Mr.  James  Carton." 

The  plant  is  very  similar  to  that  figured  by  Sweet  as  R.  Gowenianum  except  that 
the  flowers  are  more  white  inside  at  the  base  of  the  limb. 

Rhododendron  viscosum  x  maximum  =  Rhododendron  hybridum 
Ker  in  Bot.  Reg.  III.  t.  195  (1817). x 

Rhododendron  hybridum  glaucum  Herbert  ex  Sims  in  Bot.  Mag.  XLIX.  sub  t. 

2308  (1822),  incidental  mention. 
Rhododendron  bigener  Hort.  ex  Steudel,  Nomencl.  ed.  2,  II.  450  (1841). 

1  "Rhododendron  hybridum  Franch.  —  Yunnan"  enumerated  by  Vilmorin  & 
Bois,  Frut.  Vilmor.  175  (1904),  is  probably  a  mistake.  I  have  been  unable  to  find 
any  reference  to  such  a  name  elsewhere. 


190  THE  AZALEAS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA 

Rhododendron  ponticum  azaleoides  2.  odoratum  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  II.   1131 

(1838). 

Rhododendron  odoratum  Loddiges  apud  Steudel,  Nomencl.  ed.  2,  II.  450  (1841). l 
Rhododendron  azaleoides  odoratum  Andre",  PL  Terr.  Bruy.  162  (1864). 
Azalea  odorata  Hort.  apud  Goldring  in  Gard.  Chron.  ser.  3,  VIII.  25  (1890).  — 

H.  P.  &  W.  G.  in  Gard.  XL.  34  (1891). 
Rhododendron  fragrans  in  Jour.  Hort.  ser.  3,  XLIX.  489,  fig.  (1904)  ?   not 

Paxton. 
Rhododendron  azaleoides  Bean,  Trees  &  Shrubs  Brit.  Isl.  II.  344  (1914),  not 

Dumont  de  Courset. 

As  stated  by  Ker  this  hybrid  was  "raised  by  Mr.  Herbert  at  Spofforth  near 
Weatherby,  from  seed  ripened  on  the  common  white  glaucous-leaved  Azalea  in 
the  flower  of  which  the  pollen  or  dust  from  the  anthers  of  Rhododendron  maximum 
had  been  purposely  substituted  for  that  of  its  own  flower."  The  evergreen  leaves 
are  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends  and  glaucous  beneath;  the  flowers  are  rather  small, 
whitish,  the  lobes  with  a  pinkish  border  and  the  upper  lobe  spotted  yellow,  the 
tube  cylindrical.  I  am  referring  to  R.  hybridum,  though  not  without  some  doubt, 
the  R.  azaleoides  as  described  by  Mr.  Bean,  which  according  to  his  opinion  possibly 
is  a  hybrid  of  R.  viscosum  and  R.  maximum  and  Mr.  Bean's  judgment  can  be  de- 
pended upon.  Also  a  specimen  I  collected  nearly  twenty  years  ago  at  Kew  as 
R.  odoratum  agrees  much  better  with  Ker's  figure  than  with  that  of  R.  fragrans 
Paxton,  though  the  corolla-tube  is  not  so  cylindrical  as  represented  in  that  figure. 

Rhododendron  viscosum  x  ponticum  =  Rhododendron  enneandrum 
De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  728  (1839). 

Azalea  hybrida  enneandra  Sims  in  Bot.  Mag.  XLIX.  t.  2308  (1822). 
Rhododendron  hybridum  enneandrum  Herbert  in  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  III.  ex 

Sims,  1.  c. 
Rhododendron  azaleoides  Reider  in  Ann.  Blumist.  V.  84  (1829);  VII.  1. 11  (1831), 

the  plate  bearing  the  name  R.  azaleoides  alba  odorata. 

Sims  states  that  this  is  a  hybrid  raised  by  Wm.  Herbert  from  seed  of  a  white- 
flowered  Azalea  fertilized  with  the  pollen  of  R.  ponticum;  the  flowers  are  very  fra- 
grant, rather  small,  funnel-form,  white,  slightly  tinged  lilac,  the  upper  lobe  dotted 
green.  Reider's  R.  azaleoides  may  belong  here  though  the  upper  lobe  is  not  dotted 
green. 

Rhododendron  viscosum  x  ?  catawbiense  =  Rhododendron  fra- 
grans Paxton  in  Paxton' s  Bot.  Mag.  X.  147,  t.  (1843)  .2 

1  A  specimen  collected  by  me  at  Kew  Gardens  in  1901  as  R.  odoratum  apparently 
belongs  here  and  certainly  is  the  hybrid  described  by  Bean  as  R.  azaleoides,  while 
another  specimen  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Arnold  Arboretum  collected  by  H.  Zabel 
in  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Muenden,  Hanover,  from  a  plant  received  in  1882  as 
R.  odoratum  from  T.  Smith  in  Bergedorf  near  Hamburg,  is  not  the  same  and  similar 
to  R.  azaleoides. 

2  As  R.  fragrans  Paxton  must  be  considered  a  duly  published  name,  it  invali- 
dates R.  fragrans  Maximowicz  of  1870,  for  which  I  propose  the  following  new  name: 

Rhododendron  Adamsii  Rehder,  nom.  nov. 

Azalea  fragrans  Adams  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.-Petersb.  II.  332,  t.  14  (1808). 
Azalea  pallida  Turczaninow  in  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Mosc.  1838,  96  (1838),  name 
only. 


HYBRIDS  191 

Paxton  observed  this  hybrid  in  the  nursery  of  Chandler  &  Sons,  Vauxhall,  and 
states  that  it  was  "raised  accidentally  from  seed  of  a  variety  of  R.  catawbiense 
twenty-five  or  thirty  years  ago."  He  describes  it  as  "a  very  compact  dwarf  shrub, 
decidedly  evergreen  with  small  and  dense  foliage  and  numerous  clusters  of  pretty 
pale  pinkish  lilac  blossoms  in  which  there  is  a  variety  of  delicate  tints  approaching 
to  white  in  the  center.  It  has  quite  the  habit  of  a  Rhododendron  and  looks  like  a 
small  close-growing,  pale-flowered  variety  of  R.  ponticum"  Herbert  had  appar- 
ently this  hybrid  in  mind  when  he  says  (Amaryll.  360) :  "The  fragrance  of  the  Aza- 
leas has  been  communicated  to  the  Rhododendrons  both  by  the  Mitcham  crosses 
and  that  of  Mr.  Chandler."  To  the  Mitcham  crosses,  however,  I  have  found  no 
other  references. 

Here  may  belong: 

Rhododendron  elegantissimum  Davies  apud  R.  D.  in  Gard.  Chron.  ser.  2,  XII. 
200  (1879). 

"Early  White  Azalea"  x  R.  Hendersonii  R.  D.,  I.  c. 

This  is  said  to  have  white  flowers  tipped  with  deep  lilac  and  of  agreeable  fra- 
grance. I  assume  that  under  Early  White  Azalea  an  early  flowering  form  of  R.  vis- 
cosum  is  understood,  as  the  flowers  are  very  fragrant  and  R.  Hendersonii,  a  name 
for  which  I  can  find  no  other  reference  except  Millais,  Rhodod.  38,  and  which  is 
possibly  one  of  the  R.  catawbiense  hybrids. 

Rhododendron  roseum  odoratum  Davies  apud  R.  D.  in  Gard.  Chron.  ser.  2,  XII. 
200  (1879).  — Vilmorin&  Bois,  Frut.  Vilmor.  175  (1904). 

"Early  White  Azalea"  x  R.  Brayanum  R.  D.,  I.  c. 

This  is  described  as  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  with  rose-colored  flowers. 
Rhododendron  Brayanum  is  mentioned  by  Millais,  Rhodod.  35. 

Rhododendron  ?  calendulaceum  x  ?  catawbiense. 

Rhododendron  ponticum  var.  azaleoides  Torloniana  Morren  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric. 

Bot.  Gand,  I.  21,  t.  4  (1845). 
?  Rhododendron  Tolerianum  hort.  apud  Zabel  in  Beissner,  Schelle  &  Zabel, 

Handb.  Laubholz-Ben.  379  (1903),  name  only. 

Nothing  is  said  of  the  origin  or  parentage  of  this  hybrid  form.  The  flowers 
much  resemble  in  size,  shape  and  color  the  plant  figured  by  Guimpel  as  R.  azaleoides 
mentioned  below,  but  the  upper  lobe  shows  a  large  orange  blotch  while  GuimpePfl 
figure  does  not  show  the  slightest  trace  of  orange  or  yellow;  this  and  the  shape 
of  the  corolla  seem  to  indicate  the  influence  of  R.  calendulaceum. 

I  am  not  aware  that  this  plant  is  at  present  in  cultivation,  though  it  is  certainly 
one  of  the  handsomest  of  this  group  of  hybrids. 

Rhododendron  azaleoides  Guimpel,  Otto  &  Hayne,  Abb.  Fremd.  Holzgew.  15, 
t.  15  (1825),  not  Dumont  de  Courset. 

Osmothamnus  fragrans  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  715  (1839). 

Osmothamnus  pallidus  De  Candolle,  I.  c.  (1839). 

Rhododendron  fragrans   Maximowicz  in  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  St.-Petersb.  XVI. 

No.  9,  16  (1870). 

Rhododendron  pallidum  Diimmer  in  Gard.  Chron.  ser.  3,  LIII.  264  (April  26, 
1913),  not  R.  pallidum  W.  Watson  in  Gard.  Chron.  I.  c.  230  (April  12, 1913). 
Diimmer  seems  to  consider  Azalea  pallida  Turcz.  as  specifically  distinct,  but 
even  if  we  unite  it  with  Azalea  fragrans  the  combination  R.  pallidum  cannot  be 
used  in  place  of  R.  fragrans,  as  it  is  antedated  by  W.  Watson's  name  which,  though 
insufficiently  described,  should  stand  as  the  name  of  the  hybrid  for  which  he  in- 
tended it.    (See  also  C.  P.  Raffil's  remarks  in  Gard.  Chron.  I.  c.  332.) 


192  THE  AZALEAS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA 

If  the  colored  plate  is  a  true  representative  of  the  plant  it  is  certainly,  with 
the  form  just  mentioned,  one  of  the  handsomest  of  this  group  of  hybrids  on  account 
of  its  large  flowers  and  the  pure  pink  color  without  any  trace  of  the  lilac  or  purple 
found  in  most  related  forms.  The  leaves  are  almost  acuminate,  to  8  cm.  long  and 
green  on  both  sides;  the  flowers  are  broadly  funnelform-campanulate,  about  6  cm. 
wide,  with  broad  lobes  wavy  at  the  margin,  white  and  more  or  less  tinged  and 
striped  pink.  Nothing  is  said  of  the  origin  of  the  plant,  but  it  was  apparently 
English. 

The  following  is  a  hybrid  probably  of  similar  origin  : 

Azalea  (var.)  magnified  (Rollisson's)  Van  Houtte  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  XIII,  31,  t. 
1306-7  (1858).  —  Lemaire  in  III.  Hart.  VI.  t.  209  (1859). 

Nothing  is  said  about  the  origin  of  this  plant  except  that  it  was  received  from 
W.  Rollisson.  According  to  the  plate  it  is  a  very  handsome  plant  with  large  white 
flowers  slightly  tinged  pink,  the  upper  lobe  with  a  large  orange  blotch  and  the  other 
lobes  marked  with  pink  veins  near  the  margin;  the  number  of  stamens  is  6  to  8. 

Rhododendron  gandavense  x  ?  catawbiense. 

Rhododendron  "Deception"  Standish  and  Noble  in  Jour.  R.  Hort.  Soc.  V.  274 
(1850).  — Burbidge,  Cult.  PI.  298  (1876). 

Described  as  having  pink  spotted  flowers  and  fine  foliage  and  stated  to  be  a 
hybrid  between  a  "large  yellow  Ghent  Azalea  and  R.  catawbiense." 

Rhododendron  discolor  x  occidentale  Bean  in  Rhodod.  Soc.  Notes, 
I.  191  (1919),  name  only. 
Flowers  not  yet  known. 

Rhododendron  luteum  x  ponticum  =  Rhododendron  Laetitiae  Her- 
bert apud  Lindley  in  Bot.  Reg.  XXXI.  t.  51  (1845). 

This  hybrid  was  raised  by  W.  Herbert  of  Spofforth  from  seed  of  Rhododendron 
ponticum  fertilized  by  Azalea  pontica.  The  leaves  are  described  as  "rather  more 
durable,  broader  and  blunter  than  the  leaves  of  Azalea  Pontica";  the  flowers  are 
large,  white  and  fragrant,  the  three  upper  lobes  with  large  orange  blotches  and 
smaller  dots.  The  plant  is  named  after  Mrs.  W.  Herbert.  This  is  apparently  one 
of  the  seedlings  mentioned  in  1837  by  Herbert  in  his  Amaryllidaceae,  page  359: 
"Four  evergreen  seedlings  obtained  from  the  seed  of  Rhododendron  Ponticum  which 
I  had  fertilized  with  pollen  of  Azalea  Pontica  have  flowered  at  Highclere." 

Of  similar  origin  ("Azalea  pontica  X  evergreen  Rhododendron")  were  the 
hybrids  raised  by  Adam  of  Altenburg,  and  offered  to  the  trade  by  Rinz  of 
Frankfort,  Germany,  probably  about  1850;  eleven  varieties  are  enumerated  by 
Andre"  (PL  Terre  Bruy.  164  [1864]). 

Rhododendron  speciosum  x  arboreum. 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  var.  eximium  Sweet,  Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  ser.  2,  III. 

t.  291  (1835). 
Rhododendron  eximium  D.  Don  apud  Zabel  in  Beissner,  Schelle  &  Zabel, 

Handb.  Laubholz-Ben.  379  (1903),  not  Nuttall. 


HYBRIDS  193 

This  hybrid  was  raised  by  William  Smith  of  Norbiton  Common,  near  Kingston, 
"in  1829  from  seeds  of  the  variety  coccinea  major  of  Rhododendron  nudiflorum 
that  had  been  fertilized  by  arboreum."  This  handsome  hybrid  has  evergreen, 
thin,  oblong-lanceolate  leaves,  pubescent  beneath  and  crimson  flowers  with  a 
rather  long  tube  finely  pubescent  outside  and  with  the  upper  lobe  dotted  dark 
purple.  The  varietal  name  cannot  be  used  for  a  binomial  combination  on  account 
of  R.  eximium  Nutt.  of  1853. 


Rhododendron  molle  x  arboreum. 

Rhododendron  carneum  elegantissimum  Lemaire  in  Fl.  des  Serres,  II.  pt.  3,  t.  3 
(1846). 

Lemaire  states  that  this  is  one  of  the  hybrids  obtained  by  William  Smith  of 
Norbiton  and  that  it  was  raised  from  seed  of  R.  arboreum  fertilized  by  Azalea  sinen- 
sis.  It  has  exactly  the  habit  of  R.  Smithii  aureum,  but  the  flowers  are  pale  pink 
or  lilac,  whitish  toward  the  center  and  the  upper  lip  conspicuously  dotted.  The 
name  elegantissimum  cannot  be  used  for  a  binomial  on  account  of  R.  elegan- 
tissimum Davies  (see  page  191). 

• 

Rhododendron  molle  x  (maximum  x  ponticum)  =  Rhododendron 
norbitonense  Smith  apud  Andr6,  PL  Terre  Bruy.  166  (1864) ;  in  Rev. 
Hort.  1893,  370. 

"Norbiton  hybrids"  Hort.  ex  Masters  in  Gard.  Chron.  ser.  3,  XIII.  665  (1893). 
Rhododendron  sinense  x  Eurhodendron  spec.  Zabel  in  Beissner,  Schelle  &  Zabel, 
Handb.  Laubholz-Ben.  379  (1903). 

This  interesting  and  handsome  race  of  hybrids  was  raised  by  Wm.  Smith  of 
Norbiton  near  Kingston,  England,  about  1830.  After  they  had  been  exhibited  in 
Ghent  in  1839  and  before  the  Horticultural  Society  in  London  in  1842,  they  at- 
tracted much  attention  as  yellow-flowered  Rhododendrons  and  became  widely 
known.  Of  their  parentage  Lindley  (in  Bot.  Reg.  XXXI.  sub  t.  51  [1845])  says: 
"The  yellow  and  coppery  mules  of  the  late  Mr.  Smith  of  Norbiton  were  obtained 
from  that  white  Rhododendron  ["the  fine  white  cross  between  R.  ponticum  and 
maximum"]  by  the  pollen  of  sinense."  Smith  apparently  raised  a  large  number 
of  different  forms;  fifteen  of  them  are  enumerated  by  Henderson  in  his  Illustrated 
Bouquet,  t.  46  (1859-61),  and  by  Millais,  Rhodod.  26  (1917),  and  others  by  Andre", 
PI.  Terre  Bruy.  166  (1864),  one  of  them  being  "Victoria  regina"  mentioned  on 
page  99  of  this  work.  Of  these  many  forms  only  the  two  following  seem  to  be 
well  known  to-day. 

Rhododendron  norbitonense  var.  aureum  Rehder,  comb.  nov. 

Rhododendron  Smithii  aureum  Paxton,  Mag.  Bot.  IX.  79,  t.  and  fig.  (1842).  — 
Lemaire  in  Fl.  des  Serres,  I.  45,  t.  (1845).  —  For  further  literature  and  syn- 
onyms, see  page  98. 

This  variety  differs  from  the  typical  form,  which  has  orange-yellow  flowers,  in 
its  golden  yellow  flowers.  It  is  still  in  cultivation  and  well  known  as  R.  Smithii 
aureum,  but  as  there  is  a  R.  Smithii  Nutt.  which  is  an  entirely  different  Himalayan 
species,  and  also  a  R.  Smithii  Sweet  which  is  R.  arboreum  x  ponticum,  this  name 


194  THE  AZALEAS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA 

should  be  discarded,  as  it  is  not  only  against  all  rules  of  nomenclature  but  also 
misleading  and  confusing. 

Rhododendron  norbitonense  var.  broughtonianum  Rehder,  comb, 
nov. 

Rhododendron  broughtonianum  Andre",  PL  Terr.  Bruy.  166  (1864) ;  in  Rev.  Hort. 

1893,  370. 
Rhododendron  broughtonii  aureum  Hort.  apud  W.  Watson,  Rhodod.  &  Azaleas, 

93  (1911).  —  For  further  literature  and  remarks,  see  page  99. 

I  have  little  doubt  that  R.  broughtonianum  and  R.  broughtonii  aureum  are  iden- 
tical, and  though  the  plant  is  well  known  under  the  latter  name,  its  use  should  be 
discontinued,  as  it  is,  like  R.  Smithii  aureum,  both  incorrect  and  misleading,  since 
there  is  already  a  R.  broughtonii  Hort.  which  is  a  hybrid  between  two  species  or 
forms  of  Eurhododendron  with  rosy-red  flowers;  moreover,  the  name  broughtonii 
suggests  the  proper  name  of  a  person  and  not  of  a  place.  A  good  habit  picture  is 
given  by  Millais  in  his  Rhododendrons  (pi.  opposite  page  184). 

Other  forms  of  similar  parentage  were  raised  by  Standish  and  Noble  and  later 
by  Anthony  Waterer  and  by  Mr.  White  of  Sunningdale.  The  following  also  belongs 
here: 

Rhododendron  Williamsii  Millais,  Rhodod.  262  (1917). 

A  hybrid  raised  by  Williams  of  Holloway  about  1885  between  a  hardy  Rhodo- 
dendron and  R.  sinense. 

Rhododendron  japonicum  x  Eurhododendron  "  hybrids  "  =  Rho- 
dodendron azaleodendron  Vilmorin  &  Bois,  FruL  Vilmor.  175  (1904). 

Azaleodendron  Rodigas  in  III  Hort.  XXXIX.  53  (1893).—  (See  also  page  136). 
Azaleodendron  "Comte  de  Kerchove,"  De  Bosschere  in  Rev.  Hort.  Beige,  XIX. 
177,  t.  (1893). 

Here  belong  the  hybrids  raised  by  G.  Vander  Meulen  between  "Azalea  mollis" 
(  =  R.  japonicum)  and  R.  "Prince  Camille  de  Rohan"  and  "Leopard."  As  the 
type  of  this  group  of  hybrids  "Comte  de  Kerchove"  may  be  taken;  this  form  is 
described  in  detail  by  Masters  (in  Gard.  Chron.  ser.  3,  XIII.  667  [1893])  and  figured 
in  Gard.  Chron.  1.  c.  663  and  also  in  Rev.  Hort.  Beige,  I.  c.  (colored  pi.),  and  in  Rev. 
Hort.  1893,  369.  Besides  "Comte  de  Kerchove"  five  other  varieties  were  exhibited 
at  Ghent  in  1892  by  Pynaert  and  Van  Gaert  who  acquired  the  entire  stock  of  Van- 
der Meulen's  hybrids;  their  color  ranges  between  white  and  rosy-red  or  rose-lilac 
with  conspicuous  dark  spots  on  the  upper  lobes.  According  to  Andre"  (in  Rev. 
Hort.  1893,  371)  similar  hybrids  between  "Rhododendron  and  Azalea  mollis"  had 
been  shown  in  Ghent  by  Ad.  Rosseel  in  1888. 

Rhododendron  ?  Kosterianum  x  Eurhododendron  hybrids  =  Rhodo- 
dendron Crouxii  Rehder,  comb.  nov. 

Rhodazalea  Crouxii  Croux  &  fils  in  Jour.  Soc.  Hort.  France,  s4r.  4,  IX.  328,  fig. 
(1908).  —  G&ome  in  Jardin,  XXIV.  279,  fig.  157  (1910). 

This  hybrid  was  obtained  by  Croux  &  fils  of  Val  d'Aulnay  at  Chatenay  (Seine), 
according  to  their  statement,  by  crossing  a  Rhododendron  with  a  variety  of  Azalea 
mollis,  the  exact  name  of  neither  of  the  parents  being  given.  The  flowers  are  large, 


HYBRIDS  195 

their  color  is  Naples  yellow  tinged  with  rose,  the  upper  lobes  conspicuously  spotted. 
The  number  of  stamens  is  5,  which  distinguishes  this  hybrid  from  the  similar 
R.  azaleodendron. 

Rhododendron  Crouxii  f .  plenum  Rehder,  nom.  nov. 

Rhodazalea  Crouxii  flore  pleno,  Croux  &  fils  in  Jour.  Soc.  Hort.  France,  se*r.  4, 

IX.  328  (1908).  —  G6r6me  in  Jardin,  XXIV.  279,  fig.  158,  159  (1910). 
Azalea  mollis  x  Rhododendron  "Marie  Van  Houtte"  Croux  &  fils,  I.  c. 

This  form  has  semi-double  yellow  flowers  tinged  with  rose. 


SECT.  TSUTSUTSI  x  LEIORHODION 

The  following  forms  have  been  supposed  to  be  hybrids  between  the  sections 
Tsutsutsi  and  Leiorhodion. 

Rhododendron  azaleoides  var.  crispiflorum  Lemaire  in  III.  Hort.  V.  1. 181  (1858)  .l 

This  handsome  and  interesting  hybrid  was  raised,  according  to  Lemaire,  by  a 
Ghent  horticulturist,  Louis  Demotte,  by  crossing  a  hybrid  Rhododendron  with  an 
Indian  Azalea,  probably  the  var.  " Reyndersiana"  Judging  from  the  figure  and 
the  characters  given  in  the  description  this  plant  seems  indeed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  a 
species  or  form  of  the  section  Tsutsutsi  and  a  form  of  Eurhododendron,  the  only 
one  known  to  me,  for  the  two  following  forms  which  are  supposed  to  be  hybrids  of 
an  Indian  Azalea  and  an  evergreen  Rhododendron  are  apparently  only  forms  of 
R.  phoeniceum. 

Azalea  Rawsonii  Paxton  in  Paxton's  Flow.  Gard.  III.  123  t.  (1836). 

This  Azalea  was  raised  by  John  Menzies,  gardener  to  Christopher  Rawson  of 
Hope  House  near  Halifax.  In  a  letter  Mr.  Menzies  "states  as  his  belief  that  it  is 
produced  between  A.  phoenica  and  Rhododendron  dauricum  atrovirens."  Judging 
from  the  colored  plate  it  is  a  simple  form  of  R.  phoeniceum.  See  also  pages  61  and 
62. 

Rhododendron  phoeniceum  var.  splendens  Sweet,  Brit.  Flow.  Gard.  ser.  2,  IV.  t. 
385  (1837). 

This  is  said  to  have  been  "raised  by  Mr.  Wood,  gardener  to  Mrs.  May  at  Syden- 
ham,  from  a  plant  of  Rhododendron  phoeniceum  that  had  been  fecundated  by 
R.  catawbiense."  It  appears  to  be  only  a  form  of  R.  phoeniceum;  not  the  slightest 
influence  of  R.  catawbiense  is  noticeable  in  the  plant  figured.  See  also  page  63. 

1  Not  R.  indicum  var.  crispiflorum  Schneid.  —  See  page  27. 


196 


DOUBTFUL  NAMES 

AZALEA  CALENDULACEA  ALBA  BICOLOR  Hort.  apud  Kirchner  in  Petzold  &  Kirch- 
ner,  Arb.  Muse.  479  (1864). 

Described  as  having  white  flowers  with  rose-carmine  tube.    Probably  a  form  of 
R.  nudiflorum. 

AZALEA  CALENDULACEA  ASTREANS  Hort.  apud  Kirchner,  I.  c.  479  (1864). 

Described  as  having  brick-red  flowers. 

AZALEA  CALENDULACEA  /3.  CHRYSOLECTA  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  265  (1826),  name 
only. 

Rhododendron  calendulaceum  ft.  chrysolectum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343 
(1830),  "golden." 

AZALEA  CALENDULACEA  COCCINEA  FULQENS  Hort.  apud  Kirchner,  I.  c.  479 
(1864). 

Flowers  described  as  dark  brick  red. 

AZALEA  CALENDULACEA  CRISTATA  Hort.  apud  Kirchner,  in  Petzold  &  Kirschner, 
Arb.  Muse.  479  (1864). 

Described  with  yellowish  brick-red  flowers. 

AZALEA  CALENDULACEA  CUPREA  ELEGANS  Hort.  apud  Kirchner,  I.  c. 

Flowers  described  as  rose  red,  small  and  very  crowded.     Possibly  a  form  or 
hybrid  of  R.  nudiflorum. 

AZALEA  CALENDULACEA  FENESTRATA  Hort.  apud  Kirchner  in  Petzold  &  Kirch- 
ner, A rb.  Muse.  479  (1864). 

Flowers  described  as  ponceau-rose,  marked  yellow  and  whitish,  very  handsome. 
Probably  a  form  of  X  R.  Mortieri. 

AZALEA  CALENDULACEA  FULGENS  EXCELSA  Hort.  apud  Kirchner,  I.  c.  479  (1869). 

Flowers  described  as  dark  orange-red. 

AZALEA  CALENDULACEA  7.  GRANDIFLORA  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  (1826),  name. 
Rhododendron  calendulaceum  y.  grandiflorum,  Sweet,  I.  c.  ed.  2,  343  (1830), 
"orange." 

AZALEA  CALENDULACEA  6.  IGNESCENS  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  265  (1826),  name  only. 
Rhododendron  calendulaceum  6.  ignescens  Sweet,  1.  c.  ed.  2,  343  (1830),  "copper- 
yellow." 

AZALEA  CALENDULACEA  RECURVA  Hort.  apud  Kirchner  in  Petzold  &  Kirchner, 
Arb.  Muse.  479  (1864). 

Flowers  described  as  fawn-colored,  marked  pale  yellow,  very  flat,  small  and 
crowded.     Probably  a  form  of  x  R.  Morteri. 

AZALEA  CALENDULACEA  SANGUINEA  Hort.  apud  Kirchner,  I.  c.  479  (1864). 

Flowers  described  as  similar  to  var.  coccinea  fulgens,  but  darker  and  more  scarlet. 

AZALEA  CALENDULACEA  SATURNEA  Hort.  apud  Kirchner,  I.  c.  479  (1864). 

Flowers  described  as  bright  and  deep  rose-colored. 

AZALEA  CALENDULACEA  e.  SPLENDENS  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  265  (1826). 

Rhododendron  calendulaceum  e.  splendens  Sweet,  I.  c.  ed.  2,  343  (1830),  "copper- 
yellow." 

AZALEA  CALENDULACEA  STERNIANA  Hort.  apud  Kirchner,  in  Petzold  &  Kirchner, 
Arb.  Muse.  479  (1864). 

Flowers  described  as  bright  orange,  very  handsome  and  large. 

197 


198  THE   AZALEAS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

AZALEA  CALENDULACEA  17.  TRIUMPHANS  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name. 

Rhododendron  calendulaceum  77.  triumphans  Sweet,  I.  c.  343  (1830),  "copper- 
yellow." 

AZALEA  FASCICULATA  Dumont  de  Conrset,  Bot.  Cult.  VII.  166  (1814). 

Azalea  fastigiata  Dumont  de  Courset,  I.  c.  (1814). 

Described  as  having  the  flowers  fascicled  in  a  kind  of  an  umbel.    Probably  the 
same  as  Azalea  nudiflora  X.  fastigiata  Sweet  (see  below). 
AZALEA  LUCID  A  Meerburgh,  PL  Selec.  Icon.  t.  7  (1798). 

This  species  is  described  as  with  "foliis  lanceolatis,  flore  luteo  piloso,  staminibus 
brevioribus.  Cl.  Linnaeus  hanc  descripsit  pro  Azalea  nudiflora."  The  illustration 
resembles  in  general  appearance  R.  nudiflorum,  but  the  leaves  are  narrow-lanceo- 
late, and  the  flowers  have  more  the  shape  of  those  of  R.  viscosum  and  are  colored 
light  yellow.  It  possibly  represents  R.  viscosum  var.  nitidum,  and  the  yellowish 
tinge  of  the  flowers  may  be  a  mistake  of  the  artist. 

AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  AMOENA  Loddiges  Cat.  1836,  apud  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  II. 
1142  (1838),  name  only. 

AZALEA  NUDIFLORA y. BLANDA  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  265  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges,  /.  c. 
Rhododendron  nudiflorum  y.  blandum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830), 

"blush." 

AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  ft.  CALYCOSA  Wood,  Classb.  Bot.  490  (1870). 
This  is  a  form  from  Georgia  described  as  having  one  calyx-lobe  subulate  and 
three  or  four  times  longer  than  the  others. 

AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  e.  CAROLINIANA  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  265  (1826).  —  Loddiges 
Cat.  1836  apud  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  II.  1142  (1838),  name  only. 

?  Azalea  caroliniana  in  Cat.  Am.  Trees  &  Shrubs  in  John  Bartram's  Garden 

(179?),  name  only. 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum    e.  carolinianum    Sweet,   Hort.  Brit.    ed.   2,   343 
(1830). 

In  Bartram's  Catalogue  it  is  called  "Sweet  Honeysuckle,"  which  would  sug- 
gest that  it  is  one  of  the  fragrant  species. 

AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  COBURGIA  Loddiges,  I.  c.  1142  (1838). 
AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  COLORATA  Loddiges,  I.  c.  1142  (1838). 
AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  CONSPICUA  Loddiges,  I.  c.  1142  (1838),  name. 
AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  77.  CORTMBOSA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name. 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  77.  corymbosum  Sweet,  I.  c.  343  (1830),  "white." 
AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  6.  CRISPA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges,  L  c. 
1142  (1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  6.  crispum  Sweet,  I.  c.  343  (1830),  "blush." 
AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  t.  CUMULATA  Sweet,  1.  c.  265  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges,  I.  c. 
1142  (1838),  as  var.  cumula. 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  i.  cumulatum  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1830),  "white." 
AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  K.  DISCOLOR  Sweet,  L  c.  265  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges,  /.  c. 
1142  (1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  K.  discolor  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1830),  "red,  white." 
AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  X.  FASTIGIATA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges, 
I.e.  1142  (1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  X.  fastigiatum  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1830),  "blush." 

AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  /*.  FLORIDA  Sweet,  1.  c.  265  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges,  I.  c. 
1142  (1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  n.  floridum  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1830),  "blush." 


DOUBTFUL  NAMES  199 

AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  v.  GLOBOSA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges,  L  c. 
1142  (1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  v.  globosum  Sweet,  L  c.  344  (1830)  "blush." 

AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  £.  GLOMERATA  Sweet,  L  c.  265  (1826),  name. 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  £.  glomeratum  Sweet,  L  c.  344  (1830)  "blush." 
AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  GRANDIFLORA  Loddiges,  L  c.  1142  (1838). 
AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  o.  INCANA  Sweet,  L  c.  265  (1826),  name. — Loddiges,  I.e. 
(1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  o.  incanum  Sweet,  L  c.  344  (1830)  "white." 

AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  v.  INCARNATA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges, 
I.e.  1142(1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  IT.  incarnatum  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1830)  "flesh-colored." 

AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  p.  MIRABILIS  Sweet,  I.e.  265  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges, 
I  c.  1142  (1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  p.  mirabile  Sweet,  L  c.  344  (1830),  "red." 
AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  e.  Mizr^A.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.?  717  (1839). 
Described  as  having  pale  rose-colored  flowers  with  the  lower  lobe  inside  yellow- 
ish and  with  a  small  calyx. 

AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  a.  MONTANA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges,  I.  c. 
1142  (1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  a.  montanum  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1830),  "flesh-colored." 

AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  OCHROLEUCA  Loddiges,  I.  c.  1142  (1838),  name. 
AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  T.  PALLIDA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  r.  pallidum  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1826),  "lilac  white." 
AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  v.  PALUDOSA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  "lilac  white."  —  Lod- 
diges, L  c.  1142  (1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  v.  paludosum  Sweet,  1.  c.  344  (1830),  as  var.  pallidosa. 
AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  f.  PAPILIONACEA  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  I.  203  (1789).  —  De 
Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  717  (1838). 

Azalea  papilionacea  Dumont  de  Courset,  Bot.  Cult.  ed.  2,  III.  333  (1811),  as 

var.  of  A.  nudiflora. 

Azalea  periclymenoides  var.  €.  papilionacea  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  152  (1814). 
Rhododendron  nudiflorum  <f>.  papilionaceum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2, 344  (1830). — 

G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  847  (1834). 

This  form  is  described  by  Aiton  as  having  pale  reddish  flowers  with  the  lower 
lobe  white,  and  a  foliaceous  calyx. 

AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  77.  PARTITA  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  I.  203  (1789).  —  De  Candolle, 
Prodr.  VII.  717  (1838). 

Azalea  periclymenoides  f.  partita  Pursh,  FL  Am.  Sept.  152  (1814). 
Rhododendron  nudiflorum  x-  partitum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  344  (1830).  — 

G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  847  (1834). 

This  form  is  described  by  Aiton  as  having  pink  flowers  5-parted  to  the  base. 
This  is  apparently  an  abnormal  form  corresponding  to  Kalmia  latifolia  f.  mon- 
strosa.  It  seems  to  have  soon  disappeared  from  cultivation. 

AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  \l/.  PARVIFLORA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name. 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  j.  parviflorum  Sweet.  L  c.  344  (1830),  "blush." 
AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  PERICLYMENOIDES  Loddiges,  I.  c.  (1838),  name. 
AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  X.  POLYANDRA  De  Candolle,  Prodr.  VII.  717  (1838). — 
Wood,  Classb.  Bot.  490  (1870). 

Azalea  periclymenoides  ij.  polyandra  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  152  (1814). 


200  THE   AZALEAS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  17.  polyandrum  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  847  (1834). 
?  Azalea  octandra  Michaux,  Journal,  ed.  C.  S.  Sargent,  91  (in  Proc.  Am.  Philos. 

Soc.  (1889)),  name  only. 

This  form  is  described  by  Pursh  as  having  short  rose-colored  flowers  with 
10  to  20  stamens  and  is  said  to  have  been  found  near  Philadelphia.  Michaux 
collected  his  Azalea  octandra  in  or  in  the  neighborhood  of  Perry  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

AZALEA  NTTDIFLORA  w.  PROLIFERA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name. 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  «.  proliferum  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1830),  "blush." 
AZALEA  NUDIPLORA  aa.  PUMILA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name. 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  aa.  pumilum  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1830),  "blush." 
AZALEA  NTJDIFLORA  /3/3.  PURPURASCENS  Sweet,  1.  c.  265  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges, 
I.e.  1142(1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  /3j8.  purpurascens  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1830),  "flesh- 
colored." 

AZALEA  NUDIPLORA  77.  PURPUREA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges, 
I.  c.  (1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  77.  purpureum  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1830),  "purple." 
AZALEA  NUDIPLORA  n\  RUBERRIMA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges, 
I  c.  1142  (1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  ff .  ruberrimum  Sweet,  L  c.  344  (1830),  "red." 
AZALEA  NUDIPLORA  1777.  RUBESCENS,  Sweet,  L  c.  265  (1826),  name. 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  1717.  rubescens  Sweet,  L  c.  344  (1830),  "pink." 
AZALEA  NUDIPLORA  XX.  RUPA  Sweet,  L  c.  265  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges  L  c. 
1142  (1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  XX.  rufum  Sweet,  L  c.  344  (1830),  "red." 

AZALEA  NUDIPLORA  w.  SEMI-DUPLEX  Sweet,  L  c.  265  (1826),  name. 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  vv»  semiduplex  Sweet,  L  c.  344  (1830),  "white." 
AZALEA  NUDIPLORA  /3.  RUTILANS  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  I.  203  (1789).  —  De  Can- 
dolle,  Prodr.  VII.  717  (1838). 

Azalea  rubicunda  Dumont  de  Courset,  Bot.  Cult.  ed.  2,  III.  332  (1811),  as  var. 

of  A .  nudiflora. 

Azalea  periclymenoides  /3.  rutilans  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  152  (1814). 
Rhododendron  nudiflorum  »».  rutilans  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830).  —  G. 

Don,  Gen.  Syst.  III.  847  (1834). 
Azalea  nudiflora  rubicunda  Loddiges  Cat.  1836  apud  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  II. 

1142  (1838). 

Azalea  nudiflora  Be.  rubicunda  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  265  (1826). 
Rhododendron  nudiflorum  66.  rubicundum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830). 
This  form  is  described  by  Aiton  as  having  deep  red  flowers  with  small  calyx. 
Dumont  de  Courset  says  that  the  young  branchlets  and  the  leaves  are  pubescent, 
the  calyx  greenish  brown  and  the  winter-buds  pale  yellow  in  autumn. 
AZALEA  NUDIPLORA  SEROTINA  Loddiges,  I.  c.  1142  (1838),  name. 
AZALEA  NUDIPLORA  ££.  STAMINEA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges, 
I.e.  1142(1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  St.  stamineum  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1830),  "white." 
AZALEA  NUDIPLORA  oo.  STELLATA  Sweet,  I.e.  265  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges, 
I.  c.  (1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  oo.  stellatum  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1830),  "white." 

AZALEA  NUDIPLORA  VARIA  Loddiges,  I.  c.  1142  (1838),  name. 


DOUBTFUL   NAMES  201 

AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  pp.  VARIABILIS  Sweet,  1.  c.  266  (1826),  name.  —  Lod- 
diges,  I.e.  1142  (1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  pp.  variabilis  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1830),  "red,  white." 
AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  <r<r.  VARIEGATA  Sweet,  I.  c.  266  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges, 
I.e.  (1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  <?<?.  variegatum  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1830),  "striped." 

AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  TT.  VERSICOLOR  Sweet,  1.  c.  266  (1826),  name.  —  Loddi- 
ges,/.  c.  1142(1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  TT.versicolor  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1830),  "red,  white." 

AZALEA  NUDIFLORA  w.  VIOLACEA  Sweet,  1.  c.  266  (1826),  name.  —  Loddiges, 
I.e.  (1838). 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum  w.  violaceum  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1830),  "violet." 

AZALEA  PULCHELLA  CARMINEA  Hort.  apud  Kirchner  in  Petzold  &  Kirchner,  Arb. 
Muse.  480  (1864). 

Described  as  with  deep  carmine  flowers  in  flattened  umbels. 

AZALEA  PULCHELLA  ROSEOLA  Hort.  apud  Kirchner,  I.  c.  480  (1864). 

Described  as  having  crowded  small  rose-colored  flowers. 

AZALEA  RUBRA  Weston,  Bot.  Cult.  I.  16  (1770).  —  Meerburgh,  PI.  Select.  Icon. 
(7)  t.  8  (1798). 

By  Weston  this  species  is  characterized  as  a  red-flowered  Azalea  nudiflora. 
Also  Meerburgh's  plate  represents  apparently  R.  nudiflorum  and  judging  from  the 
hirsute  corolla-tube  the  typical  form;  it  is  therefore  not  identical  with  Azalea 
nudiflora  rubra  of  Loddiges  (see  page  138). 

AZALEA  SALICIFOLIA  Dumont  de  Courset,  Bot.  Cult.  VII.  166  (1814). 

Described  as  having  willow-like  leaves. 

AZALEA  SPECIOSA  t.  ACUTIFOLIA  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  265  (1826),  name. 
Rhododendron  speciosum  i.  acutifolium  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830) 
"red." 

AZALEA  SPECIOSA  8.  CILIATA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name. 
Rhododendron  speciosum  B.  ciliatum  Sweet,  I.  c.  343  (1830)  "red." 

AZALEA  SPECIOSA  COCCINEA  Kirchner  in  Petzold  &  Kirchner,  Arb.  Muse.  479 
(1864). 

Flowers  described  as  bright  scarlet  or  garnet-red.  This  is  probably  typical 
R.  speciosum. 

AZALEA  SPECIOSA  /3.  CRISPA  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  265  (1826),  name. 
Rhododendron  speciosum  /3.  crispum  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  ed.  2,  343  (1830), 
"scarlet." 

AZALEA  SPECIOSA  f .  CUCULLATA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name. 

Rhododendron  speciosum  f.  culcullatum  Sweet,  I.  c.  343  (1830),  "red." 
AZALEA  SPECIOSA  5.  OBLIQUA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name. 

Rhododendron  speciosum  d.  obliquum  Sweet,  I.  c.  343  (1830),  "red." 
AZALEA  SPECIOSA  e.  PRUNIFOLIA  Sweet,  I  c.  265  (1826),  name. 

Rhododendron  speciosum  «.  prunifolium  Sweet,  I.  c.  343  (1830),  "red." 
AZALEA  SPECIOSA  PURPUREO-AURANTIACA  Kirchner,  I.  c.  479  (1864),  name. 
AZALEA  SPECIOSA  77.  REVOLUTA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name. 

Rhododendron  speciosum  77.  revolutum  Sweet,  I.  c.  343  (1830),  "red." 
AZALEA  SPECIOSA  X  TORTULIFOLIA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name. 

Rhododendron  speciosum  X.  tortulifolium  Sweet,  I.  c.  343  (1830),  "red." 

Rhododendron  speciosum  X.  tortuifolium  Sweet,  1.  c.  ed.  3,  443  (1839). 


202  THE  AZALEAS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

AZALEA  SPECIOSA  «.  UNDULATA  Sweet,  I.  c.  265  (1826),  name. 

Rhododendron  speciosum  K.  undulatum  Sweet,  I.  c.  343  (1830),  "red." 
AZALEA  VISCOSA  0.  CRISPA  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  266   (1826).  —  Loddiges,  Cat. 
apud  Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  II.  1143  (1838). 

Rhododendron  viscosum  ft.  crispum  Sweet, Hort. Brit.  ed.  2,344  (1830),  "white." 
AZALEA  VISCOSA  7.  DEALBATA  Sweet,  I.e.  266  (1826).  —  Loddiges,  I.e.  1143 
(1838). 

Rhododendron  viscosum  7.  dealbatum  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1830),  "white." 
AZALEA  VISCOSA  e.  PENICILLATA  Sweet,  I.e.  266  (1826).  —  Loddiges,  I.e.  1143 
(1838). 

Rhododendron  viscosum  e.  penicillatum  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1830),  "red,  white." 
AZALEA  VISCOSA  PRAECOX  Loddiges,  I.  c.  1143  (1838),  name. 
AZALEA  VISCOSA  STRICTA  Carriere  in  Rev.  Hort.  1872,  p.  299. 
Described  as  a  very  dwarf  compact  plant,  with  oval  leaves  glaucous  beneath 
and  small  white  slightly  pinkish  flowers  appearing  at  the  beginning  of  May.    The 
early  flowering  time  makes  it  improbable  that  this  form  belongs  to  R.  viscosum. 

AZALEA  VISCOSA  f.  VARIEGATA  Sweet,  I.e.  265  (1826).  —  Loddiges,  I.e.  1143 
(1838). 

Rhododendron  viscosum  f .  variegatum  Sweet,  I.  c.  344  (1830),  "red,  white." 
AZALEA  VISCOSA  VIOLAE  ODORE  Loddiges,  I.  c.  1143  (1838),  name. 

Besides  the  doubtful  names  enumerated  above,  a  large  number  of  names  with- 
out or  with  very  inadequate  description  have  appeared  in  horticultural  publications 
taken  in  about  all  cases  from  various  nursery  catalogues.  The  following  are  some 
of  the  more  important  references  to  lists  of  garden  forms  of  Azaleas  (exclusive  of 
Indian  Azaleas) : 

Loudon,  Arb.  Brit.  II.  1142-1144  (1838). 

Bosse,  Vollst.  Handb.  Blumengart.  I.  337,  340-342  (1840). 

Heynhold,  Nomencl  Bot.  Hort.  108  (1840);  II.  55-56  (1846). 

Steudel,  Nomencl.  I.  175  (1841). 

Henderson,  Itt.  Bouquet,  text  to  t.  46  (1859-61),  forms  of  R.  norbitonense. 

Andre,  PL  Terr.  Bruy.  164,  166,  187-189  (1864). 

Millais,  Rhodod.  166-167,  212-214  (1917). 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

References  to  illustrations  of  garden  forms  (exclusive  of  Indian 
Azaleas)  not  mentioned  elsewhere  in  this  publication.  They  are 
mostly  forms  of  R.  gandavense  or  R.  Mortieri  if  not  stated  otherwise. 

ANTHONY  KOSTER.  Gard.  Chron.  ser.  3,  XIII.  513,  fig.  76  (1893).  —  Watson, 
Rhodod.  &  Azaleas,  frontisp.  (1912)  =  R.  Kosterianum. 

ATRORUBENS  NOVA.    Lemaire  in  III.  Hort.  II.  pi.  75,  fig.  15  (1855). 

BARON  G.  PYCKE.    Lemaire,  I  c.  fig.  16  (1855). 
BEAUTE  DE  FLANDRE.    Lemaire,  I.  c.  fig.  9  (1855). 

BIJOU  DE  GENDBRUGGE.  Van  Houtte  in  Fl  des  Serr.  XIX.  t.  2024  (928)  (1873) 
=  R.  gandavense  plenum. 

BONNEUR  DE  LA  BELGiQUE.    Lemaire  in  III.  Hort.  II.  pi.  75,  fig.  4  (1855). 
BOUQUET  DE  FLORE.    Ottolander,  Nederl  FL  Pom.  53,  t.  16  (1876). 

CARDINAL.    Spae  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  II.  326,  t.  81,  fig.  9  (1846). 

COCCINEA  SPECIOSA.    Ottolander,  Nederl.  Fl.  Pom.  5,  t.  15,  fig.  2  (1876). 

COMTE  DE  GOMER.  Rev.  Hort.  Beige,  I.  97,  t.  6  (1875).  —  Dean,  Floral  Mag. 
n.  ser.  XVIII.  t.  367  (1879)  =  R.japonicum  var. 

COMTESSE  DE  KERCHOVE.  Andre  in  III.  Hort.  XXV.  59,  t.  311  (1878)  =  R. 
japonicum  var. 

CUPREA  EXIMIA  NOVA.    Osborn  in  Gard.  XV.  318,  t.  176  (1879). 

CZARINE.  Pynaert  &  Van  Geert  in  Rev.  Hort.  Belg.  XX.  277,  t.  (1894)  =  R. 
Kosterianum. 

DELICATA  NOVA.    Lemaire  in  III.  Hort.  II.  pi.  75,  fig.  10  (1855). 
Due  D'URSEL.    Lemaire,  1.  c.  fig.  1  (1855). 


Morren  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  III.  9,  t.  106,  fig.  14  (1847). 
EUGENIE.    Lemaire  in  III.  Hort.  II.  pi.  75,  fig.  6  (1855). 

EUGENIE.  Ottolander,  Nederl.  Fl.  Pom.  51,  t.  15,  fig.  3  (1876),  not  the  same  as 
the  preceding  variety. 

FLORENTINE.    Spae  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  II.  326,  t.  81,  fig.  6  (1846). 
FRANCOIS  DE  TAYE.    Van  Houtte  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  XIX.  t.  2023  (927)  (1873)  = 
R.  gandavense  plenum. 

GEANT  DES  BATAILLES.    Ottolander,  Nederl.  Fl.  Pom.  51,  t.  15,  fig.  1  (1876). 

GLOIRE  DE  VERSCHAFFELT.  Morren  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  III.  9, 
t.  106,  fig.  16  (1847). 

GRAF  VON  MERAN.  Rinz  in  Gartenfl.  III.  171,  t.  88  (1854).  —  Moore  in  FL 
Pomol.  1880,  89,  t.  516,  fig.  2,  =  R.  gandavense  plenum. 

GRAND-DUC.    Spae  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  II.  326,  t.  81,  fig.  7  (1846). 

IGNAEA  NOVA.    Ottolander,  Nederl.  Fl.  Pom.  51,  t.  15,  fig.  5  (1876). 

JAS.  H.  LAING.  Pynaert  &  Van  Geert,  Rev.  Hort.  Belg.  XVII.  121,  t.  (1891)  = 
R.  Kosterianum. 

203 


204  THE   AZALEAS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Louis  AIME  VAN  HOUTTE.  Van  Houtte  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  XIX.  t.  2022  (929) 
(1873)  =  R.  gandavense  plenum. 

Louis  HELLEBUYCK.    Van  Houtte  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  XIX.  t.  2019  (931)  (1873). 

MADAME  ALEX.  HAEDY.    Van  Houtte  in  Fl.  des  Serr.  XIX.  t.  2020  (930)  (1873). 

MAGNIPICA  ALBICANS.    Lemaire  in  III.  Hort.  II.  pi.  75,  fig.  14  (1855). 

MARIE-DOROTHEE.  Spae  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  II.  326,  t.  81,  fig.  5 
(1846). 

MINA  VAN  HOUTTE.  Van  Houtte  in  FL  des  Serr.  XIX.  t.  2021  (926)  (1873)  = 
R.  gandavense  plenum. 

MINERVE.    Spae  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  II.  326,  t.  81,  fig.  10  (1846). 

MINIATA  FLORIBUNDA.    Lemaire  in  III.  Hort.  II.  pi.  75,  fig.  13  (1855). 

MOLLIS  VAR.  ALBICANS.  Andre"  in  III.  Hort.  XXV.  59,  t.  311  (1878)  =  R.  ja- 
ponicum  var. 

MOLLIS  VAR.  AUREA  FLORIBUNDA.  Andre"  in  III.  Hort.XXV.  91,  t.  317  (1878)  = 
R.  japonicum  var. 

MURILLO.  Vandevoorde  in  Rev.  Hort.  Belg.  XIX,  232,  t.  fig.  1  (1893)  =  R. 
mixtum. 

NARCISSIFLORA.  Moore  in  Fl.  Pomol.  1880,  89,  t.  516,  fig.  1  (1880)  =  R.  ganda- 
vense plenum. 

NE  PLUS  ULTRA.    Osborn  in  Gard.  XV.  318,  t.  176  (1879). 

NERON.    Lemaire  in  III.  Hort.  II.  t.  75,  fig.  7  (1855). 

NICOLAS  II.  Pynaert  &  Van  Geert  in  Rev.  Hort.  Beige,  XX.  277,  t.  (1894)  = 
R.  Kosterianum. 

NOBILIS.    Lemaire  in  III.  Hort.  II.  pi.  75,  fig.  12  (1855). 

ORANGE  PEINTE.    Spae  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  II.  326,  t.  81,  fig.  2  (1846). 
OSCAR  PREMIER.    Morren  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  III.  9,  t.  106,  fig.  13 
(1847). 

PERLE  DU  PRINTEMPS.  Morren  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  II.  9, 1. 106,  fig.  19 
(1847). 

PHEBE.   Vandervoorde  in  Rev.  Hort.  Belg.  XIX.  232,  t.  fig.  3  (1893)  =  R.  mixtum. 

PONTICA  MACRANTHA.    Osborn  in  Gard.  XV.  318,  t.  176  (1879). 

PONTICA  VERSICOLOR.    Osborn  in  Gard.  XV.  318,  t.  176  (1879). 

PRINCE  HENRI  DES  PAYS-BAS.  Spae  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  II.  326,  t.  81, 
fig.  1  (1846). 

PRINCE  TROUBETZKOY.  Andre"  in  III.  Hort.  XXV.  91,  t.  317  (1878)  =  R.  ja~ 
ponicum  var. 

QUADRICOLORE.    Spae  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  II.  326,  t.  81,  fig.  8  (1846). 
QUEEN  VICTORIA.    Van  Hulle  in  Rev.  Hort.  Beige,  III.  4,  t.  fig.  1  (1877). 

RAYON  DU  MATIN.  Morren  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  II.  9,  t.  106,  fig.  18 
(1847). 

REINE  D'ANGLETERRE.  Spae  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  II.  326,  t.  81,  fig.  4 
(1846). 

RICHARDII.    Lemaire  in  III.  Hort.  II.  pi.  75,  fig.  11  (1855). 

ROSALIE.    Morren  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  III.  9,  t.  106,  fig.  15  (1847). 

ROSEA  FORMOSISSIMA.    Lemaire  in  III.  Hort.  II.  pi.  75,  fig.  3  (1855). 

ROSEA  LINEATA.  Lemaire,  1.  c.  fig.  8  (1855).  —  Ottolander,  Nederl.  FL  Pom.  51, 
t.  15,  fig.  4  (1876). 

ROSEA  ROTUNDIFLORA.    Lemaire,  L  c.  fig.  5  (1855). 

RUBENS.    Spae  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  II.  326,  t.  81,  fig.  12  (1846). 

RUBRA  SPLENDIDISSIMA.    Lemaire  in  III.  Hort.  II.  pi.  75,  fig.  2  (1855). 


ILLUSTRATIONS  205 

SAPPHO.    Moore  in  Fl.  Pomol.  1880,  89,  t.  516,  fig.  3  =  R.  gandavense  plenum. 
SOUPIR  DU  CREPUSCULE.    Morren  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  III.  9,  t.  106, 
fig.  20  (1847). 

SOUVENIR  DE  MORTIER.    Van  Hulle  in  Rev.  Hort.  Beige,  III.  4,  t.  fig.  2  (1877). 
SOUVENIR  DE  ROYGHEM.    Ottolander,  Nederl.  FL  Pom.  51,  t.  15,  fig.  6  (1876). 
SPIGELIUS.    Morren  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  III.  9,  t.  106,  fig.  17  (1847). 

TRIOMPHE  DE  ROYGHEM.    Spae  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  II.  326,  fig.  3 
(1846). 
TSARINE.     See  Czarine. 

VAN  DYCK.    Spae  in  Ann.  Soc.  Agric.  Bot.  Gand,  II.  326,  t.  81,  fig.  11  (1846). 
VIRGILE.    Vandevoorde  in  Rev.  Hort.  Belg.  XIX,  232,  t.  fig.  2  (1893).  —  Reiter 
in  Gartenwelt,  XV.  493,  fig.  (1911).  =  R.  mixtum. 


206  ADDITIONS 


ADDITIONS 

P.  29.    Add  to  the  synonyms  of  R.  obtusum: 

Rhododendron  amoenum  var.  obtusum  Zabel  in  Mitteil.  Deutsch.  Dendr. 
Ges.  XL  35  (1902). 

P.  32.    Add  to  the  synonyms  of  R.  obtusum  f.  amoenum: 

Rhododendron  amoenum  var.  euamoenum  Zabel  in  Mitteil.  Deutsch. 

Dendr.  Ges.  XL  35  (1902). 

Rhododendron  amoenum  subvar.  normale  Zabel,  I.  c.  (1902). 
Rhododendron  amoenum  subvar.  genuinum  Zabel,  I.  c.  (1902). 
Rhododendron  amoenum  subvar.  Buergeri  Zabel,  I.  c.  (1902). 

P.  33.    Add  to  the  synonyms  of  R.  obtusum  f.  japonicum: 

Rhododendron  amoenum  subvar.  japonicum,  Zabel  in  Mitteil.  Deutsch. 
Dendr.  Ges.  XI.  35  (1902). 

P.  105.    Add  as  a  doubtful  name: 

Rhododendron  boninense  Nakai  in  Tokyo  Bot.  Mag.  XXXIV.  (324) 
(1920),  name  only. 


INDEX 


INDEX 


Synonyms  are  printed  in  Italics;  new  names  and  new  combinations  in  bold-face  type ;  garden  names 
and  doubtful  names  under  Azalea  in  Roman. 


Anthodendron,  115 

—  flavum,  103 

—  nudiflorum,  135 

—  ponticum,  103 

—  viscosum,  158 
Azalea,  22,  115,  124 

—  subgen.  Euazalea,  79,  124 

—  subgen.  Pentanthera,  124 

—  subgen.  Tsutsutsi,  22 

—  Agemaki,  38 

—  Aioi,  38 

—  Aka-yodogawa,  64 

—  alba,  68,  137 

—  Alba  insignis,  48 

—  albicans,  180 

—  Albrechtii,  91 

—  Alice  Sargent,  44 

—  altaclarensis,  182 

—  Alphonse  Lavallee,  102 

—  America,  71 

—  amoena,  32 

alba,  31 

Caldwetti,  32 

Hatsu-giri,  32 

—  Anthony  Roster,  203 

—  arborea,  103,  167 

—  arbor  escens,  166 

—  Asagasumi,  37 

—  atlantica,  148 
luteo-alba,  150 

—  Atrorubens  nova,  203 

—  aurantiaca,  128,  130 

—  austrina,  146 

—  Avalanche,  182 

—  Aya  Kammuri,  37 

—  Azuma  Kagami,  37 

—  balsaminaeflora,  26 

—  Baron  Edmond  de  Rothschild,  102 

—  Baron  G.  Pycke,  203 

—  Baroness  Rothschild,  97 

—  Bealii,  49 

—  Beaute  de  Flandre,  203 

—  Benifude,  37 

—  Beni-renge-tsutsiji,  101 

—  bicplor,  143 

—  Bijinsui,  37 

—  Bijou  de  Gandbrugge,  203 

—  Bonneur  de  la  Belgique,  203 

—  Botan  tsutsuji,  65 


Azalea  Bouquet  de  Flore,  203 

—  Breynii,  23 

—  Bride,  25 

—  Brookline,  44 

—  calendulacea,  126,  127,  132 

alba  bicolor,  197 

astreans,  197 

chrysolecta,  197 

coccinea  fulgens,  197 

cristata,  197 

crocea,  130 

cupraea,  139 

cuprea  elegans,  197 

fenestrata,  197 

flammea,  131,  176 

frigida,  177 

fulgens  excelsa,  197 

fulgida,  177 

fulgina,  177 

grandiflora,  197 

ignescens,  197 

lepida,  177 

Morterii,  176 

recurya,  197 

sanguinea,  197 

Saturnea,  197 

splendens,  197 

Stapletoniana,  177 

Sterniana,  198 

subcuprea,  177 

triumphans,  198 

var.  a,  131 

a.,  130 

—  calij 'ornica,  126 

—  canadensis,  121 

—  Candida,  146 

—  canescens,  139,  143 

—  Cardinal,  203 

—  carnea,  137 

—  caroliniana,  168,  198 

—  Centi  Striatella,  97 

—  Charles  Encke,  27 

—  Charles  Kekule,  102 

—  Chevalier  A.  de  Reali,  102 

—  coccinea,  131 

aurantia,  131 

major,  130,  131 

—  Coccinea  speciosa,  203 

—  Comte  de  Gomer,  102,  203 


209 


210 


INDEX 


Azalea  Comte  Papadopoli,  102 

—  Comtesse  de  Kerchove,  203 

—  Consul  Pecher,  102 

—  crispiflora,  27 

—  Cuprea  eximia  nova,  203 

—  Czarine,  203 

—  Damask  Rose,  72 

—  Danielsiana,  23 

—  Daviesii,  182 

—  Decora,  44 

—  decumbens,  23 

—  Delicata  nova,  203 

—  dianthiflora,  76 

—  dilatata,  84 

—  Director  Rodigas,  99 

—  Double  Blush,  138 

—  Dr.  Masters,  99 

—  Due  de  Nassau,  44 

—  Due  d'Ursel,  203 

—  Ebenezer  Pyke,  97 

—  Edouard  Andre",  99 

—  Eeckhautei,  187 

—  erecta  foliis  ovatis  integris  altemis  flore 

luteo  piloso  praecoci,  128 

—  fitendard,  203 

—  Eugenie,  203 

—  Exquisite,  98,  180 

—  fasciculata,  198 

—  fastigiata,  198 

—  Farrerae,  80 

—  fimbriata,  105 

—  Firefly,  33,  44 

—  flssa,  166 

—  Flambeau,  44 

—  flammea,  127 

—  flava,  103,  128 

—  Florentina,  203 

—  floribunda,  161 

—  fragrans,  167,  190 

—  Francois  de  Taye,  203 

—  Fudesute  Yama,  37 

—  Fuji-manyo,  64 

—  fulva,  131 

—  Furstin  Baro  Trysky,  49 

—  Gandavensis,  179 

—  Garnet,  43,  44 

—  Ge*ant  des  batailles,  203 

—  glauca,  161 

flore  se?nipleno,  166 

. hispida,  163 

plena,  166 

purpurascens,  161 

rosea,  161 

—  Gledstanesii,  27 

—  Gloire  de  Verschaffelt,  203 

—  Goldlack,  103 

—  Gosho  Zakura,  38 

—  Graciosa,  98,  180 

—  Graf  von  Meran,  98,  203 

—  Grand-Due,  203 


Azalea  Hachika  Tsugi,  37 

—  Hana  Asobi,  38 

—  Hana-guruma,  78 

—  Hatsu-giri,  33 

—  Havemeyer,  44 

—  Hebe,  44 

—  Helena,  44 

—  Hennione,  44 

—  Hexe,  33,  44 

—  Hilda  Hedlund,  44 

—  Hinodegiri,  38 

—  Hinode  No  Taka,  38 

—  Hino-tsukasa,  30 

—  Hiryu,  30 

—  hispida,  163 

—  Hiwoge-yodogawa,  60 

—  Holm  Lea,  44 

—  Hoo,  37 

—  hybrida  Daviesii,  182 
enneandra,  190 

—  Ignaea  nova,  203 

—  indica,  22,  29,  38,  45 
alba,  68 

amoena,  32 

angustifolia,  23 

calycina,  63 

crispiflora,  27 

exquisita,  26 

floribunda,  23 

grandiflora,  27 

Hexe,  44 

hybrida,  62 

ignescens,  45 

Iveryana  albo-cincta,  26 

Kaempferi,  38 

lateritia,  23 

obtusa,  29 

obtusa  alba,  31 

phoenicea,  61 

plena,  73 

punctulata,  25 

punicea,  45 

— •  —  purpurea,  73 

purpurea  plena,  73 

Rawsonii,  61 

roseum,  72 

rosiflora,  26 

Simsii,  45 

spatulata,  23 

var.  7.,  61 

variegata,  26 

vittata,  48 

vittata  punctata,  49 

—  Ima  Shojo,  37 

—  Irohayama,  37 

—  Iso-tsutsuji,  73 

—  Iveryana,  27 

—  japonica,  99 

alba  grandiflora  Van  Noordt,  71 

grandiflora  superba,  72 


INDEX 


211 


Azalea  Jas.  H.  Laing,  203 

—  Jedogawa-tsutsuji,  70 

—  J.  T.  Lovett,  25 

—  Jupiter,  44 

—  Kaempferi,  38 

—  Kasane  Kagaribi,  37 

—  Kasumi  Gaseki,  37 

—  Katsura  No  Hana,  37 

—  Kimigayo,  37 

—  Kin-np-zai,  27 

—  Kinshibe-tsutsuji,  42 

—  Ki-renge-tsutsuji,  102 

—  Kirin,  37 

—  Kirishima-tsutsuji,  30 

—  Kiritsubo,  37 

—  Ki-tsutsuji,  102 

—  Kochonomai,  33 

—  Kocho-zoroi,  77 

—  Komanyp-satsuki,  26 

—  Kumagai-yodogawa,  64 

—  Kumo  No  Uye,  37 

—  Kurai  No  Himo,  38 

—  Kureno  Yuki,  37 

—  Kurofune-tsutsuji,  90 

—  lateritia,  23 

—  kdifolia,  68 

alba  pleno,  72 

Noordtiana,  71 

phoenicea,  62 

—  liliiflora,  68 

—  linearifolia,  74 

—  Louis  Aime  Van  Houtte,  98,  204 

—  Louis  Hellebuyck,  204 

—  lucida,  198 

—  lucida,  162 

—  lugens,  105 

—  lutea,  127,  134,  143 

—  macrantha,  23 

—  macrosepala,  75 

—  Madame  Alex.  Hardy,  204 

—  Madame  Camille  van  Langenhone, 
97 

—  Magnifica,  98 

—  magnifica,  72,  192 

—  Magnifica  albicans,  204 

—  marginata,  181 

—  Marie-Dorothe'e,  204 

—  Mars,  44 

—  Mattapan,  71 

—  Maxwellii,  64 

—  Milton,  98 

—  Mina  Van  Houtte,  204 

—  Minerve,  204 

—  Miniata  floribunda,  204 

—  Miss  Louisa  Hunnewell,  97 

—  Mochi-tsutsuji,  75 

—  mollis,  95,  100 

—  Mollis  var.  albicans,  204 

—  Mollis  var.  aurea  floribunda,  204 

—  mollis  flore-pleno,  183 


Azalea  mollis  glabrior,  99 
X  sinensis,  97 

—  Momp-iro-yodogawa,  73 

—  Mortieri,  176 

—  Mortieriana,  176,  179 

—  Mrs.  Carmichael,  33 

—  mucronata,  68 

—  Murasaki-botan-tsutsuji,  73 

—  Murasaki  Yama-tsutsuji,  43 

—  Muriel,  44 

—  Murillo,  98,  204 

—  Nani  Wagata,  37 

—  narcissiflora,  71,  98,  204 

—  Natalie,  44 

—  neglecta,  149 

—  Ne  plus  ultra,  204 

—  Neron,  204 

—  Nicolas  II,  204 

—  nitida,  157,  162 

—  Nobilis,  204 

—  Nonpareil,  97 

—  nudiflora,  127,  131, 134,  139, 143,  147 
alba,  137,  141 

albo-plena,  138 

amoena,  198 

bicolor,  143 

blanda,  198 

calycosa,  198 

canescens,  143 

carnea,  137 

caroliniana,  198 

ciliata,  126 

Coburgia,  198 

coccinea,  131 

colorata,  198 

conspicua,  198 

corymbosa,  198 

crispa,  198 

cumulata,  198 

discolor,  198 

fastigiata,  198 

flore  pleno,  138 

florida,  198 

glandifera,  138 

globosa,  199 

glomerata,  199 

grandiflora,  199 

incana,  199 

incarnata,  199 

lutea,  128 

mirabilis,  199 

mixta,  199 

montana,  199 

ochroleuca,  199 

pallida,  199 

paludosa,  199 

papilionacea,  199 

partita,  199 

paryiflora,  199 

periclymenoides,  199 


212 


INDEX 


Azalea  nudiflora  periclymenoides,  135 

polyandra,  199 

prolifera,  200 

pumila,  200 

purpurascens,  200 

purpurea,  200 

purpureo-plena,  138 

rosea,  139 

ruberrima,  200 

rubescens,  200 

rubicunda,  200 

rubra,  138 

rubro-plena,  138 

ruf  a,  200 

rutilans,  200 

rutilans,  132 

sdntillans,  178 

semi-duplex,  200 

semi-duplex,  138 

serotina,  200 

staminea,  200 

stellata,  200 

thyrsiflora,  132 

tricolor,  176 

varia,  200 

variabilis,  201 

variegata,  201 

versicolor,  201 

violacea,  201 

X  sinensis,  183 

—  oblongifolia,  150 

—  obtusa,  29 
alba,  31 

—  occidentalis,  126 
"Hybrids,"  98 

X  arborescens  X  mollis,  180 

—  octandra,  200 

—  odorata,  190 

—  Oino  Mezame,  37 

—  Oldhamii,  67 

—  Omoine,  37 

—  Omurasaki-tsutsuji,  62,  63 

—  Optima,  48 

—  Orange  peinte,  204 

—  0-riukiu-tsutsuji,  71 

—  Osaraku,  37 

—  Osaraku  Seedling,  38 

—  Oscar  premier,  204 

—  Otome,  37 

—  Oyeyama-tsutsuji,  78 

—  pallida,  190 

—  papilionacea,  199 

—  periclymena,  135 

—  periclymenoides,  135 

alba  pleno,  138 

carnea,  137 

coccinea,  131 

papilionacea,  199 

partita,  199 

polyandra,  199 


Azalea  periclymenoides  rubra  pleno,  138 
rutilans,  200 

—  Perle  du  printemps,  204 

—  Ph6b<§,  204 

—  phoenicea,  61 

—  pontica,  103 

autumnalis,  103 

calendulacea,  128 

coronaria  /3.  ardens,  178 

coronaria  a.  flavum,  178 

flava,  103 

Goldlack,  103 

macrantha,  204 

—  —  sinensis,  95 

et  var.,  179 

versicolor,  177,  204 

X  evergreen  Rhododendron,  192 

—  pontica-rubescens,  178 

—  Prince  Albert,  48 

—  Prince  Henri  des  Pays-Bas,  204 

—  Prince  Troubetzkoy,  204 

—  prinophylla,  139 

—  prolifera,  73 

—  prunifolia,  169 

—  pulchella  canninea,  201 
roseola,  201 

—  punctata,  105 

—  punctulata  omnicolor,  25 
variegata,  25 

—  punicea,  61 

—  purpurea  pleno,  73 

—  Quadricolore,  204 

—  Queen  Victoria,  204 

—  quinquefolia  pink,  93 

—  Racine,  98 

—  ramentacea,  31 

—  ramis  infra  foliosis,  158 

—  Rasho  Mon,  37 

—  Rawsonii,  61,  196 

—  Rayon  du  Matin,  204 

—  Reine  d'Angleterre,  204 

—  Reine  Louise,  27 

—  Renge-tsutsuji,  101 

—  reticulata,  84 

—  Reyndersiana,  196 

—  rhombica,  84 

—  Rice  Azalea,  54 

—  Richardii,  204 

—  Rjuku  Tsutsusi  fl.  igneo,  103 

—  Rollissoni,  26 

—  rosaeflora,  26 

—  Rosalie,  204 

—  rosea,  138 

—  Rosea  formosissima,  204 
lineata,  204 

rotundiflora,  204 

—  Rose  Queen,  44 

—  rosmarinifolia,  68 

alba,  69 

narcissiflora,  71 


INDEX 


213 


Azalea  rosmarinifolia  purpurea,  63 

—  Rubens,  204 

—  rubicunda,  200 

—  nibra,  201 

—  Rubra  splendidissima,  204 

—  Ruby,  44 

—  rustica  flore-pleno,  98,  183 

—  Sakura  Tsukasa,  38 

—  salicifolia,  201 

—  Saotome,  37 

—  Sappho,  205 

—  Satsuki,  25 

—  Satsuki-tsutsuji,  24 

—  scabra,  161,  163 

—  scapo  nudo  floribus  confertis  termina- 
tricibus  staminibus  declinatis,  135 

—  Schlippenbachii,  89 

—  Schone  von  Giessen,  181 

—  Seikai,  37 

—  Seikan-tsutsuji,  77 

—  serotina,  166 

—  serpyllifolia,  53 

—  serrulata,  153 

—  Seymouri,  185 

—  Shide-satsuki,  27 

—  Shiki-takane-satsuki,  26 

—  Shin  Seikai,  37 

—  Shintoki  No  Hagasane,  26 

—  Shin  Utena,  37 

—  Shirobana-unzen-tsutsuji,  54 

—  Shiro-manyo-tsutsuji,  72 

—  Shiro-yodogawa,  70 

—  sinensis,  95 

alba,  183 

Bylsiana,  183 

coccinea,  181 

genuina,  95 

glabrior,  99 

macrantha,  183 

—  Soupir  du  Cre"puscule,  205 

—  Souvenir  de  Mortier,  205 

—  Souvenir  de  Royghem,  205 

—  spathulata,  162 

—  speciosa,  131 

acutifolia,  201 

aurantia,  131 

aurantiaca,  131 

ciliata,  201 

coccinea,  201 

coccinea,  132 

crispa,  201 

cucullata,  201 

major,  131 

obliqua,  201 

prunifolia,  201 

purpureo-aurantiaca,  201 

revoluta,  201 

tortulifolia,  201 

undulata,  202 

—  Spigelius,  205 


Azalea  squamata,  80 

—  squamosa,  80 

—  sublanceolata,  59 

—  Suetsumu.  37 

—  Suga  No  Ito,  37 

—  Suiyohi,  37 

—  Superba,  98 

—  Tado  Guno,  64 

—  Takasago,  37 

—  Tamafuyo,  37 

—  Tama  No  Utena,  38 

—  Tancho,  37 

—  Tasso,  98 

—  The  Bride,  25 

—  Thunbergii,  29 

—  Token,  25 

—  tomentosa,  162 

—  tricolor,  176 

—  Triomphe  de  Royghem,  205 

—  Tsarine,  205 

—  Tschonoskii,  55 

—  Tsuta  Momiji,  37 

—  Ukamuse,  38 

—  Uncas,  44 

—  Van  Dyck,  205 

—  Van  Houttei  flare  pleno,  179 

—  Vaseyi,  122 

—  Venus,  44 

—  Verna  Berger,  181 

—  versicolor  grandiflora,  177 

—  verticillata,  167 

—  Vervaeniana,  48 
alba,  48 

—  Victoria  regina,  99,  193 

—  virens,  157 

—  Virgil,  183 

—  Virgile,  98,  205 

—  viscosa,  153,  157,  166 

crispa,  202 

dealbata,  202 

flssa,  166 

flore  pleno,  166 

floribunda,  161 

glauca,  161 

glauca  flore  pleno,  166 

hispida,  163 

nitida,  162 

ornata,  178 

palustris,  157 

penicillata,  202 

praecox,  202 

pubescens,  161 

rubescens,  161 

stricta,  202 

tomentosa,  162 

variegata,  202 

violae  odore,  202 

—  viscocephala,  182 

—  viscosepala,  182 

—  vittata,  48,  105 


214 


INDEX 


Azalea  vittata  Bealii,  49 

—  vittato-punctata,  49 

—  Vivid,  44 

—  Vulcan,  44 

—  Vuylestekeana,  44 

—  Waka  Kayede,  37 

—  Weyrichii,  82 

—  Yama  tsutsuji,  40 

—  Yayegiri,  30 

—  Yayehiryu,  37 

—  Yedogawa  Satsuke,  70 

—  Yin-shan-hung,  47 

—  Yodogava,  64 

—  Yorozuyo,  37 
Azaleae  Gandavenses,  179 

—  Mortierianae,  176,  179 
Azaleodendron,  188,  194 

—  "  Comte  de  Kerchove,"  194 

Beverinckia,  22 
Biltia,  119 

—  Vaseyi,  122 

Chamaerhodendron    exoticum    amplissi- 

mis  floribus  liliaceis,  24 
Chamaerhododendros,  121 

—  Pontica  maxima  Mespili  folio  flore 
luteo,  104 

—  Virginiana    Periclymeni    flore    am- 
pliori  minus  odorato,  135 

Cistus  Indicus  Ledi  Alpinifoliis  &  flori- 
bus amplis,  25 

—  Virginiana  flore  et  odore  Periclymeni, 
143 

flore  et  odore  Periclymeni,  158 

Periclymeni  flore  ampliori  et  minus 

odorato,  135 

Hochenwartia,  119 

—  canadensis,  120 

Loiseleria,  22 

Osmothamnus  fragrans,  191 

—  pallidus,  191 

Rhodazalea,  188 

—  Crouxii,  194 

flore  pleno,  195 

Rhododendro-Azalea,  188 
Rhododendron  a.  Anthodendron,  115, 124 

—  sect.  Azalea,  79,  119,  124 

—  sect.  Euazalea,  124 

—  sect.  Pentanthera,  95,  124 

—  sect.  Pentanthera,  115 

—  sect.  Pentanthera  X  Leiorhodion,  188 

—  sect.  Pentanthera  X  Rhodora,  185 

—  sect.  Rhodora,  91,  119 

—  sect.  Rhodora,  79 


Rhododendron  sect.  Sciadorhodion,  79 

—  sect.  Toutousi,  22 

—  sect.  Tsusia,  22 

—  sect.  Tsutsugi,  22 

—  sect.  Tsutsutsi,  22,  79,  187 

—  subgen.  Anthodendron,  115 

—  subgen.  Anthodendron  X  Eurhoden- 
dron,  188 

—  subgen.  Azalea,  115 

—  subgen.  Tsutsia,  22,  79 

—  Adamsii,  190 

—  alabamense,  141 

—  albicans,  97,  180 

—  Albrechtii,  91 

—  amoenum,  32 

Buergeri,  206 

euamoenum,  206 

genuinum,  206 

japonicum,  33,  206 

normale,  206 

obtusum,  206 

—  Anneliesae,  181 

—  arborescens,  166 

—  —  Richardsonii,  168 

X  calendulaceum,  181 

X  Mortieri,  178 

—  atlanticum,  147 

luteo-album,  150 

neglectum,  149 

—  atrovirens,  50 

—  austrinum,  146 

—  azaleodendron,  194 

—  azaleoides,  188 

—  azaleoides,  190,  191 

alba  odorata,  190 

crispiflorium,  196 

inodorum,  188 

odoratum,  190 

—  bicolor,  143 

—  bigener,  189 

—  boninense,  206 

—  breviperulatum,  28 

—  Breynii,  23 

—  broughtonianum,  194 

—  brougtonii  aureum,  99 

—  broughtonii  aureum,  194 

—  Buergeri,  32 

—  Burmanni,  68 

—  calendulaceum,  127 

—  calendulaceum,  132 

aurantiacum,  131 

aurantium,  130 

chrysolectum,  197 

croceum,  130 

cupreum,  139 

flammeum,  131 

fulgidum,  177 

grandiflorum,  197 

ignescens,  197 

Upidum,  177 


INDEX 


215 


Ehododendroncalendulaceum  M  orteri,  1 76 

speciosum,  132 

splendens,  197 

Stapletonianum,  177 

subcupreum,  177 

triumphans,  198 

X  ?  catawbiense,  191 

X  nudiflorum,  176 

X  occidentale,  181 

X  speciosum,  176 

X  viscosum,  182 

—  Calleryi,  45 

—  calycinum,  63 

—  canadense,  120 

albiflorum,  122 

album,  122 

viridifolium,  122 

X  japonicum,  103,  185 

X  luteum,  185 

—  candidum,  146 

—  canescens,  143 

—  canescens,  139 

candidum,  146 

subglabrum,  145 

—  carneum  elegantissimum,  193 

—  Cartoni,  189 

—  Cartonianum,  189 

—  caryophyllum,  52 

—  Comte  de  Kerchove,  194 

—  coreanum,  65 

—  crispiflorum,  27 

—  Crouxii,  194 
plenum,  195 

—  Danielsianum,  23 

—  decandrum,  84 

—  Deception,  192 

—  decumbens,  23 

—  dianthiflorum,  76 

—  dilatatum,  83,  86 

decandrum,  84 

typicum,  87 

—  discolor  X  occidentale,  192 

—  Eeckhoutei,  187 

—  elegantissimum,  191 

—  enneandrum,  190 

—  eximium,  192 

—  Farrerae,  79 

—  Farrerae,  81 

leucotrichum,  81 

mediocre,  81 

typicum,  80 

Weyrichii,  81 

—  flammeum,  132 

—  flavum,  103 
ardens,  178 

coronarium,  103,  178 

macranthum,  105 

Seymourii,  185 

versicolor,  177 

—  fragrans,  190 


Rhododendron  fragrans,  190,  191 

—  Fraseri,  103,  185 

—  gandavense,  178 
plenum,  179 

X  ?  catawbiense,  192 

X  Kosterianum,  183 

X  molle,  183 

X  occidentale,  180 

—  gemmiferum,  189 

—  glaucum,  161 

—  gnaphalocarpum,  81 

—  Gowenianum,  189 

—  hallaisanense,  65 

—  hangnoense,  23 

—  hispidum,  163 

—  hybridum,  189 

—  hybridum  enneandrum,  190 
glaucum,  189 

—  indicum,  22 

—  indicum,  45,  59 

amoenum  Buergeri,  32 

amoenum  genuinum,  32 

amoenum  japonicum,  33 

amoenum  normale,  32 

balsaminaeflorum,  26 

brachytrichum,  23 

Buergeri,  32 

crispiflorum,  27 

eriocarpum,  49 

exquisitum,  26 

formosanum,  45 

Hakatajiro,  26 

hakatashiro,  25 

H exe,  44  . 

incarnatum,  73 

ignescens,  45 

japonicum,  33 

Kaempferi,  38 

Kaempferi  subalpina,  32 

kinnozai,  26 

Kirishima,  29 

laciniatum,  27 

laciniatum,  27 

lateritium,  23 

macranthum,  23 

macranthum  genuinum,  23 

macrostemon,  31 

Matsushima,  26 

mikawanum,  43 

obtusum,  29 

obtusum  album,  31 

phoeniceum,  61 

polypetalum,  27,  105 

polypetalum,  27 

pulchrum,  62 

puniceum,  45 

purpureum,  61 

Rollisoni,  26 

rosiflorum,  26 

Simsii,  45,  65 


216 


INDEX 


Rhododendron  indicum  sinensis,  59 

Smithii,  62 

spedosum,  61 

subalpina,  32 

sublanceolatum,  59 

Tamurai,  45 

tanimanoyuki,  26 

var.  45 

variegatum,  26,  105 

X  Kaempferi,  72 

X  linearifolium,  187 

X  mucronatum,  187 

X  Simsii,  187 

—  japonicum,  99 
aureum,  102 

X  Eurhodendron       "  hybrids," 

194 

X  molle,  183 

X  midiflorum,  83 

—  Jodogawa,  59 

—  Kaempferi,  38 

album,  41 

amoenum,  32 

japonicum,  33 

Kinshibe,  42 

Komatsui,  42 

macrostemon,  31 

mikawanum,  43 

plenum,  41 

X  rosmarinifolium,  64 

—  Kanehirai,  28 

—  kiusianum,  33 

—  Kosterianum,  97,  183 

X  Eurhodendron  hybrids,  194 

—  Laetitiae,  192 

—  lasiostylum,  50 

—  lateritium,  23 
brachytrichum,  23 

—  ledifolium,  68 

album,  69 

cryptopetalum,  42 

Hanaguruma,  77 

Kochozoroi,  77 

leucanthum,  69 

narcissiflorum,  71,  73 

Noordtianum,  71 

phoeniceum,  61,  62 

plena  purpurea,  73 

purpureum,  59,  63 

—  leucanthum,  68 

—  liliiflorum  grandiflorum  souchetianum, 
69 

—  linearifolium,  74,  105 

decandrum,  77 

dianthiflorum,  76 

hanaguruma,  77 

linearifolium,  74 

macrosepalum,  74 

macrosepalum  genuinum,  75 

polypetalum,  77 


Rhododendron  linearifolium  rhodoroide  s , 
77 

—  liukinense,  59 

—  longiperulatum,  67 

—  Loureiriana,  105 

—  luteum,  103 

—  luteum,  128 

flammeum,  131 

macranthum,  105 

X  nudiflorum,  177 

X  ponticum,  192 

X  speciosum,  178 

X  viscosum,  178 

—  macranthum,  23 

albiflorum  Souchetianum,  68 

polypetalum,  105 

semper flor  ens,  105 

—  macrosepalum,  74 

Amaga-shita,  78 

Hanaguruma,  77 

linearifolium,  74 

—  —  Osuyo,  78 

rhodoroides,  77 

Suruga-momyo,  78 

—  macrostemon,  31 

—  Mariae,  58 

—  Mariesii,  80 

—  Matsumurai,  64 

—  Maxwellii,  64 

—  microphyton,  57 

—  mixtum,  98,  183 

—  molle,  95 

—  molle,  97,  99 

glabrior,  99 

X  arboreum,  193 

X  (maximum  X  ponticum),  193 

X  occidental*,  98,  180 

X  sinense,  97 

X  speciosum,  181 

X  viscosum,  182 

—  Morterii,  176 
cornea,  176 

—  Mortieri,  176 

X  luteum,  178 

X  viscosum,  178 

—  mucronatum,  68 

amethystinum,  73 

Mattapan,  71 

narcissiflorum,  71 

Noordtianum,  71 

plenum,  73 

ripense,  72 

sekidera,  72 

X  scabrum,  187 

—  Nakaharai,  54 
linearifolium,  105 

—  narcissiflorum,  71 

—  nipponicum,  93,  119 

—  nitidum,  162 

—  Norbiton  hybrids,  98,  193 


INDEX 


217 


Rhododendron  norbitonense,  193 

aureum,  193 

broughtonianum,  194 

—  nudiflorum,  134 

—  nudiflorum,  139,  143 

aWo-plenum,  138 

album,  137 

blandum,  198 

carneum,  137 

carolinianum,  198 

Cartpni,  189 

coccineum,  132 

corymbosum,  198 

crispum,  198 

cumulatum,  198 

discolor,  198 

eximium,  192 

fastigiatum,  198 

floridum,  198 

glandif  erum,  138 

globosum,  199 

glomeratum,  199 

Govenianum,  189 

incanum,  199 

incarnatum,  199 

luteum,  146 

mirabile,  199 

montanum,  199 

pallidum,  199 

paludosum,  199 

papilionaceum,  199 

partitum,  199 

parviflorum,  199 

polyandrum,  200 

proliferum,  200 

pumilum,  200 

purpurascens,  200 

purpureo-plenum,  138 

purpureum,  200 

roseum,  139 

ruberrimum,  200 

rubescens,  200 

rubicundum,  200 

rubro-plenum,  138 

rubrum,  138 

rw/wra,  200 

rutilans,  200 

sdntillans,  178 

semiduplex,  138,  200 

stamineum,  200 

stellatum,  200 

tricolor,  176 

varidbilis,  201 

variegatum,  201 

versicolor,  201 

violaceum,  201 

X  catawbiense,  189 

X  (catawbiense  X  ponticum),  189 

X  ponticum,  188 

—  obtusum,  29 


Rhododendron  obtusum,  33 

albiflorum,  41 

album,  31 

amoenum,  32 

amoenum,  32 

cryptopetalum,  42 

Honkirishima,  29 

japonicum,  33 

Kaempf eri,  38 

Komatsui,  42 

mikawanum,  43 

monstrosum,  42 

multicolor,  41 

macro stemon,  31 

plenum,  41 

—  oblongifolium,  150 

—  occidentale,  125 
sonomense,  127 

X  (arborescens  X  japonicum),  180 

X  discolor,  192 

X  moWe  X  "  Ghent  Azaleas,"  98, 

183 
X  sinense,  98 

—  odoratum,  190 

—  Oldhamii,  66 
glandulosum,  67 

—  Oomurasaki,  63 

—  ornatum,  178 

incarnatum,  178 

luteum,  178 

roseum,  178 

speciosum,  178 

—  Osakazuki,  63 

—  pallidum,  191 

—  pentaphyllum,  92 
nikoense,  92 

—  phoeniceum,  61 

—  phoeniceum,  64 

calycinum,  63 

./tore  pZeno,  73 

Maxweffii,  64 

semiduplex,  62 

Smithii,  62 

splendens,  63 

splendens,  63,  196 

tebotan,  64 

—  ponticum,  103 

azaleoides,  188 

deciduum,  188 

odoratum,  190 

subdeciduum,  188 

Torloniana,  191 

—  poukhanense,  43,  65 

acutifolium,  43 

obtusifolium,  43 

plenum,  64 

yodogawa,  64 

—  prinophyllum,  139 

—  prunifolium,  169 

—  pulchrum,  62 


218 


INDEX 


Rhododendron  puniceum,  61 

—  purpureum,  43 

—  quinquefolium,  87 
roseum,  92 

—  ramentaceum,  31 

—  reticulatum,  83 

albiflorum,  86 

pentandrum,  86 

—  Rhodora,  120 
albiflora,  122 

—  rhombicum,  81,  83 
albiflorum,  86 

—  ripense,  72 

—  roseum,  138 

—  roseum  odoratum,  191 

—  rosmarinifolium,  69 

album,  69 

Fujimanyo,  73 

narcissiflorum,  72 

Oriukiu,  71 

purpureum,  63 

Sekidera,  72 

Shiromanyo,  72 

speciosum,  63 

—  rubropilosum,  52 

—  Sanderi,  43,  187 

—  scabrum,  59 

—  scabrum,  43 

angustifolium,  38 

coccineum,  61 

Kaempferi,  38 

latifolium,  38 

purpureum,  43 

tubiflorum,  38 

—  Schlippenbachii,  88 

—  Seniavinii,  57 

—  Sekidera,  72 

—  serpyllifolium,  53 

—  serpyllifolium,  54 
albiflorum,  54 

—  serrulatum,  153 

georgianum,  156 

molliculum,  155 

—  Seymouri,  185 

—  shikokianum,  82 

—  shojoense,  81 

—  Sieboldii,  38 

• ellipticum,  60 

minor,  29 

serrulatum,  23 

—  Simsii,  45 

Bealii,  49 

eriocarpum,  49 

vittatum,  48 

X  R.  obtusum,  43,  187 

—  sinense,  95,  97,  99,  102 

flammeum,  95 

flavescens,  95,  102 

X  Eurhodendron,  98,  193 

X  molle,  97 


Rhododendron  Smithii  aureum,  98 

—  Smithii  aureum,  193 

—  sonomense,  127 

—  speciosum,  131 

—  speciosum,  131 

acutifolium,  201 

aurantium,  131 

ciliatum,  201 

crispum,  201 

cucullatum,  201 

major,  132 

obliquum,  201 

prunifolium,  201 

revolutum,  201 

tortuifolium,  201 

tortulifolium,  201 

undulatum,  202 

X  arboreum,  192 

X  molle,  181 

—  sublanceplatum,  59 

—  sublateritium,  59 

—  subsessile,  51 

—  Tebotan,  64 

—  Thunbergii,  29 

—  Tolerianum,  191 

—  tosaense,  52 

—  tricolor,  176 

—  trinerve,  55 

—  Tschonoskii,  55 

pentanerum,  55 

tetramerum,  55 

trinerve,  55 

typicum,  55 

—  Vaseyi,  122 
album,  123 

—  venustum,  135,  157 

—  viscosepalum,  182 
Daviesii,  182 

—  viscosum,  157 

—  viscosum,  153 

aemulans,  165 

coerulescens,  165 

crispum,  202 

dealbatum,  202 

fissum,  166 

glaucum,  160 

hispidum,  163 

montanum,  164 

nitidum,  162 

ornatum,  178 

penicillatum,  202 

pubescens,  161 

rhodanthum,  160 

roseum,  161 

rubescens,  161 

rubescens,  161 

tomentosum,  162 

variegatum,  202 

X  ?  catawbiense,  190 

X  maximum,  189 


INDEX 


219 


Rhododendron  viscosumX  ponticum,  190 

—  vittatwn,  49 

Bealii,  49 

punctata,  49 

—  Wadanum,  84 

—  Weyrichii,  82 

—  Weyrichii,  81,  89 

—  Williamsii,  194 


Rhododendron  yedoense,  64 
poukhanense,  65 

—  Yodogawa,  64 
Rhodora,  L.,  119 

—  canadensis,  120 

Theis,  124 
Tsutsutsi,  22 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 
LANDSCAPE  Aivs^TIZCTURE  LIBRARY 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


LD  21-50m-8,'57 
(C8481slO)476 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


SANTA  BARBARA 
BINDERY 


